Innovation Motivation,Divergent Thinking,and Creative Story Writing: Convergence and Divergence across the Torrance Tests and Tat

Abstract

Undergraduates (N = 64) completed innovation motivation inventories measuring the need to be different and innovation expectancy, took the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking—Verbal (TTCT-V), and wrote stories in response to eight Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) cards. The TAT stories were rated for creativity by four judges, who achieved a high level of reliability. TTCT-V standard scores correlated significantly with both the need to be different and innovation expectancy. The judged creativity of the TAT stories also correlated significantly with the need to be different. Moderate to strong correlations between TTCT-V scores and TAT-based creativity ratings indicate that the divergent thinking and creative product approaches measure closely related processes.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abraham

Windmann

Daum

Gunturkun

(2005). Conceptual expansion and creative imagery as a function of psychoticism. Consciousness and Cognition, 14(3), 520–534.

Amabile

T. M.

(1982). Social psychology of creativity: A consensual assessment technique. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 997–1013.

Bellak

Abrams

D. M.

(1996). The T.A.T., the C.A.T., and the S.A.T. in clinical practice (6th ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.

Cramond

Matthews-Morgan

Bandalos

Zuo

(2005). A report on the 40-year follow-up of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Alive and well in the 21st century. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49, 283–291.

Dollinger

S. J.

Shafran

(2005). Note on Consensual Assessment Technique in creativity research. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 100, 592–598.

Dollinger

S. J.

Urban

K. K.

James

T. A.

(2004). Creativity and openness: Further validation of two creative product measures. Creativity Research Journal, 16(1), 35–47.

Eichenberger

R. J.

(1978). Creativity measurement through use of judgment criteria in physics. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 38, 421–427.

Ericsson

K. A.

Roring

R. W.

Nandagopa

(2007). Giftedness and evidence for reproducibly superior performance: An account based on the expert performance framework. High Ability Studies, 18, 3–56.

Eysenck

H. J.

(1995). Genius: The natural history of creativity. New York: Cambridge University Press.

10.

Feist

G. J.

(1998). A meta-analysis of personality in scientific and artistic creativity. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 290–309.

11.

Gough

H. G.

(1979). A creative personality scale for the Adjective Check List. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1398–1405.

12.

Guilford

J. P.

(1984). Varieties of divergent production. Journal of Creative Behavior, 18, 1–10.

13.

Hakstian

A. R.

Woolsey

L. K.

(1985). Validity studies using the Comprehensive Ability Battery (CAB): IV. Predicting achievement at the university level. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 45, 329–341.

14.

Hammond

M. M.

Neff

N. L.

Farr

J. L.

Schwall

A. R.

Zhao

(2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 90–105.

15.

Hartley

A. A.

Allen

J. T.

(1976). Predicting performance in the basic research methods course in psychology. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 36, 449–452.

16.

Hocevar

(1981). Measurement of creativity: Review and critique. Journal of Personality Assessment, 45, 450–464.

17.

Horn

Salvendy

(2006). Consumer-based assessment of product creativity: A review and reappraisal. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 16, 155–175.

18.

Isaksen

S. G.

Gaulin

J. P.

(2005). A re-examination of brainstorming research: Implications for research and practice. Gifted Child Quarterly, 49, 315–329.

19.

Joy

S. P.

(2001). The need to be different predicts divergent production: Toward a social learning model of originality. Journal of Creative Behavior, 35(1), 51–64.

20.

Joy

S. P.

(2004). Innovation motivation: The need to be different. Creativity Research Journal, 16, 313–329.

21.

Joy

S. P.

(2005). Innovation motivation and artistic creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39(1), 35–56.

22.

Joy

S. P.

(2008). Personality and creativity in art and writing: Innovation motivation, psychoticism, and (mal)adjustment. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 1–15.

23.

Joy

S. P.

(2012). Origins of originality: Innovation motivation and intelligence in poetry and comics. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 30, 195–213.

24.

Kaufman

J. C.

Baer

Cole

J. C.

(2009). Expertise, domains, and the Consensual Assessment Technique. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43, 223–233.

25.

Knafo

(2002). Revisiting Ernst Kris's concept of regression in the service of the ego in art. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 19, 34–49.

26.

Kozbelt

Serafin

(2009). Dynamic evaluation of high- and low-creativity drawings by artist and nonartist raters. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 349–360.

27.

Kris

(2000). Psychoanalytic explorations in art (rev. ed.). Madison, CT: International Universities Press.

28.

Langer

(2006). On becoming an artist: Reinventing yourself through mindful creativity. New York: Ballantine Books.

29.

Maddi

S. R.

Hoover

Kobasa

S. C.

(1983). High activation and internal orientation as factors in creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 16, 250–255.

30.

Maslow

A. H.

(1971). The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Arkana/Penguin.

31.

McClelland

D. C.

Koestner

Weinberger

(1989). How do self-attributed and implicit motives differ? Psychological Review, 96, 690–702.

32.

McCrae

R. R.

(1987). Creativity, divergent thinking, and openness to experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1258–1265.

33.

McCrae

R. R.

(1994). Openness to experience: Expanding the boundaries of Factor V. European Journal of Personality, 8, 251–272.

34.

Merten

Fischer

(1999). Creativity, personality and word association responses: Associative behavior in forty supposedly creative persons. Personality and Individual Differences, 27, 933–942.

35.

Murray

(1943). Thematic Apperception Test Manual. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

36.

Nassif

Quevillon

(2008). The development of a preliminary creativity scale for the MMPI: The C scale. Creativity Research Journal, 20, 13–20.

37.

Perrine

N. E.

Brodersen

R. M.

(2005). Artistic and scientific creative behavior: Openness and the mediating role of interests. Journal of Creative Behavior, 39, 217–236.

38.

Rotter

J. B.

(1982). The development and applications of social learning theory: Selected papers. New York: Praeger.

39.

Runco

M. A.

Millar

Acar

Cramond

(2010). Torrance tests of creative thinking as predictors of personal and public achievement: A fifty-year follow-up. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 361–368.

40.

Silvia

P. J.

Winterstein

B. P.

Willse

J. T.

Barona

C. M.

Cram

J. T.

Hess

K. I.

(2008). Assessing creativity with divergent thinking tasks: Exploring the reliability and validity of new subjective scoring methods. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 2, 68–85.

41.

Smith

C. P.

Atkinson

J. W.

McClelland

D. C.

Veroff

(Eds.). (1992). Motivation and personality: Handbook of thematic content analysis. New York: Cambridge University Press.

42.

Sternberg

R. J.

Grigorenko

E. L.

(2001). Guilford's structure of intellect model and model of creativity: Contributions and limitations. Creativity Research Journal, 13, 309–316.

43.

Sternberg

R. J.

Lubart

T. I.

(1995). Defying the crowd: Cultivating creativity in a culture of conformity. New York: Free Press.

44.

Torrance

E. P.

(1990). Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking: Verbal. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Service.

45.

Webb

N. M.

Shavelson

R. J.

Haertel

E. H.

(2006). Reliability coefficients and generalizability theory. In Rao

C. R.

Sinharay

(Eds.), Handbook of Statistics, 26, (pp. 81–124). Amsterdam: North-Holland (Elsevier).

46.

White

Shen

Smith

B. L.

(2002). Judging advertising creativity using the creative product semantic scale. Journal of Creative Behavior, 36, 241–253.

47.

Winerip

(2005, May 4). SAT essay test rewards length and ignores errors. New York Times.

48.

Woodman

R. W.

(1981). Creativity as a concept in personality theory. Journal of Creative Behavior, 15, 43–66.

49.

Zeng

Proctor

R. W.

Salvendy

(2011). Can traditional divergent thinking tests be trusted in measuring and predicting real-world creativity? Creativity Research Journal, 23, 24–37.