Manganese in Gasoline: Are We Repeating History?

51F.3d 1053 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

Ibid.

Editorial Staff. “Ever Hear of Methyl-Cyclopentadienyl Manganese-Tricarbonyl?” Mech (publication of the Naval Safety Center), Summer 1970.

Ethyl Corporation. “MMT Information for the U.S. EPA Chemical Hazard Information Profile,” August 1983, EPA/OTS; Doc #FYI-OTS-0883-0253.

42 U.S.C.A. § 7545(f)(4).

51F.3d 1053 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

Ibid.

Ibid.

Ibid.

67 F.3d 941 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

Moore W. “Metabolic Aspects of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl in Rats,” Env Res. 8(1974): 171–177.

Wood G , and Egyed M. Risk Assessment for the Combustion Products of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Gasoline. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, December 6, 1994.

Ter Haar GL “Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl as an Antiknock: Composition and Fate of Manganese Exhaust Products,” J Air Poll Ctrl Assn. 25(1975): 858–860.

Ibid.

Rehnberg GL “Chronic Ingestion of Mn304 by Rats: Tissue Accumulation and Distribution of Manganese in Two Generations,” J Tox Env Hlth. 9(1982): 175–188.

Hauser RA “Blood Manganese Correlates with Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in Patients with Liver Disease,” Can J Neurol Sci. 23(1996): 95–98.

Chandra SV . & Tandon SK . “Enhanced Manganese Toxicity in Iron-Deficient Rats,” Environ Physiol Biochem. 3(1973): 230–235.

Wood G , and Egyed M. Risk Assessment for the Combustion Products of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Gasoline. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Canada, December 6, 1994.

Ibid.

Donaldson J. “The Physiopathologic Significance of Manganese in Brain: Its Relation to Schizophrenia and Neurodegenerative Disorders,” Neurotox. 8(1987): 451–462.

Cotzias GC “Chronic Manganese Poisoning: Clearance of Tissue Manganese Concentrations with Persistence of the Neurological Picture,” Neurology 18(1968): 376–382.

Mergler D , “Manganese: The Controversial Metal. At What Levels Can Deleterious Effects Occur?” Can J Neurol Sci. 23(1996): 93–94.

Cotzias GC “Interactions Between Manganese and Brain Dopamine,” Med Clin North Amer. 60(1976): 729–738.

Tabacova S. “Maternal Exposure to Environmental Chemicals,” Neurotox. 7(1986): 421–440.

Webster WS . & Valois AA . “Reproductive Toxicology of Manganese in Rodents,” Neurotox. 8(1987): 437.

Barbeau A. “Manganese and Extrapyramidal Disorders,” Neurotox. 5(1984): 13–36.

Mena I , “Chronic Manganese Poisoning: Clinical Picture and Manganese Turnover,” Neurology. 17(1967): 128–136.

Iregren A. “Using Psychological Tests for the Early Detection of Neurotoxic Effects of Low Level Manganese Exposure,” Neurotox. 15(1994): 671–677.

Roels H “Epidemiological Survey Among Workers Exposed to Manganese: Effects on Lung, Central Nervous System, and Some Biological Indices,” Am J Ind Med. 11(1987): 307–327.

Erdrich LS . & Stara JE ., Health Assessment Document for Manganese: Project Summary. U.S. EPA EP 1.89/2:600/S8-83/013F: July 1987.

Mergler D. “Nervous System Dysfunction among Workers with Long-Term Exposure to Manganese,” Env Res. 64(1994): 151–180.

Iregren A. “Psychological Test Performance in Foundry Workers Exposed to Low Levels of Manganese,” Neurotox Teratol. 12(1990): 673–677.

Erdrich LS . & Stara JF ., Health Assessment Document for Manganese: Project Summary. U.S. EPA EP 1.89/2:600/S8-83/013F: July 1987.

Huang CC “Progression After Chronic Manganese Exposure,” Neurology, 43(1993): 1479–1483.

Pihl RO . & Parkes M. , “Hair Element Content in Learning Disabled Children,” Science 198(1977): 204–206.

Collipp PJ Chen SY . & Maitinsky CS ., “Manganese in Infant Formulas and Learning Disability,” Ann Nutr Metab. 27(1983): 488–494.

Barlow PJ . & Kapel M. , “Hair Metal Analysis and its Significance to Certain Disease Conditions,” 2nd Annu. Trace Minerals Health Semin., Boston 1979.

Silbergeld EK ., “Current Status of Neurotoxicology, Basic and Applied,” TINS. (1982): 291–294.

Abbott PJ . “Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) in Petrol: The Toxicologic Issues,” Sci Tot Env. 67(1987): 247–255.

Nogawa K. “Epidemiological Studies on Disturbance of Respiratory System Caused by Manganese Air Pollution. Report 1: Effects on Respiratory System of Junior High School Students,” Jpn J Pub Hlth. 20(1973): 315–326.

Gray LE . & Laskey JW . “Multivariate Analysis of the Effects of Manganese on the Reproductive Physiology and Behavior of the Male House Mouse,” J Tox Env Health 6(1980): 861–867.

Lauwerys R. “Fertility of Male Workers Exposed to Mercury Vapor or to Manganese Dust: A Questionnaire Study,” Am J Ind Med 7(1985): 171–176.

Gennart J-P. Buchet J-P. Roels H. “Fertility of Male Workers Exposed to Cadmium, Lead, or Manganese,” Am J Epid 135 (1992): 1208–1219.

Loranger S. Zayed J. & Forget E. “Manganese Contamination in Montreal in Relation with Traffic Density,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 74 (1994): 385–396.

Ter Haar GL “Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl as an Antiknock: Composition and Fate of Manganese Exhaust Products,” J Air Poll Ctrl Assn. 25(1975): 858–860.

Loranger S. “The Pigeon (Columba livia) as a Monitor for Manganese Contamination from Motor Vehicles,” Arch Environ Contain Toxicol. 27(1994): 311–317.

Loranger S. Zayed J. & Forget E. “Manganese Contamination in Montreal in Relation with Traffic Density,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 74 (1994): 385–396.

Ibid.

Lynam DR “Environmental Assessment of MMT Fuel Additive,” Sci Tot Env. 93(1990): 107–114.

Hereon WR “Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl: Effect on Manganese Emissions trom Vehicles on the Road,” J Air Poll Ctrl Assn. 28(1978): 692–693.

Lioy PJ Mallon RP . & Kneip TJ . “Long-Term Trends in Total Suspended Particulates, Vanadium, Manganese, and Lead at near Street Level and Elevated Sites in New York City,” J Air Poll Ctrl Assn. 30(1980): 153–156.

Ethyl Corporation Document. MMT and Public Health: Separating Fact from Fiction. May 14, 1996. p. 10.

Joselow MM “Manganese Pollution in the City Environment and its Relationship to Traffic Density,” AJPH. 68(1978): 557–560.

Lytle C. “Manganese Accumulation Along Utah Roadways: A Possible Indication of Motor Vehicle Exhaust Pollution,” Sci Tot Env. 162 (1995): 105–110.

Loranger S. Zayed J. & Forget E. “Manganese Contamination in Montreal in Relation with Traffic Density,” Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 74 (1994): 385–396.

Calabrese EJ “How Much Soil Do Young Children Ingest: An Epidemiologic Study,” Reg Tox Pharm. 10 (1989): 123–137.

Brault N. “Bioaccumulation of Manganese by Plants: Influence of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl as a Gasoline Additive,” Sci Tot Env. 153(1994): 77–84.

Loranger S. “The Pigeon (Columba livia) as a Monitor for Manganese Contamination from Motor Vehicles,” Arch Environ Contain Toxicol. 27(1994): 311–317.

Donaldson J. “The Physiopathologic Significance of Manganese in Brain: Its Relation to Schizophrenia and Neurodegenerative Disorders,” Neurotox. 8(1987): 451–462.

Ethyl Corporation. “MMT Information for the U.S. EPA Chemical Hazard Information Profile,” August 1983, EPA/OTS; Doc #FYI-OTS-0883-0253.

Editorial Staff. “Ever Hear of Methyl-Cyclopentadienyl Manganese-Tricarbonyl?” Mech (publication of the Naval Safety Center), Summer 1970.

Cox DN “Comparison of the Toxicity of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl with that of its Two Major Metabolites,” Tox Lett. 39(1987): 1–5.

Zayed J. “Occupational and Environmental Exposure of Garage Workers and Taxi Drivers to Airborne Manganese Arising from the Use of Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl in Unleaded Gasoline,” Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 55(1994): 53–58.

Otto K. & Sulak RJ . “Effects of Mn Deposits from MMT on Automotive Catalysts in the Absence and Presence of Other Fuel Additives,” Env Sci & Tech. 12(1978): 181–184. 65.51 F.3d 1053 (D.C. Cir. 1995).

American Automobile Association, “MMT in Gasoline: Profits and Problems?,” Autogram #20, April 1996.

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers' Association, The Impact of Manganese-Based Fuel Additives on Vehicle Emission Control Technology in Canada, Toronto, Ontario: October 1995.

Environmental Defense Fund, “Producers of Over 70% of US Gasoline Not Using MMT,” New York: March 18, 1996.

AAMA, “AAMA Gasoline Specification” February 5, 1996.

Mohl B. “Few Cars Need Premium Gasoline: Ads Misleading, Analysts Warn” Boston Globe October 2, 1995, p. 13.

The ratio of the volume of air and fuel when the piston is at the lower end of the cylinder to the volume when the mixture is compressed and the piston is in its topmost position.

The ratio of power obtained by the engine to the maximum power available in the fuel.

Royal Dutch/Shell Companies. The Petroleum Handbook 6th Edition. Elsevier, 1983.

Compressing the air and fuel mixture before introduction into the cylinders.

Seiffert U. & Walzer P. Automobile Technology of the Future. Warrendale PA: Society of Automotive Engineers Inc., 1991.

GAO. Gasoline Marketing: Uncertainties Surround RFG as a Motor Fuel. GA 1.13: RCED-90-153, June 1990.

Royal Dutch/Shell Companies. The Petroleum Handbook 6th Edition. Elsevier, 1983.

Health Effects Institute. The Potential Health Effects of Oxygenates Added to Gasoline: A Review of the Current Literature. Boston: HEI; February 1996.

Anonymous. “Which Antiknock Will It Be — Aromatics or MMT?,” Chemtech (August 1978): 484–487.

Amoco, Anchor, ARCO, BF, Chevron, Conoco, Exxon, Hess, Marathon Oil, Mobil, Pennzoil, Phillips, Shell, Sun, and Texaco.

Amoco, Anchor, ARCO, and Sunoco.

Environment Canada News Release, “Government Reintroduces MMT Bill C-94,” April 18, 1996.