Verbal Expressions of Emotion and the Structure of Affective Space

Abelson R. P. Sermat V. (1962). Multidimensional scaling of facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 63, 546–554.

Abramson L McClelland D. Brown D. Kelner S. (1991). Alexithymic characteristics and metabolic control in diabetic and healthy adults. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 179, 490–494.

Adler A. (1917). A study of organ inferiority and its psychical compensations. New York, NY: Nervous and Mental Diseases Publishing Co.

Allport G. W. Oldbert H. S. (1936). Trait-names: Psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(1) (Whole No. 211)

Alvarado N. (1998). Reconsideration of the structure of the emotion lexicon. Motivation and Emotion, 22, 329–344.

Aristotle. (1851). Metaphysica. In Ross W. D. (Ed.), Collected Works. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. (Originally published 400 BC).

Armor D. (1973–1974). Theta reliability and factor scaling. In Costner H. (Ed.), Sociological methodology (pp. 17–50). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

Arnold M. B. (1960). Emotion and personality: Psychological aspects (Vol. 1). New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

Averill J. R. (1975). A semantic atlas of emotional concepts. JSAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 5 (MS no. 421)

Averill J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Ax A. (1953). The physiological differentiation betwen fear and anger in humans. Psychosomatic Medicine, 15, 433–442.

Axelrod R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Bagozzi R. P. (1991). Further thoughts on the validity of measures of elation, gladness, and joy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 98–104.

Bandura A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change. Psychological Review, 84, 191–215.

Barnett D. Manly J. T. Cicchetti D. (1991). Continuing toward an operational definition of psychological maltreatment. Development and Psychopathology, 3, 19–29.

Bartlett E. S. Izard C. E. (1972). Dimensional and discrete emotions investigation of the subjective experience of emotion. In Izard C. E. (Ed.), Patterns of emotions (pp. 129–175). New York: Academic Press, 129–175.

Benjamin L. S. (1974). Structural analysis of social behavior. Psychological Review, 81, 392–425.

Bentler P. M. (1969). Affective space is (approximately) bipolar. Journal of Psychology, 71, 33–40.

Berkowitz L. (1962). Aggression: A social psychological analysis. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Bidney D. (1940). The psychology and ethics of Spinoza. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Block J. (1957). Studies in the phenomenology of emotion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 54, 358–363.

Block J. Kremen A. (1996). IQ and ego resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349–361.

Bradburn N. M. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago, IL: Aldine.

Bridges K. M. (1932). Emotional development in early infancy. Child Development, 3, 324–341.

Brown T. (1820). Lectures on the philosophy of the human mind. Edinburgh, Scotland: W. & C. Tate.

Brown R. Gilman A. (1970). The pronouns of power and solidarity. In Brown R. (Ed.), Psycholinguistics: Selected papers by Roger Brown (pp. 302–335). New York, NY: The Free Press. (Original article published 1960)

Burke M. J. Brief A. P. George M. M. Roberson L. Webster J. (1989). Measuring affect at work: Confirmatory analyses of competing mood structures with conceptual linkage to cortical regulatory systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1091–1102.

Burt C. (1948). The factorial study of temperamental traits. British Journal of Psychology (Statistical Section) 1, 178–203.

Bush L. E. (1972). Successive intervals scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. JSAS Catalogue of Selected Documents in Psychology, 2 (MS no. 262)

Bush L. E. (1973a). Individual differences in the multidimensional scaling of adjectives denoting feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 50–57.

Cattell R. (1946). The description and measurement of personality. New York, NY: World.

Cattell R. (1968). The profile similarity coefficient, in vocational guidance and diagnostic classification. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 39, 131–142.

Celex . (1996). Frequencies of usage of 100,000 words in the English language [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania.

Cliff N. Hamburger C. D. (1967). The study of sampling errors in factor analysis by means of artificial experiments. Psychological Bulletin, 68(6), 430–445.

Condon W.-S. Sander L. W. (1974). Neonate movement is synchronized with adult speech: Interactional participation and language acquisition. Science, 183, 99–101.

Cronbach L. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297–334.

Cunningham J. Sterling R. S. (1988). Developmental changes in the understanding of affective meaning in music. Motivation and Emotion, 12, 399–413.

Dahl H. (1991). The key to understanding change: Emotions as appetitive wishes and beliefs about their fulfillment. In Safran J. Greenberg L. (Eds.), Emotion, psychotherapy, and change (pp. 130–165). New York, NY: Guilford.

Dahl H. Stengel B. (1978). A classification of emotion words: A modification and partial test of De Rivera's decision theory of emotions. Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought, 1, 261–312.

Daly E. M. Lancee J. W. Polivy J. (1983). A conical model for the taxonomy of emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 443–457.

Darwin C. (1872). The expression of emotions in man and animals. London, UK: John Murray.

Dass R. (1974). The only dance there is: Talks given at the Menninger Foundation, Topeka, Kansas, 1970, and at Spring Grove Hospital, Spring Grove, MD, 1972. Oxford, UK: Anchor.

Davidson R. Ekman P. Saron D. Senulis J. (1990). Approach-withdrawal and cerebral asymmetry in emotional expression and brain physiology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 330–341.

Davidson R. J. (1994). Honoring biology in the study of affective style. In Ekman P. Davidson R. (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 321–328). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Davitz J. (1969). The language of emotion. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Dearborn G. (1899). The emotion of joy. Psychological Review, 6, 540–542.

Deese J. (1966). The structure of associations in language and thought. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press.

Del Monte M. (1995). Silence and emptiness in the service of healing: Lessons from meditation. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 11, 368–378.

DeMare D. (2001). Examining long-term correlates of psychological, physical, and sexual childhood maltreatment: Validation of the Childhood Maltreatment Questionnaire. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 61(10-B), 5557.

De Rivera J. (1977). A structural theory of the emotions. Psychological Issues Monographs, 10. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

De Rivera J. Possell L. Verette J. Weiner B. (1989). Distinguishing elation, gladness, and joy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1015–1023.

Descartes R. (1534/1988). Selected philosophical writings ( Hingham J. C. Toothoff R. Murdock D. , Trans.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. (Originally published 1534)

Diddell R. (1988). Childhood stress and loss as antecedents of Temporo-Mandibular-Joint Syndrome [unpublished dissertation]. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Dollard J. Miller N. (1950). Personality and psychotherapy: An analysis in terms of learning, thinking, and culture. New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Duffy E. (1957). The psychological significance of the concept of ‘arousal’ or ‘activation.’ Psychological Review, 64, 265–275.

Duncan K. (1996). The predictors relevant to depression. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering, 56(10-B), 5763.

Egloff B. Schmukle S. Burns L. Kohlman C. W. Hock M. (2003). Facets of dynamic positive affect: Differentiating joy, interest, and activation in the positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 528–540.

Ekman P. (1955). Dimensions of emotion. Acta Psychologica, 7, 103–112.

Ekman P. (1964). Body position, facial expression, and verbal behavior during interviews. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 68, 295–301.

Ekman P. Friesen W. V. (1982). Felt, false, and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 6, 105–109.

Ekman P. Levenson R. W. Friesen W. V. (1983). Autonomic nervous system actvity distinguishes among emotions. Science, 221, 1208–1210.

Ekman P. Sorenson E. R. Friesen W. V. (1969). Pan-cultural elements in facial displays of emotion. Science, 164, 86–88.

Ellsworth P. (1994). Levels of thought and levels of emotion. In Ekman P. Davidson R. (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 192–196). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Engen T. Levy N. Schlosberg H. (1958). The dimensional analysis of a new series of facial expressions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55, 454–458.

Epstein S. Fenz W. (1962). Measurement of approach-avoidance conflict along a stimulus dimension by a Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Personality, 30, 613–632.

Eyman J. R. Eyman S. K. (1991). Personality assessment in suicide prediction. In Maris R. W. Berman A. L. Maltsberger J. T. Yufit R. I. (Eds.), Assessment and prediction of suicide (pp. 183–201). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Fehr B. Russell J. (1984). Concept of emotion viewed from a prototype perspective. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 464–486.

Festinger L. (1957). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Evanston, IL: Row Peterson.

Fillenbaum S. Rapoport A. (1971). Structures in the subjective lexicon. New York, NY: Academic Press.

Fossey D. (1983). Gorillas in the mist. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

Freud S. (1901/1953). The interpretation of dreams. In Strachey J. (Ed.), Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud. London, UK: Hogarth Press. (Originally published 1901)

Freud S. (1915/1953). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In Strachey J. (Ed.), Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud. London, UK: Hogarth Press. (Originally published 1915)

Freud S. (1917). Mourning and melancholia. In Frankel R. (Ed.), Essential papers on object loss (pp. 38–51). New York, NY: New York University Press.

Freud S. (1922/1955). Group psychology and the analysis of the ego. In Strachey J. (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud. Oxford, UK: Macmillan. (Originally published 1922)

Freud S. (1926/1953). Inhibition, symptoms, and anxiety. In Strachey J. (Ed.), Standard edition of the complete works of Sigmund Freud. London, UK: Hogarth Press. (Originally published 1926)

Freud S. (1930). Three contributions to the theory of sex (4th ed.; Brill A. A. , Trans.). Nervous and Mental Disorders Monograph Series, No. 7, 1–104.

Frijda N. H. (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Funkenstein D. (1953). Nor-epinephine-like and epinephrine-like substances in relation to human behavior. Journal of Mental Disease, 124, 58–68.

Gaudry E. Spielberger C. D. (1975). Validation of the state-trait distinction in anxiety research. Multivariate-Behavioral-Research, 3, 331–341.

Gorsuch R. (1983). Factor analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ and London, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Gotlib I. Meyer J. (1986). Factor analysis of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List: A separation of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1161–1165.

Gray J. A. (1982). The neuropsychology of anxiety. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Grof S. (2005). The great awakening: Psychology, philosophy, and spirituality in LSD psychotherapy. In Walsh R. Grob C. S. (Eds.), Higher wisdom: Eminent elders explore the continuing impact of psychedelics (pp. 119–144). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Hall C. (1977). Differential relationships of pleasure and distress with depression and anxiety over a past, present, and future time framework [unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.

Harder D. W. (1995). The psychology of shame, guilt, embarrassment, and pride. In Tangney J. P. Fischer K. W. (Eds.), Self-conscious emotions (pp. 368–392). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Harrison R. H. (1986a). The grouping of affect terms according to the situations that elicit them: A test of a cognitive theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 20, 252–266.

Harrison R. H. (1986b). Situations vs. persons as determinants of the quality and intensity of emotions [unpublished study]. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Harrison R. H. (1994). Atypical emotions in relationships as correlates of the MMPI. The Journal of Psychology, 128, 165–175.

Harrison R. H. Eisenberg D. (1984). The Situation Affect Test. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Harrison R. H. Swan T. Harrington B. (1995). The Music Affect Test. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Hartigan J. A. (1985). Statistical theory in clustering. Journal of Classification, 2, 63–76.

Hartmann E. H. (1973). The functions of sleep. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Hartmann E. H. (1991). Boundaries in the mind: A new psychology of personality. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Hendrickson A. E. White P. O. (1964). Promax: A quick method for rotation to oblique simple structure. British Journal of Statistical Psychology, 17, 65–70.

Hensley P. L. (2008). Review of help for the helper: The psychophysiology of compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 72, 79.

Herman J. Perry C. Van-der-Kolk B. (1989). Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 490–495.

Herzog T. R. Williams D. M. Weintraub D. J. (1985). Augmenters and reducers ride again. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1342–1352.

Hollander E. Hunt R. (1972). Classic contributions to social psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Holmes T. H. Rahe R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213–218.

Horney K. (1945). Our inner conflicts. New York, NY: Norton.

Hull C. L. (1950). Behavior postulates and corollaries 1949. Psychological Review, 57, 173–180.

Hunsley J. (1990). Dimensionality of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List—Revised: A comparison of factor analytic procedures. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. 21, 81–91.

Hunt J. M. Cole M. Ries E. S. (1958). Situational cues distinguishing anger, fear, and sorrow. American Journal of Psychology, 71, 136–151.

Izard C. E. (1977). Human emotions. New York, NY: Plenum.

Jacobsen E. (1954). The self and the object world. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 16, 164–183.

James W. (1892/1961). Psychology, the briefer course. Allport G. (Ed.). New York, NY: Harper & Row. (Originally published 1892)

Johnson S. C. (1967). Hierarchical clustering schemes. Psychometrika, 32, 241–254.

Johnson S. K. DeLuca J. (2005). Depression and fatigue. In DeLuca J. (Ed.), Fatigue as a window to the brain (pp. 157–172). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Kagan J. (1994). Galen's prophecy. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Kemper T. D. (1978). A social interactional theory of emotions. New York, NY: Wiley.

Kent G. H. Rosanoff A. J. (1910). A study of associations in insanity. American Journal of Insanity, 67, 37–96, 317–390.

Kobasa S. C. Maddi S. R. Kahn S. (1982). Hardiness and health: A prospective study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 168–177.

Kovecses Z. (1990). Emotion concepts. New York, NY: Springer-Verlag.

Kretchmer E. (1925). Physique and character ( Spratt W.J.H. , Trans.). New York, NY: Harcourt.

Krulee G. E. Podelll J. E. Ronco F. C. (1954). The effect of the number of alternatives and set on visual discrimination of numbers. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48, 75–80.

Krumhansl C. (2002). Music: A link between cognition and emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 45–49.

Kruskal J. B. Wish M. (1978). Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Laffal J. (1955). Response faults in word-association as a function of entropy. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 265–269.

Laird C. (1985). Webster's New World Thesaurus. New York, NY: New American Library. (Originally published 1971)

Lakoff G. (1987). Women, fire, and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Landau S. (Ed.). (1977). The Doubleday Roget Thesaurus in Dictionary Form. New York, NY: Doubleday.

Larsen J. T. (2002). Emotions in evaluative space: Can pleasure and displeasure co-occur? Dissertation Abstracts International. 62(8-B), 3850.

Larsen R. Diener E. (1992). Promises and problems with the circumplex model of emotion. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 25–59.

Leary T. (1957). The interpersonal diagnosis of personality: A functional theory and methodology for personality assessment. New York, NY: Ronald Press.

Le Bon G. (1908). The crowd: A study of the popular mind. London, UK: T. Fisher Unwin.

LeGuinn U. (1969). The left hand of darkness. New York, NY: Ace Books.

Leone S. S. Hubers M. Knottnerus J. Kant U. (2008). A comparison of the course of burnout and prolonged fatigue: A 4-year prospective cohort study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 65, 31–38.

Lepley W. M. (1932). A theory of serial learning and forgetting based upon conditioned reflex. Psychological Review, 39, 279–288.

Lerner M. J. (1980). The belief in a just world: A fundamental delusion. New York, NY: Plenum.

Lewin K. (1935). A dynamic theory of personality. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Lewis H. (1971). Shame and guilt in neurosis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.

Lorenz P. Davidson R. (1981). Differential contributions of the two cerebral hemispheres to the perception of happy and sad faces. Neuropsychologia, 19, 609–613.

Lorr M. Daston P. Smith I. R. (1967). An analysis of mood states. Educational and Psychological Measurement. 27, 89–96.

Lorr M. McNair D. Fisher S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 432–436.

Lorr M. Shea T. M. (1979). Are mood states bipolar? Journal of Personality Assessment, 43, 468–472.

Lund K. Burgess C. (1996). Producing high-dimensional semantic spaces from lexical co-occurrence. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments and Computers, 28, 203–208.

Lund K. Burgess C. Audet C. (1996). Dissociating semantic and associative word relationships using high-dimensional semantic space. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 603–608). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Lutz C. (1982). The domain of emotion words on Ifaluk. American Ethnologist, 8, 113–128.

Lutz C. (1983). Unnatural emotions: Everyday sentiments on a Micronesian atoll and their challenge to Western theory. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Lutz C. (1988). Ethnographic perspectives on the emotion lexicon. In Vermon H. Bower G. Frijda N. (Eds.), Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation (pp. 399–419). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Marcy S. (1998). Childhood maltreatment and negative sequellae in young adults: A comparison between outcomes of psychological physical and sexual maltreatment [unpublished dissertation]. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Mayo C. Heulen N. (1981). Gender and nonverbal behavior. New York, NY: Springer Verlag.

McDougall W. (1923). An introduction to social psychology. London, UK: Methuen. (First Edition, 1908)

McLachlan J. (1976). A short adjective check list for the evaluation of anxiety and depression. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 32. 195–197.

McNair D. Lorr M. (1964). An analysis of mood in neurotics. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychologyy, 69, 620–627.

McNair D. Droppelman L. (1971). Profile of mood states. San Diego, CA: Educational & Industrial Testing Service.

Meddis R. (1972). Bipolar factors in mood adjective checklists. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 11, 178–184.

Mehrabian A. Russell J. A. (1974). The basic emotional impact of environments. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 38, 282–301.

Murstein B. (1964). Research and theory on projective techniques with emphasizing the TAT. Oxford, UK: Wiley.

Nowlis V. (1965). Research with the mood adjective check list. In Tomkins S. S. Izard C. E. (Eds.), Affect, cognition and personality (pp. 352–389). New York, NY: Springer.

Oatley K. Johnson-Laird P. N. (1987). Towards a cognitive theory of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 1, 29–50.

Oberman L. M. Ramachandran V. S. (2007). The simulating social mind: The role of the mirror neuron system and simulation in the social and communicative deficits of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 310–327.

Ortony A. Clore G. L. (1981). Disentangling the affective lexicon. Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 90–95). Berkeley, CA.

Ortony A. Clore G. Collins A. (1988). The cognitive structure of emotions. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Ortony A. Clore G. Foss M. (1987). The referential structure of the affective lexicon. Cognitive Science, 11, 341–364.

Osgood C. E. (1966). Dimensionality of the semantic space for communication via facial expressions. Scandanavian Journal of Psychology, 7, 1–30.

Osgood C. E. Suci G. J. Tannenbaum P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Panksepp J. (1982). Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 5, 407–467.

Panksepp J. (2000). The riddle of laughter: Natural and psychoevolutionary underpinnings of joy. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 183–186.

Panksepp J. (2005). Beyond a joke: From animal laughter to human joy. Science, 308, 62–63.

Parrott W. G. Smith R. H. (1993). Distinguishing the experiences of envy and jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64, 906–920.

Petrescu N. (1937). Hobbes' psychological theory. Analele-di-Psihologie-Bucharest, 4, 35–60.

Petrie A. (1967). Individuality in pain and suffering. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Pine F. (1964). The bearing of psychoanalytic theory on selected issues in research on marginal stimuli. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 138, 205–222.

Plutchik R. (1962). The emotions: Facts, theories, and a new model. New York, NY: Random House.

Plutchik R. (1980). Emotion: A psycho-evolutionary synthesis. New York, NY: Harper and Row.

Rank O. (1923). The idea of the holy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Rapaport D. (1953). On the psychoanalytic theory of affect. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34, 177–198.

Reich J. W. Zautra A. J. Davis M. (2003). Dimensions of affect relationships: Models and their integrative implications. Review of General Psychology, 7, 66–83.

Reinenzein R. Spielhofer S. (1994). Subjectively salient dimensions of emotional appraisal. Motivation and Emotion, 18, 31–77.

Reymert M. L. (1950). Feelings and emotions. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

Rodale J. I. (1978). The synonym finder (Rev.). Emmaus, PA: The Rodale Press.

Rogers C. (1951). Client centered therapy. Boston, MA: Houghton-Mifflin.

Roget P. M. (1977). Roget's International Thesaurus (4th ed.). New York, NY: Thomas Y. Crowell.

Roseman J. (1984). Cognitive determinants of emotions: A structural theory. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 11–36.

Rotter J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80 (Whole No. 609)

Russell J. A. (1979). Affective space is bipolar. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 345–356.

Russell J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161–1178.

Russell J. A. Carroll J. M. (1999). On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect. Psychological Bulletin, 125, 3–30.

Russell J. A. Feldman-Barrett L. (1998). Independence and bipolarity in the structure of current affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 967–984.

Russell J. A. Mehrabian A. (1977). Evidence for a three factor theory of emotions. Journal of Reseaarch in Personality, 11, 273–294.

Russell W. A. Jenkins J. J. (1954). The complete Minnesota norms for responses to 100 words from the Kent-Rosanoff association test. University of Minnesota studies on the role of language in behavior. Tech. Rep. 11. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.

Ryder R. G. (1965). Scoring orthogonally rotated factors. Psychological Reports, 16, 701–704.

Sartre J. P. (1948). The emotions: Outline of a theory. New York, NY: Philosophical Library.

SAS Institute, Inc. (1990). SAS/STAT user's guide (version 6, 4th ed., vol. 1). Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.

Schachter S. (1968). Obesity and eating. Science, 16, 751–756.

Schachter S. Singer J. E. (1962). Cognitive, social, and physiological determinants of the emotional state. Psychological Review, 69, 379–399.

Schaefer R. (1976). A new language for psychoanalysis. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Scherer K. R. (1982). Emotion as process: Function, origin and regulation. Social Science Information, 21, 555–570.

Scherer K. R. (1984). Emotion as a multicomponent process. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 5, 37–63.

Scherer K. R. (1994). Emotion serves to decouple stimulus from response. In Ekman P. Davidson R. (Eds.), The nature of emotion (pp. 127–130). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Schlosberg H. (1952). The description of facial expression in terms of two dimensions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44, 229–337.

Schlosberg H. (1954). Three dimensions of emotion. Psychological Review, 61, 81–88.

Seligman M. R. E. P. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.

Shaver P. Schwartz J. Kirson D. O'Connor C. (1987). Emotion knowledge: Further exploration of a prototype approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 1061–1086.

Shaver P. R. Wu S. Schwartz J. C. (1992). Cross-cultural similarities and differences in emotion and its representation: A prototype approach. Review of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 175–212.

Sheldon W. H. (1942). The varieties of temperament: A psychology of constitutional differences. New York, NY: Harper.

Shostrom E. L. Knapp L. Knapp R. R. (1976). Actualizing therapy: Formulations for a scientific ethic. San Diego, CA: EdITS.

Skinner B. F. (1953). Science and human behavior. New York, NY: Macmillan.

Smith C. Ellsworth P. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 813–838.

Snyder W. U. (1945). An investigation of the nature of nondirective psychotherapy. Journal of General Psychology, 33, 193–233.

Sobel H. Worden W. (1979). The MMPI as a predictor of psychosocial adaptation to cancer. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 716–724.

Solomon R. (1976). The passions. New York, NY: Doubleday-Anchor.

Sonneville L. de Schaap T. Elshout J. J. (1981). De Amsterdamse stemmings vragenlijst. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.

Spanier G. B. (1979). The measurement of marital quality. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 5, 288–300.

Spanier G. B. Thomson L. (1982). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Journal of Marriage & the Family, 44, 731–738.

Spielberger C. D. Gorsuch R. R. Lushene R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory test manual for form x. Palo Alto, CA: Conslting Psychologists Press.

Spinoza B. (1677/1986). Ethics and on the correction of understanding ( Boyle A. , Trans.). London. UK: Dent. (Originally published 1677)

Storm C. Storm T. (1987). A taxonomic study of the vocabulary of emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 805–816.

Sullivan H. S. (1953). The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York, NY: Norton.

Sutton S. K. Ward R. T. Larson C. L. Holden J. E. Perlman S. B. Davidson R. J. (1997). Asymmetry of prefrontal glucose metabolism during appetitive and aversive emotional above states: A FDG-PET study. Psychophysiology, 34, S89.

Tesser A. (1990). Smith and Ellsworth's appraisal model of emotion: A replication, extension, and test. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 210–223.

Thut G. Schultz W. Rooelke U. Nienhusmeier M. Missimer J. Maguire R. P. (1997). Activation of the human brain by monetary reward. NeuroReport, 8, 1225–1228.

Tompkins S. S. (1984). Affect theory. In Scherer K. R. Ekman P. (Eds.), Approaches to emotion (pp. 163–195). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Tompkins S. S. McCarter S. (1964). What and where are the primary affects? Some evidence for a theory. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 18, 119–158.

Tryon R. C. (1939). Cluster analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Edwards Brothers.

Tzeng O. C. Hoosain R. Osgood C. E. (1987). Cross-cultural componential analysis on affect attribution of emotion terms. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 16, 443–465.

Velten J. (1968). A laboratory task for induction of mood sates. Behavior Research and Therapy, 6, 473–482.

Venables P. H. Wing J. K. (1962). Level of arousal and the subclassification of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 7, 114–119.

Waldstein S. Kop W. Schmidt L. Haufler A. J. Krantz D. Fox N. (2000). Frontal electrocortical and cardiovascular reactivity during happiness and anger. Biological Psychology, 55, 3–23.

Ward J. H. (1963). Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 58, 236–244.

Watson J. B. (1930). Behaviorism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Weltner E. Cleary R. Luk D. (1998). Validation of the K6S2R template [unpublished honors thesis]. Boston, MA: Boston University.

Wessman A. E. Ricks D. F. (1966). Mood and personality. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart.

Westbrook M. (1976). Positive affect: A method of content analysis for verbal samples. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 44, 715–719.

White R. W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological Review, 66, 297–333.

White R. W. (1963). The study of lives. New York, NY: Atherton.

Wiggins J. (1979). A psychological taxonomy of trait-descriptive terms: The interpersonal domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 395–412.

Wish M. Deutsch M. Kaplan S. (1976). Perceived dimensions of interpersonal relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 409–420.

Yik M. Russell J. A. Steiger J. H. (2011). A 12-point circumplex structure of core affect. Emotion, 11, 705–731.

Zevon M. A. Tellegen A. (1982). The structure of mood change: An idiographic/nomothetic analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 111–122.

Zuckerman M. (1990). Broad or narrow affect scores for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral-Assessment, 12, 93–97.