The study of gender inequality in academia is characterized by various conflicting positions (see Cole, 1979; Reskin, 1980). While it is clear such inequality exists, our knowledge of how it comes about is limited. Debate over the extent and interpretation of gender inequality in the academic labor market is exacerbated by this situation. The preliminary analysis reported here suggests that the inequality stems, in part, from different graduate training experiences encountered by female and male students.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlexisM.1974“The political economy of labor market discrimination: Synthesis and exploration”. in HorowitzA.Von EwistenbergG. (eds.) Patterns of Discrimination. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath
2.
AstinA. W.1971Predicting Academic Performance in College. New York: Free Press
3.
AstinH. S.1969The Woman Doctorate in America. New York: Russell Sage
4.
AstinH. S.BayerAlan E.1973“Sex discrimination in academia”, pp. 353–356 in RossiA.CalderwoodA. (eds.) Academic Women on the Move. New York: Russell Sage
5.
BayerA. E.AstinH. S.1968“Sex differences in academic rank and salary among science doctorates in teaching”. J. of Human Resources2: 191–201
6.
BayerA. E.AstinH. S.1975“Sex differentials in the academic reward system”. Science188: 796–802
7.
BernardJ.1964Academic Women. University Park: Pennsylvania State Univ. Press
8.
CentraJ. A.1974Women, Men and the Doctorate. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service
9.
ColeJ. R.1979The Fair Science. New York: Free Press
10.
CrandallV.1975“Sex differences in expectancy of intellectual and academic reinforcement,” in Kesler-UngerR.DenmarkF. (eds.) Women: Dependent or Independent Variable. New York: Psychological Dimensions
11.
CreagerJ. A.1971The American Graduate Student: A Normative Description. Washington, DC: American Council on Education Research
12.
DuncanO. D.1975Introduction to Structural Equation Models. New York: Academic Press
13.
EidenL. J.1976“Trends in female degree recipients”. Amer. Education12: Back cover
14.
EpsteinC. F.1973“Bringing women in: Rewards, punishments and the structure of achievements”. Annual of the New York Academy of Sciences208.
15.
FeldmanS. D.1973Escape From the Doll's House: Women in Graduate and Professional School Education. New York: McGraw-Hill
16.
FolgerJ. K.AstinH. S.BayerA. E.1970Human Resources and Higher Education. New York: Russell Sage
17.
FoxM. F.1981“Sex, salary, and achievement: Reward dualism in academia”. Sociology of Education54: 71–84
18.
FultonO.1975“Rewards and fairness: Academic women in the United States,” in TrowM. (ed.) Teachers and Students. New York: McGraw-Hill
19.
GrahamP. A.1970“Women in academe”. Science169: 1284–1290
20.
HarrisA. S.1974“The second sex in academe,” in StaceyJ. (eds.) And Jill Came Tumbling After. New York: Dell
21.
HirschbergN.ItkinS.1978“Graduate student success in psychology”. Amer. Psychologist12: 1083–1093
22.
HolmstromE. I.HolmstromR. W.1974“The plight of the woman doctoral student”. Amer. Educ. Research J.1: 1–17
23.
Institute for Scientific Information1970–1980Social Sciences Citation Index and Science Citation Index. Philadelphia: Author
24.
KruegerA. O.1963“The economics of discrimination”. J. of Pol. Economy71: 481–486
25.
LongJ. S.1978“Productivity and academic position in the scientific career”. Amer. Soc. Rev.43: 889–908
26.
LongJ. S.McGinnisR.1981“Organizational context and scientific productivity”. American Sociological Review46: 422–42
27.
LongJ. S.AllisonP.McGinnisR.1979“Entrance into the academic career”. Amer. Soc. Rev.44: 816–830
28.
MarwellG.RosenfeldR.SpilermanS.1979“Geographic constraints on women's careers in academia”. Science21: 1225–1231
29.
McGinnisR.AllisonP.LongJ. S.1982“Postdoctoral training in bioscience: Allocation and outcomes”. Social Forces60: 701–722
30.
MincerJ.PolacheckS.1974“Family investments in human capital: Earnings of women”. J. of Pol. Economy Supplement (March)
31.
National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council1979Climbing the Academic Ladder. Doctoral Women Scientists in Academe. Washington, DC: Author
32.
NielsenL. L.1979“Sexism and self-healing in the university”. Harvard Educ. Rev.49: 467–476
33.
PhelpsE. S.1972“The statistical theory of racism and sexism”. Amer. Econ. Rev.62: 659–669
34.
ReskinB.1977“Scientific productivity and the reward structures of science”. Amer. Soc. Rev.42: 491–504
35.
ReskinB.1980“Fair science: A fair test?”Contemporary Sociology9: 793–795
36.
RobyP.1973“Institutional barriers to women students in higher education,” in RossiA.CalderwoodA. (eds.) Women on the Move. New York: Russell Sage
37.
ThurowL.1979Poverty and Discrimination. Washington, DC: Brookings
38.
U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare1978Condition of Education. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office
39.
WeisbrodB. A.1975“Education and investment in human capital”, pp. 123–146 in LevineD.BaneM. J. (eds.) The “Inequality” Controversy: Schooling and Distributive Justice. New York: Basic Books
40.
WykstraR. A.1971Education and the Economics of Human Capital. New York: Free Press
41.
ZuckermanH.ColeJ. R.1975“Women in American science”. Minerva13: 82–102
