The Meaning of Work and the Middle Manager

“Student Attitudes Toward Industry,” Personnel Journal (June 1970), p. 517; Work in America: Report of a Special Task Force to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1973); and Myers M. Scott Meyers Susan S. , “Toward Understanding the Changing Work Ethic,” California Management Review (Spring 1974), pp. 7–19; Terkel Studs , Working (New York: Pantheon Books, 1974); and Rosow Jerome M. , The Worker and the Job: Coping with Change (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1974).

See, for instance, Jordan DePree , “Let's Hear It for the Work Ethic,” Administrative Management (November 1973), pp. 67–70; Dent Frederick B. , “The Myth of the Dissatisfied Worker,” Public Relations Journal (October 1973), pp. 10–11; Wattenburg Ben J. , The Real America: A Surprising Examination of the State of the Union (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1974); and Kahn Robert L. , “The Meaning of Work: Interpretation and Proposals for Measurement,” in Campbell Angus Converse Philip E. (eds.), The Human Meaning of Social Change (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1972).

See Pfiffner John M. Sherwood Frank P. , Administrative Organization (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1960); and Kay Emanuel , Crisis in Middle Management (New York: Amacom, 1974).

See Dubin Robert , “Industrial Workers' World: A Study of the ‘Central Life Interest’ of Industrial Workers,” Social Problems (January 1956), pp. 131–146; and Kaplan H. Roy , “Job Enrichment,” Personnel Journal (October 1969), pp. 791–798.

See Rodgers Willard L. Johnston Lloyd D. , “Attitudes Toward Business and Other American Institutions” (paper presented at the conference of the American Association for Public Opinion Research, May 31, 1974); and “Anti-Business Sentiment Hits a New High,” Opinion Research Corporation Public Opinion Index (January 1974), p. 5.

Bowman James S. Norman David , “Attitudes Toward the Public Service: A Survey of University Students,” Public Personnel Management (March-April 1975).

See Labaw Patricia Rappeport Michael , “Alienation: Policy vs. Structure” (Opinion Research Corporation, Princeton, N.J.; mimeograph, 1974); Attenborough Richard E. , “Attitudes Toward Large Companies: A Longitudinal Study of Public Opinion” (paper presented at the conference of the American Psychological Association, September 1, 1974); and “Mounting Public Pressure for Corporate Social Responsibility,” Opinion Research Corporation Public Opinion Index (January 1974), pp. 1–8.

Bowman James S. , “Public Opinion and the Environment: Post-Earth Day Attitudes Among) College Students,” Environment and Behavior (forthcoming).

Alutto Joseph A. Hrebinjak Lawrence G. , “The Effective Corporate Executive: An Analysis of the Stereotype,” Public Opinion Quarterly (Winter 1970–1971), pp. 617–620.

See Yankelovich Daniel , “The Real Meaning of the Student Revolution,” The Conference Board Record (March 1972), pp. 8–13; and Yankelovich Daniel , The Changing Values on Campus: Political and Personal Attitudes on Campus (New York: Washington Square Press, 1972).

Goodman Charles S. Crawford C. Merle , “Young Executives: A Source of New Ethics?” Personnel Journal (March 1974), pp. 180–187.

“More Grads Than Jobs in '80s,” Denver Post (10 October 1974), p. 10.

See Warren Virginia Lee , “The Economy is Spawning College-Educated Servants,” New York times (9 September 1975), p. 30; Bowin Robert B. , “Managers Interest in Work,” Public Personnel Management (May-June 1973), pp. 182–184; Tarnowieski Dale , The Changing Success Ethic (New York: American Management Association, 1973), pp. 2, 18, 24; Peterfreund Stanley , “The Challenge of the ‘New Breed,’” Michigan Business Review (January 1974).

For a brief overview see Prewitt Lena B. , “Discontent in the Ranks: Is the Operative Worker Really Trapped?” Personnel Journal (October 1973), pp. 879–884; and Field Charles K. , “Middle Managers–The Overlooked Minority Group,” Personnel Administrator (May-June 1973), pp. 13–14.

Fromm Erich , Revolution of Hope (New York: Bantam Books, 1968).

Bowin , op. cit.; Tarnoweski , op. cit.; Peterfreund , op. cit.; Kay , op. cit. Also see Youth and the Meaning of Work (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Labor Manpower Monograph No. 32,: 1974) and Gottlieb David , “Work and Families: Great Expectations for College Seniors,” Journal of Higher Education (October 1974), pp. 535–544.

Dunnette Marvin , “Why Do They Leave?” Personnel (May-June 1973), pp. 25–39; and Berg Ivar , Education and Jobs (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970).

See Report on Higher Education (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971), chapter 9.

See Hershey Robert , “Coming: A Locked-in Generation of Workers,” Personnel 50 (November-December, 1973), pp. 23–29.

See “U.S. College Survey Grades Freshman More Conservative,” Denver Post (20 January 1975), p. 6. The complete findings from the survey can be found in Astin Alexander W. , The American Freshman (Los Angeles: UCLA Graduate School of Education, 1975).

Tarnowiescki , op. cit., p. 42; Kay , op. cit., p. 62.

Berkwitt George J. , “Executives in Ferment,” Dun's Review (January 1971), p. 23. Also see “The Sudden Surplus of Middle Managers,” Business Week (23 February 1974), p. 28–29; and Zonana Victor , “Battle of the Bulge: Firms Fight an Effect of the 1950s Baby Boom—Young Executive Glut,” Wall Street Journal (18 August 1975), p. 17.

Peterfreund , op. cit., p. 26.

Rush Harold Wikstrom Walter , “The Reception of Behavioral Science in Industry,” The Conference Board Record (September 1969), pp. 45–54.

Dale Ernest , Management: Theory and Practice (3rd ed.; New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1973), p. 192.

Simonds Rollin H. , “Are Organizational Principles a Thing of the Past?” Personnel 47 (January-February 1970), pp. 8–11. See Bowman James S. , “The Behavioral Sciences: Fact and Fantasy in Organizations,” Personnel Journal (forthcoming).

Tarnowieski , op. cit., p. 50.

See “A Conversation with Warren Bennis,” Organizational Dynamics (Winter 1974), pp. 51–66; Bennis Warren , “An OD Expert in the Cat Bird's Seat,” Journal of Higher Education (May 1973), pp. 389–398; and McGregor Douglas , quoted in Lee James A. , “Behavioral Theory vs. Reality,” Harvard Business Review (March-April 1971), p. 27. Also refer to Wilcox Herbert C. , “Hierarchy, Human Nature, and the Participation Panacea,” Public Administration Review (January-February 1969), pp. 53–63.