For universities in industrialized nations such as the United States, globalization poses relatively little threat and offers many benefits. This article identifies and describes one trend emerging from globalization — how American colleges and universities are leveraging their curricula internationally through joint ventures between universities or between universities and other partners such as corporations, or non-profit or non-governmental organizations, that result in new academic programs each partner alone does not offer. It discusses US institutions’ hunt for revenue, prestige and quality and the motivations for such international activity. It describes a range of international curricular joint ventures using different models and with varying motivations. However, for most US institutions, cross-border education is subservient to other campus priorities. Although one could guess that inter-institutional collaboration will be an important strategy to maximize resources and to gain access to the global market place, the jury is still out. It is also not clear if US institutions will become more outward looking both in their academic and entrepreneurial ventures.
References
1.
AltbachP.G. (2002) Knowledge and Education as International Commodities, International Higher Education, 28, pp. 2–5.
2.
AntónM.G. (2001) Higher Education and the New Mexican Government, International Higher Education Newsletter, Winter. Boston College Center for International Higher Education. Available at: www.bc.edu/bc_org/avpsoe/cihe/newsletter/News22/text012.htm
3.
ChinH.-K. (2002) Open Doors 2002. New York: Institute for International Education.
4.
CouturierL.K. (2003) Globalizing with a Conscience: The implications of privatization in higher education. Paper presented at the Conference ‘Markets, Profits and the Future of Higher Education’, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1–2 May.
5.
DavisD.OlsenA. & BohmA. (2000) Transnational Education Providers, Partners and Policy: Challenges for Australian institutions offshore. Brisbane: IDP Education Australia.
6.
EckelP.D. (2003a) Changing Course: Making the hard decisions to eliminate academic programs. Westport: Praeger.
7.
EckelP.D. (2003b) Capitalizing on the Curriculum: The challenges of curricular joint ventures, American Behavioral Scientist, 46(7), pp. 865–882.
8.
EckelP.D.Affolter-CaineB. & GreenM. (2003) New Times, New Strategies: Curricular joint ventures. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
9.
EckelP.D.HartleyM. & Affolter-CaineB. (2004) Cooperating to Compete: A campus leaders' guide to developing curricular partnerships and joint programs. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
10.
EhrenbergR.G. (2000) Tuition Rising: Why college costs so much. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
11.
EkzkowitzH.WebsterA. & HealeyP. (1998) Capitalizing Knowledge: New intersections of industry and academia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
12.
FairweatherJ.S. (1988) Entrepreneurship and Higher Education. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 6. Washington, DC: The George Washington University.
13.
GardnerE. (2003) Going Global: American colleges and universities head to distance lands, and approach the challenge in markedly different ways, University Business, 10(6), pp. 30–38.
14.
GeigerR.L. (2002) The American University at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Signposts on the path to privatization, in Trends in American & German Higher Education, pp. 33–84. Cambridge: American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
15.
GreenM. (2003) The Internationalised Campus: A strategic approach, International Educator, XII, pp. 13–21.
16.
GreenM. & OlsonC. (2003) Internationalizing the Campus: A user's guide. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
17.
GreenM.EckelP. & BarblanA. (2001) The Brave New (and Smaller) World: A transatlantic view. Changing Enterprises Occasional Paper No. 1. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
18.
HearnJ.C. (2003) Diversifying Campus Revenue Streams: Opportunities and risks. Informed Practice Series. Washington, DC: American Council on Education.
19.
KinserK. (2001) Faculty at the University of Phoenix: A study of non-traditional roles. Paper presented at The Association for the Study of Higher Education annual meeting, Richmond, 17 November.
20.
KirpD.L. & RobertsR.S. (2002) Mr. Jefferson's ‘Private’ College: The University of Virginia's Business School secedes. Occasional Paper No. 55, National Center for the Study of Privatization in Education. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University.
21.
de AlvaKlor J. (2003) Higher Education Productivity: Closing attainment gaps and the maintenance of a global competitive edge. Presentation to the National Governors Association Center for Best Practices, San Francisco, September.
22.
KnightJ. (2002) Trade in Higher Education Services: The implications of GATS. Report 10 of The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education. London: The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education.
23.
KnightJ. (2003a) Updating the Definition of Internationalization, International Higher Education, 33, pp. 2–3.
24.
KnightJ. (2003b) Trade Talk — à la four modes, International Higher Education, 31, pp. 1–2.
25.
ManganK.S. (2003) Texas A&M to Open Program in Qatar, The Chronicle of Higher Education, A42, 6 June.
26.
MarginsonS. & ConsidineM. (2000) The Enterprise University: Power, governance and reinvention in Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press.
27.
NewmanF. & CouturierL. (2001) The New Competitive Arena: Market forces invade the academy. Working Paper. The Futures Project: Policy for Higher Education in a Changing World. Providence: Brown University.
28.
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) Secretariat (2003a) Key Developments and Policy Rationales in Cross-border Post-secondary Education. OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services. Paris: OECD.
29.
OECD Secretariat (2003b) Cross-border Education: An overview. OECD/Norway Forum on Trade in Educational Services. Paris: OECD.
30.
PowellW.W. & Owen-SmithJ. (1998) Universities as Creators and Retailers of Intellectual Property: Life-sciences research and commercial development, in WeisbrodB.A. (Ed.) To Profit or Not to Profit: The commercial transformation of the nonprofit sector, pp. 169–194. New York: Cambridge University Press.
31.
SchneiderM. (2000) Others' Open Doors — how other nations attract international students: Implications for US educational exchange. Available at: http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/
32.
SinghM. (2002) International Quality Assurance, Ethics, and the Market: A view from developing countries, in Globalization and the Market in Higher Education: Quality, accreditation and qualifications, pp. 171–190. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).
33.
SlaughterS. & LeslieL.L. (1997) Academic Capitalism: Politics, policies, and the entrepreneurial university. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
34.
Van DammeD. (2002) Higher Education in the Age of Globalization, in Globalization and the Market in Higher Education: Quality, accreditation and qualifications, pp. 21–34. Paris: UNESCO.
35.
Van de WendeM. (2002) Internationalisation Policies: About new trends and contrasting paradigms, Higher Education Policy, 14, pp. 249–259.
36.
WhiteG.D. & HauckF.C. (2000) Campus, Inc. Corporate Power in the Ivory Tower. Amherst: Prometheus Books.
37.
de WitH. (2002) Internationalisation of Higher Education in the United States of America and Europe. Westport: Greenwood Press.
38.
World Bank (2000) Higher Education in Developing Countries: Peril and promise. Report by The Task Force on Higher Education and Society. Washington, DC: World Bank.
