For the past decade educators working within early childhood services in Aotearoa have been challenged to deliver a curriculum that requires inclusive representation of Māori, the indigenous people, their language and culture. This article reflects on some responses to the challenge of this ‘bicultural’ curriculum, drawing upon research which has sought to identify some pathways which are enabling and honouring of this indigenous representation.
References
1.
BishopR. (1996) Collaborative Research Stories: Whakawhanaungatanga. Palmerston North: Dunmore.
2.
BishopR. (2005) Freeing Ourselves from Neocolonial Domination in Research: A kaupapa Māori approach to creating knowledge, in DenzinN.K. & LincolnY.S. (Eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edn, 109–164. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
3.
BishopR. & GlynnT. (1999) Culture Counts: Changing power relations in education. Palmerston North: Dunmore.
4.
BoneJ. (2007) Creating Relational Spaces: Everyday spirituality in early childhood settings. Paper presented at the 17th European Early Childhood Education Research Association Annual Conference, Prague, 29 August–1 September.
5.
ClandininD.J. (2007) Handbook of Narrative Inquiry. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
6.
ClandininD.J. & ConnellyF.M. (2000) Narrative Inquiry: Experience and story in qualitative research. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
CohenR.A. (1987) Introduction, in LevinasE., Time and the Other, trans. CohenRichard A.. Pitttsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
9.
ConnellyF.M. & ClandininD.J. (1990) Stories of Experience and Narrative Inquiry, Educational Researcher, 19(5), 2–14.
10.
DuhnI. (2007) Honouring the Voices of Children in Early Childhood Education?A Poststructural/Sociocultural Perspective. Paper presented at the Language Education and Diversity Conference, University of Waikato, 21–24 November.
11.
DurieA. (1997) Te aka matua: Keeping a Māori identity, in Te WhäitiP.McCarthyM. & DurieA. (Eds) Mai i rangiātea: Mäori wellbeing and development, 142–162. Auckland: Auckland University Press with Bridget Williams Books.
12.
DurieM. (2001) A Framework for Considering Mäori Educational Advancement. Paper presented at the Hui Taumata Mātauranga, Turangi/Taupo, 9–11 November.
13.
FoucaultM. (1983) The Subject and Power, in DreyfusL. & RabinowP. (Eds) Michel Foucault: Beyond structuralism and hermeneutics, 208–229. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
14.
GandhiL. (1998) Postcolonial Theory: A critical introduction. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.
15.
HarkessC. (2004) Ethnicity in the Early Childhood Education Teacher-led Workforce. Wellington: Demographic and Statistical Analysis Unit, Ministry of Education.
16.
JacksonM. (2007) Globalisation and the Colonising State of Mind, in BarghM. (Ed.) Resistance: An indigenous response to neoliberalism, 167–182. Wellington: Huia.
17.
LevinasE. (1987) Time and the Other, trans. CohenR.A.. Pitttsburgh: Duquesne University Press.
18.
LevinasE. (1988) Useless Suffering, in BernasconiR. & WoodD. (Eds) The Provocation of Levinas: Rethinking the other, 156–167. London: Routledge.
MartinK. (2005) Childhood, Lifehood and Relatedness: Aboriginal ways of being, knowing and doing, in PhillipsJ. & LampertJ. (Eds) Introductory Indigenous Studies in Education: The importance of knowing, 27–40. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson.
21.
Ministry of Education (1996) Te Whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa/Early Childhood Curriculum. Wellington: Learning Media.
22.
Ministry of Education (2004) Ngā haeata mātauranga — Annual Report on Maori Education 2002/2003. Wellington: Ministry of Education.
23.
Ministry of Health (2006) Decades of Disparity III. Ethnic and Socioeconomic Inequalities in Mortality, New Zealand 1988–1999. Wellington: Ministry of Health and University of Otago.
24.
O'LoughlinM. (2006) Recreating the Social Link between Children and their Histories: Revisiting ghosts in the nursery and exploring the power of story as a decolonizing strategy. Paper presented at the 14th Reconceptualizing Early Childhood Education Conference, Rotorua, 30 November–4 December.
25.
O'SullivanD. (2007) Beyond Biculturalism: The politics of an indigenous minority. Wellington: Huia.
26.
RauC. & RitchieJ. (2005) From the Margins to the Centre: Repositioning Māori at the centre of early childhood education in Aotearoa/New Zealand, International Journal of Equity and Innovation in Early Childhood, 3(1), 50–60.
27.
RitchieJ. (1999) The Use of Te Reo Mäori in Early Childhood Centres, Early Education, 20, 13–21.
28.
RitchieJ. (2002) ‘It's Becoming Part of Their Knowing’: A study of bicultural development in an early childhood teacher education setting in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Waikato.
29.
RitchieJ. & RauC. (2005) Emergence, Convergence and Divergence in Collaborative Narrative Methodology. Paper presented at the New Zealand Association for Research in Education Conference, University of Otago, 6–9 December.
30.
RitchieJ. & RauC. (2006) Whakawhanaungatanga: Partnerships in bicultural development in early childhood education. Final Report from the Teaching and Learning Research Initiative Project. Wellington: Teaching and Learning Research Initiative. http://www.tlri.org.nz/pdfs/9207_finalreport.pdf
31.
RogoffB.MistryJ.GoncuA.MosierC.ChavajayP. & HeathS.B. (1993) Guided Participation in Cultural Activity by Toddlers and Caregivers, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48, 1–179.
32.
SchulzR.SchroederD. & BrodyC.M. (1997) Collaborative Narrative Inquiry: Fidelity and the ethics of caring in teacher research, Qualitative Studies in Education, 10(4), 473–485. https://dx-doi-org.web.bisu.edu.cn/10.1080/095183997237052
33.
SimonJ. (1996) Good Intentions, but …, in SteeleR. (Ed.) Whakamana Tangata, 38–42. Wellington: Quest Rapuara.
34.
SkerrettM. (2007) Kia tū heipū: Languages frame, focus and colour our worlds, Childrenz Issues, 11(1), 6–14.
35.
SmithG.H. (1986) Taha Maori: A pakeha privilege, Delta, 37, 11–23.
36.
SmithG.H. (1990) Taha Mäori: Pakeha capture, in CoddJ.HarkerR. & NashR. (Eds) Political Issues in New Zealand Education, 2nd edn, 183–197. Palmerston North: Dunmore.
37.
SmithL.T. (1999) Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and indigenous peoples. London and Dunedin: Zed Books and University of Otago Press.
38.
SmithL.T. (2005) On Tricky Ground: Researching the native in the age of uncertainty, in DenzinN.K. & LincolnY.S. (Eds) The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd edn, 85–107. Thousand Oaks: Sage.