Women in International Management: Where are They?

Eiteman David K. Stonehill Arthur I. , Multinational Business Finance, 2nd ed. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979), p. 12.

U.S. Department of Commerce . Survey of Business (February 1977), p. 29.

Daniels John D. Ogram Ernest W. Radebaugh Lee H. , International Business: Environments and Operations, 2nd ed. (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979), p. 16.

Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd. , Canadian Book of Corporate Management, 1980 (Toronto: Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd., 1980).

Dhawan K.C. Etemad Hamid Wright Richard W. , International Business: A Canadian Perspective (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1981), p. 1.

Taylor Marilyn L. Odjogov Mariane Morley Eileen , “Experienced American Professional Women in Overseas Business Assignments,” Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 33 (1975): 454–456.

Miler Edwin , “The International Selection Decision: A Study of Some Dimensions of Managerial Behavior in the Selection Process,” Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 16, No. 2 (June 1973): 239–253; Tung Rosalie L. , “U.S. Multinationals: A Study of Their Selection and Training for Overseas Assignments,” Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 39 (1979): 298–301.

Taylor , 1975, op. cit., p. 454.

Much of the research cited in this section is based on an excellent review of the literature by Dr. Linda Keller Brown in The Woman Manager in the United States: A Research Analysis and Bibliography (Washington, D.C.: Business and Professional Women's Foundation, 1981).

Brown , op. cit., p. 13.

Ibid., p. 14; Smith R.E. , ed., The Subtle Revolution: Women at Work (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1979), pp. xi, 1.

Brown , op. cit., p. 14.

Korn/Ferry International , Board of Directors Annual Study, First – Seventh (New York, NY: Korn/Ferry, 1973–1979).

Fox E. H. , “Business School Survey: Women Outpace Men in Enrollments,” Enterprising Women (November 1977), pp. 3–6.

Brown , op. cit., p. 14; U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census , A Statistical Portrait of Women in the United States: 1978 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1980).

Brown , op. cit., p. 10.

Lyle Jerolyn R. , “An Empirical Study of the Occupational Standing of Women in Multinational Corporations,” Labor Law Journal, Vol. 24 (August 1973): 458–468.

Thackray John , “The Feminist Manager,” Management Today (April 1979), pp. 90–92.

Morgenthaler Eric , “Women of the World: More U.S. Firms Put Females in Key Posts in Foreign Countries,” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 1978, pp. 1, 27.

Izraeli Dafna N. Banai Moshe Zeira Yora , “Women Executives in MNC Subsidiaries,” California Management Review, Vol. 23, No. 1 (1980): 53–63.

Taylor Marilyn L. Durrett Janice E. Patterson Carolyn , “Cross-Industrial Comparison of Demographics, Supportiveness and Overseas Assignments for Women,” Academy of Management Proceedings, Vol. 41 (1981): 64–68.

Companies were selected from Colvin Geoffrey , “Fortune's Directory of the 500 Largest Industrial Corporations,” Fortune, May 15, 1980, pp. 274–301; “Canada's Top 500 Companies,” Canadian Business, Vol. 52, No. 7 (July 1979): 53–115; “The Fortune Directory of the Fifty Largest U.S. Commercial Banking Companies, Life Insurance Companies, Diversified Financial Companies, Retailing Companies, Transportation Companies, & Utilities,” Fortune, Vol. 100, No. 1 (July 16, 1979): 156–171.

Using Dun & Bradstreet, Ltd., Comp. , Who Owns Whom: North American, 1980/1981, 23rd Ed. (London, England: Dun & Bradstreet, Ltd., 1980), which lists U.S. and Canadian parents with their respective domestic and international subsidiaries, the initial list of 1300 firms was reduced to a sample of 686 North American companies that have at least one international subsidiary.

Questionnaires were sent to the foreign operations officer, or, if there was none available, the personnel vice president or the president of each firm as listed in Angel Juvenal L. , comp., Directory of American Firms Operating in Foreign Countries, 9th ed., 3 vols. (New York, NY: Uniworld Business Publications, Inc., 1979); Standard & Poor's Corporation , comp., Register of Corporations, Directors and Executives, 3 vols. (New York, NY: Standard and Poor's Corp., 1979); Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd. , comp., Canadian Key Business Directory 1980 (Toronto: Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd., 1980b); Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd. , Canadian Book of Corporate Management, 1980 (Toronto: Dun & Bradstreet Canada, Ltd., 1979).

Regression analysis was used to determine the variance explained by prime size characteristics. Due to the strong relationship between sales, assets, foreign operations and employees within each company (multicollinearity), the regression results should be viewed as explaining the amount of variance jointly explained by all four size characteristics and not as explaining the relative amount of variance explained by each of the four characteristics taken separately.

Adler Nancy J. , “Women as Androgynous Managers: A Conceptualization of the Potential for American Women in International Management,” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. 3, No. 4 (1979): 407–436.