Space Program Impacts Revisited

A preliminary classification of impacts is presented in Bauer R. , Second-Order Consequences (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), p. 18.

Midwest Research Institute, Economic Impact of Stimulated Technological Activity, NASW-2030 (November 1971).

Chase Econometric Associates, Inc., “The Economic Impact of NASA R&D Spending: Preliminary Executive Summary,” NASW-2741 (April, 1975); and “Relative Impact of NASA Expenditure on the Economy” (unpublished NASA Staff Report) (18 March 1975).

Rockwell International, Space Division, “Impact of the Space Shuttle Program on The California Economy,” FD-74-SH-0334 (December 1974).

Bauer , op. cit.

Mazlish B. (ed.), The Railroad and the Space Program: An Exploration in Historical Analogy (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1965).

The data contained in this section are based on Konkel Ronald Holman Mary , Economic Impact of the Manned Space Flight Program, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, January, 1967; Konkel Ronald , “Space Employment and Economic Growth in Houston and New Orleans, 1961–1966,” MBA Thesis, Tulane University (June 1968); Stanford Research Institute, Some Major Impacts of the National Space Program: V. Economic Impacts, N68-34387 (June 1968); and U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, 88th Congress, 2nd Session, House Report #1938, Study Number VI, Impact of Federal Research and Development Programs, 1964.

Orr Lloyd Jones David , “An Industrial Breakdown of NASA Expenditures” (NASA Grant, NSR 15-003-067), Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana (November 1969).

Based on Konkel and Holman, op. cit., pp. 31–70.

NASA's role in the development of communications satellites is discussed more fully in Midwest Research Institute, Economic Impact of Stimulated Technological Activity, NASW-2030 (November 1971), Part II–Case Study: Technological Progress and Commercialization of Communications Satellites.

Intartaglia Dominick A. , “The U.S. International Record Carrier: Past, Present, and Future,” MBA Thesis, Pace College (February 1972), p. 52.

Midwest Research Institute, op. cit., pp. 54–59.

Jastrow Robert Newell Homer E. , “The Space Program and the National Interest,” Foreign Affairs (April 1972), p. 541.

The history and operation of NASA's Technology Utilization Program are discussed in Lesher R. Howick G. , Assessing Technology Transfer, NASA SP-5067 (Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1966); Doctors S. , The Role of Federal Agencies in Technology Transfer (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1968), p. 69; and Rosenbloom R. , “The Transfer of Space Technology” in Bauer R. , Second-Order Consequences (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1969), pp. 156–165; and Geise J. , The Role of the Regional Dissemination Centers in NASA's Technology Utilization Program, NASA CR-1763 (Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, May 1971).

Denver Research Institute, The Commercial Application of Missile/Space Technology (Denver: DRI, September 1963); and Welles J. G. Waterman R. H. , “Space Technology: Pay-Off from Spin-Off,” Harvard Business Review (July-August 1964), p. 106.

Denver Research Institute, Mission Oriented R&D and the Advancement of Technology: The Impact of NASA Contributions, pepared under NASA contract NSR-06-004-063, May 1972.

Mathematics Inc., “Quantifying the Benefits to the National Economy from Secondary Application of NASA Technology,” NASW-2734 (June 1975).

Denver Research Institute, Aerospace Management Techniques: Commercial and Governmental Applications, prepared for NASA (November 1971).

Sayles L. Chandler M. , Managing Large Systems (New York: Harper and Row, 1971).

Ibid., p. 314.

A more complete account of this research project is contained in Ginzberg E. Kuhn J. Schnee J. Yavitz B. , Economic Impact of Large Public Programs: The NASA Experience (Salt Lake City Olympia Press, 1976).

This astronomy case study was conducted by Dr. James Kuhn.