LandriganP., Testimony before U.S. House of Representatives' subcommittees on the proposed “Job Creation and Wage Enhancement Act,” reprinted in New Solutions, 4 (1995): 90–91.
2.
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Office of Reinvention, “Safety Pays” literature, 1996.
3.
IkenberryR., “Developing a Cost-Effective Safety Program for Painting Contractors,”Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings, July (1993)58–64.
4.
NordheimerJ., “Pressures of Costs Drive Some Contractors to Stress Worker Safety,”The New York Times, August 21, 1993; OSHA's“Safety Pays Success Stories,”OSHA Office of Reinvention, 1996; Meridian Research, Worker Protection Programs in Construction, OSHA, 1994.
5.
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 29 CFR Part 1926, Lead Exposure in Construction, “Preamble,” Table 3.
6.
U.S. Federal Highway Administration, Lead-Containing Paint Removal, Containment and Disposal, Feb. 1995. No. FHWA-RD-94-100.
7.
Ibid.
8.
RabinR.BrooksD, and DavisL., “Elevated Blood Lead Levels among Construction Workers in the Massachusetts Occupational Lead Registry,”American Journal of Public Health, 84(9) (1994): 1483–1485. New York State Department of Health Heavy Metals Registry, “Proposal for the Lead Intervention Network in Construction,” unpublished, 1994. WallerK.OsorioA.MaizlishN., and RoyceS., “Lead Exposure in the Construction Industry: Results from the California Occupational Lead Registry, 1987–1989,”American Journal of Public Health, 92(12) (1992): 1669–1671.
9.
Interview with John Kolaya, Yonkers Contracting Co., Dec. 14, 1996.
10.
Data from Bureau of Labor Statistics Web Site: Injuries and Illness in Construction.
BeckwithG.“The Myth of Injury Prevention Incentives in Workers' Compensation Insurance,”New Solutions, 2 (1992): 52–73.
13.
RobinsonHalperinAlterman, “Mortality Patterns Among Construction Workers in the United States,” in RingenK., Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews — Construction Safety and Health, 10(2) (1995): 269–283.
14.
Interview with Vincent Troianiello, Director of Underwriting, New York State Workers' Compensation Fund, April 4, 1996; Barbara Materna, California Department of Health Services, Occupational Lead Registry, April 1, 1996; and David Valiante, NJ Occupational Disease Prevention Program, New Jersey Department of Health, May 8, 1996. There have been three lead-related claims in Washington state since 1993, but it is not known whether these were construction workers.
15.
RingenK., “Why Construction is Different,” in RingenK., Occupational Medicine: State of the Art Reviews — Construction Safety and Health, 10(2) (1995): 255–259.
16.
Beckwith, 1992.
17.
While evidence for this phenomenon is largely anecdotal, a 1996 University of Iowa study found that 30 percent of construction workers reported working while injured or in pain. The rates for working while ill are likely to be comparable or greater. Center to Protect Workers' Rights, University of Iowa Construction Survey, May 1996.
18.
Hawco v. Mine Safety Appliance Co. v. Lacross Construction Corporation; City of New York, Case No. 11502-78.
19.
“Manufacturer Loses ‘Employer’ Defense to Tort Claims by Contractor's Employees,”Mealey's Litigation Reports: Lead, 3(21) (1994): 8, and “Defense Ordered in Demolition Worker's Case,”Mealey's Litigation Reports: Lead, 13(14) (1994).
“Painting Contractor Fined $2.4 million for Lead, Fall Violations at Ohio Site,”BNA Daily Labor Report, 241(d6), Dec. 19, 1994.
22.
“OSHA Proposes $5 Million Fine for Painters' Lead Exposure,”BNA Daily Labor Report, 106(d2), June 6, 1994.
23.
“Contractor Hit with $2M in Lead-Related Fines,”Lead Detection and Abatement Contractor, June (1996): 3.
24.
Fines are for citations against companies in the following SICs: 1611 Highway and Street Construction, 1622 Bridge, Tunnel and Elevated Highway, 1721 Painting and Paperhanging, 1791 Structural Steel Erection, and 1795 Wrecking and Demolition Work.
25.
U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Inspection Reports as of September 16, 1996 reported in the LEXIS Research Service.
26.
Information provided to Bill Kojola of the Laborers' Health and Safety Fund by Rich Fairfax, OSHA Health Compliance Director.
27.
Steel Structures Painting Council, “PCCP Program Description,” no date.
28.
“FHWA, Navy, Take Action Against Lead: IBPAT Calls for Further Federal Activity,”Journal of Protective Coatings and Linings, August (1993): 44–48.
29.
Vink, 1993.
30.
Ellen Roznowski of the OSHA Office of Reinvention proposed this at the American Industrial Hygiene Conference May 20, 1996. For a discussion of this technique in the environmental field, see WhiteA. and BeckerM., “Total Cost Assessment: Catalyzing Corporate Self-Interest in Pollution Prevention,”New Solutions, 2 (1992): 34–39.
31.
“Assessing the Financial Impact of Environmental, Health and Safety Activity,”S. Dombrowski (Dow Chemical Co.) “Value Measurements for Health and Safety Services” and L. Birkner (ARCO): “Return on Health and Safety Investments: Creating Tools to Apply Traditional Business and Investment Parameters to the Health and Safety Arena,” American Industrial Hygiene Association Conference and Exhibition, Washington, D.C., 1996.
32.
Beckwith, 1992.
33.
“Controlling Lead Toxicity in Bridge Workers — Connecticut, 1991–1994,”Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 44(4) (1995).
34.
Ibid.
35.
FHWA, 1995 and interview with Brian Castler, Connecticut Department of Transportation, Nov. 1995.
36.
CONSAD Research Corp., Economic Analysis of OSHA's Interim Final Standard for Lead in Construction, OSHA, April 1993, Chapter 7, “Economic Impacts,” and Table 7.4.
37.
CastlerL.B., “The Cost of Meeting Regulations When Repainting Steel Structures,”Connecticut Department of Transportation, 1995. CastlerL.B., “Consideration of Steel Replacement in Connecticut,”Proceedings from SSPC's 7th Annual Conference on Industrial Lead Paint Abatement and Removal, Steel Structures Painting Council, 1994.
