The Risk Wars: Assessing Risk Assessment

Thornton Joe , “Risking Democracy,” Greenpeace. March/April 1991, pp. 14–15.

Reinhold Robert , “U.S. Offers to Buy All Homes in Town Tainted by Dioxin,” New York Times, February 23, 1983.

Shipp E. R. , “U.S. Wins Suit on Clean-up of Dioxin,” New York Times, February 1, 1984.

Schneider Keith , “U.S. Backing Away from Saying Dioxin is a Deadly Peril,” New York Times. August 15, 1991.

Hays Laurie , “Proposals from Federal Agencies to Ease Dioxin Standards Renew Debate on Risk,” Wall Street Journal, June 27, 1988.

Ibid.

Environmental Protection Agency, “Proposed guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment; request for comments,” Federal Register 49(227), 46293–46301, 1984.

Ruckelshaus William D. , cited in Wall Street Journal, January 3, 1985.

Hutt Peter Barton , “Use of quantitative risk assessment in regulatory decision-making under federal health and safety statutes,” In: Hoel D. G. Merrill Richard A. Perera Frederica P. (eds), Risk Quantitation and Regulatory Policy, Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, 1985.

Ibid.

Rachel Carson. Silent Springs, New York: Fawcett Crest Books, 1962.

Graham John D. Green Laura C. , and Roberts Marc J. , In Search of Safety: Chemicals and Cancer Risk, Cambridge, Ma: Harvard University Press, 1988.

Umbreit Thomas H. Hesse Elizabeth J. , and Gallo Michael A. , “Bioavailability of dioxin in soil for a 2,4,5-T manufacturing site,” Science 232, 497–499, 1986.

Health Risk Assessment Guidelines for Non-Hazardous Waste Incinerators. August, 1990. State of California Air Resources Board.

Roberts Leslie , “More pieces in the dioxin puzzle,” Science 254, 377, 1991.

Roberts Leslie , “Dioxin risk revisited,” Science 251, 624–626, 1991.

Roberts Leslie , “Alar: The numbers game,” Science 243, 1430, 1989.

Goldstein Bernard D. , “Risk assessment/risk management is a three-step process: In defense of EPA's risk assessment guidelines,” J Amer Coll Toxicology, 7: 543–549, 1988.

Kraus Nancy Malmfors Torbjorn , and Slovic Paul , “Intuitive toxicology: Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks,” Risk Analysis 12,215–231, 1992.

Finkel Adam M. , Confronting Uncertainty in Risk Management: A Guide for Decision-Makers, Washington DC: Center for Risk Management, Resources for the Future, 1990.

Reducing Risk: Setting Priorities and Strategies for Environmental Protection. Report of The Science Advisory Board: Relative Risk Reduction Strategies Committee to William K. Reilly. September 1990.

See, for example, Slovic Paul Fischhoff Baruch and Lichtenstein Sara , “Facts and Fears: Understanding Perceived Risk,” in Schwing R. C. and Albers W. A. Jr. , eds., Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe is Safe Enough?, New York: Plenum Press, 1980.

See, for example, McClelland Gary H. Schulze William D. , and Hurd Brian , “The effect of risk beliefs on property values: A case study of hazardous waste sites,” Risk Analysis 10, 485–497, 1990.

See, for example, Harold Isadore Sharlin, “EDB: A case study in the communication of health risk,” report for Office of Policy Analysis, USEPA, 1985.

William Ruckelshaus, “Risk in a Free Society,” Risk Analysis 4, 157–162, 1984.

Kraus Nancy Malmfors Torbjorn , and Slovic Paul , “Intuitive toxicology: Expert and lay judgments of chemical risks,” Risk Analysis 12, 215–231, 1992.

Hance Jo Billie Chess Caron Sandman Peter M. , Improving Dialogue with Communities: A Manual for Government, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton, 1988.

The term “environmental gridlock” was coined by Christopher Daggett, former Commissioner of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, see Van Horne Carl E. , Breaking the Environmental Gridlock, New Brunswick, NJ: The Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University, 1988.

Chess Caron and Salomone Kandice , “Rhetoric and reality: Risk communication in government agencies,” Journal of Environmental Education 23, 28–33, 1992.

Krimsky Sheldon and Plough Alonzo , Environmental Hazards: Communicating Risks as a Social Process. Dover, MA: Auburn House, 1988.

National Research Council, Improving Risk Communication, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.

Chess Caron Long Stephen K. , and Sandman Peter M. , Making Technical Assistance Grants Work, New Brunswick, NJ: Environmental Communication Research Program, 1990.