Committee Management: Guidelines from Social Science Research

Tillman Rollie Jr. , “Problems in Review: Committees on Trial,” Harvard Business Review, 38 (May-June 1960), 6–12; 162–172. Firms with 1,001 to 10,000 reported 93 percent use; 250 to 1,000 reported 82 percent use.

Healey J. H. , Executive Coordination and Control, Monograph No. 78 (Columbus: Bureau of Business Research, The Ohio State University, 1956), p. 185.

“Committees,” Management Review, 46 (October 1957), 4–10; 75–78.

Kriesberg M. , “Executives Evaluate Administrative Conferences,” Advanced Management, 15 (March 1950), 15–17.

Tillman , op. cit., p. 12.

Kriesberg , op. cit., p. 15

“The Committee System—Congress at Work,” Congressional Digest, 34 (February 1955), 47–49; 64.

Taves E. H. , “Two Mechanisms for the Perception of Visual Numerousness,” Archives of Psychology, 37 (1941), 265.

Hare A. Paul , Handbook of Small Group Research, (New York: The Free Press of Glencoe, 1962), p. 227.

Bass B. M. Norton F. M. , “Group Size and Leaderless Discussions,” Journal of Applied Psychology, 35 (1951), 397–400.

Hare , op. cit., p. 228.

Bales R. F. Strodtbeck F. L. Mills T. M. Roseborough M. E. , “Channels of Communication in Small Groups,” American Sociological Review, 16, (1951), 461–468.

Stephen F. F. Mishler E. G. , “The Distribution of Participation in Small Groups: An Exponential Approximation.” American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 598–608.

Gibb J. R. , “The Effects of Group Size and of Threat Reduction Upon Creativity in a Problem-Solving Situation,” American Psychologist, 6 (1951), 324. (Abstract)

Slater P. , “Contrasting Correlates of Group Size,” Sociometry, 21 (1958), 129–139.

Bales R. F. Borgotta E. F. , “Size of Group as a Factor in the Interaction Profile,” in Small Groups: Studies in Social Interaction, Hare A. P. Borgotta E. F. Bales R. F. , eds. (New York: Knopf, 1965, rev. ed.), pp. 495–512.

Ibid., p. 512.

Slater , op. cit., 137–138.

Bales R. F. , “In Conference,” Harvard Business Review, 32 (March-April 1954), 44–50; also Hare A. P. , “A Study of Interaction and Consensus in Different Sized Groups,” American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 261–267.

Fox D. Lorge I. Weltz P. Herrold K. , “Comparison of Decisions Written by Large and Small Groups,” American Psychologist, 8 (1953), 351. (Abstract)

Hare A. Paul , “Interaction and Consensus in Different Sized Groups,” American Sociological Review, 17 (1952), 261–267.

Watson G. B. , “Do Groups Think More Efficiently Than Individuals?” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 23, (1928), 328–336; Also Taylor D. J. Faust W. L. , “Twenty Questions: Efficiency in Problem Solving as a Function of Size of Group,” Journal of Experimental Psychology, 44 (1952), 360–368.

Tillman , op. cit., p. 168.

Udall S. L. , “Defense of the Seniority System,” New York Times Magazine (January 13, 1957), 17.

Schlesinger L. Jackson J. M. Butman J. , “Leader-Member Interaction in Management Committees,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 61, No. 3 (1960) 360–364.

Ibid., p. 363.

Berkowitz L. , “Sharing Leadership in Small Decision-Making Groups,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 48 (1953), 231–238; Also Fouriezos N. T. Hutt M. L. Guetzkow H. , “Measurement of Self-Oriented Needs in Discussion Groups,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 45 (1950), 682–690; also Shelley H. P. , “Status Consensus, Leadership, and Satisfaction with the Group,” Journal of Social Psychology, 51 (1960), 157–164.

Berkowitz , Ibid., p. 237.

Anderson R. C. , “Learning in Discussions: A Resume of the Authoritarian-Democratic Studies,” Harvard Education Review, 29 (1959), 201–214.

Benne K. D. Sheats P. , “Functional Roles of Group Members,” Journal of Social Issues, 4 (Spring 1948), 41–49.

Bales R. F. , Interaction Process Analysis (Cambridge: Addison-Wesley, 1951); Also Stogdill R. M. Coons A. E. (eds.), Leader Behavior: Its Description and Measurement, Monograph No. 88 (Columbus: Bureau of Business Research, The Ohio State University, 1957); Also Halpin A. W. , “The Leadership Behavior and Combat Performance of Airplane Commanders,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49 (1954), 19–22.

Borgotta E. G. Couch A. S. Bales R. F. , “Some Findings Relevant to the Great Man Theory of Leadership,” American Sociological Review, 19 (1954), 755–759); Also Fleishman E. A. Harris E. G. , “Patterns of Leadership Behavior Related to Employee Grievances and Turnover,” Personnel Psychology, 15, No. 1 (1962), 43–56; Also Stogdill Coons , Ibid.; Also Oaklander H. Fleishman E. A. , “Patterns of Leadership Related to Organizational Stress in Hospital Settings,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 8 (March 1964), 520–532.

Hare , Handbook of Small Group Research, op. cit., p. 254.

Deutsch M. , “The Effects of Cooperation and Competition Upon Group Process,” in Group Dynamics, Research and Theory, Cartwright D. Zander A. , eds., (New York: Harper and Row, 1953).

Hare , Handbook of Small Group Research, op. cit., p. 263.

Fouriezos Hutt Guetzkow , op. cit.

Stendler C. Damrin D. Haines A. , “Studies in Cooperation and Competition: I. The Effects of Working for Group and Individual Rewards on the Social Climate of Children's Groups,” Journal of Genetic Psychology, 79 (1951), 173–197; Also Mintz A. , “Non-adaptive Group Behavior,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 46 (1951), 150–159; Also Grossack M. M. , “Some Effects of Cooperation and Competition Upon Small Group Behavior,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 49 (1954), 341–348; Also Gottheil E. , “Changes in Social Perceptions Contingent Upon Competing or Cooperating,” Sociometry, 18 (1955), 132–137; Also Zander A. Wolfe D. , “Administrative Rewards and Coordination Among Committee Members,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 9 (June 1964), 50–69.

Schutz W. C. , “What Makes Groups Productive?” Human Relations, 8 (1955), 429–465.

Schutz W. C. , FIRO: A Three-Dimensional Theory of Interpersonal Behavior, (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1958).

Altman I. McGinnies E. , “Interpersonal Perception and Communication in Discussion Groups of Varied Attitudinal Composition,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60 (May 1960), 390–393; Also Haythorn W. A. Couch E. H. Haefner D. Langham P. Carter L. , “The Behavior of Authoritarian and Equalitarian Personalities in Groups,” Human Relations, 9 (1956), 57–74; Also Ghiselli E. E. Lodahl T. M. , “Patterns of Managerial Traits and Group Effectiveness,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 57 (1958), 61–66; Also Exline R. V. , “Group Climate as a Factor in the Relevance and Accuracy of Social Perception,” Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55 (1957), 382–388; Also Adams S. , “Status Congruency as a Variable in Small Group Performance,” Social Forces, 32 (1953), 16–22.

Hoffman L. R. , “Homogeneity of Member Personality and Its Effect on Group Problem-Solving”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58 (1959), 27–32.

Ziller R. C. , “Scales of Judgment: A Determinant of Accuracy of Group Decisions,” Human Relations, 8 (1955), 153–164.

Collins B. E. Guetzkow H. , A Social Psychology of Group Process for Decision-Making, (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1965), p. 101.