The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a 14-week swimming training program on the competence, problem behaviour, and body awareness in 13 children with cerebral palsy aged 5 to 10 years, compared with 10 subjects in a comparison group. Both of the groups continued a traditional rehabilitation program. The outcome measures were Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL) and Body Awareness. The parent forms were evaluated before and after training and also at 6 months followup. Teacher forms and body awareness were evaluated before and after training. The results showed that swimming training produced significant gain on body awareness in the Swimming Group, whereas no significant group differences were evident in competence and problem behaviours on parent or teacher forms of the CBCL.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AchenbachT. M. (1991) Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington, VT: Department of Psychiatry, Univer. of Vermont.
2.
AlthausM.MulderL. J. M.MulderG.AarnoudseC. C.MinderaaR. B. (1999) Cardiac adaptivity to attention-demanding tasks in children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Biological Psychiatry, 46(6), 799–809.
3.
AuxterD.PyferJ.HuettigC. (2005) Principles and methods of adapted physical education and recreation. (10th ed.) St. Louis, MO: McGraw-Hill.
4.
BerksonG. (1993) Children with handicaps: A review of behavioral research. Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum.
5.
BobathK.BobathB. (1971) Abnormal postural reflex activity caused by brain lesion. London: Heinemann Medical Books.
6.
BreslauN. (1985) Psychiatric disorders in children with physical disabilities. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 87–94.
7.
CormackK. F.BrownA. C.HastingsR. P. (2000) Behavioural and emotional difficulties in students attending schools for children and adolescents with severe intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 124–129.
8.
DekkerC. M.KootH. M.van der EndeJ.VerhulstF. C. (2002) Emotional and behavioral problems in children and adolescents with and without intellectual disability. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 43, 1087–1098.
9.
DykensE. M.CohenD. J. (1996) Effects of Special Olympics International on social comptetence in persons with mental retardation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 223–229.
10.
EinfeldS. L.TongeB. J. (1996) Population prevalence of psychopathology in children and adolescents with intellectual disability: II Epidemiological findings. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 40, 99–109.
11.
ErolN.KiliçC.UlusoyU.KeçeciM.ŞimşekZ. (2001) Türkiye Ruh Sağ;liğ;ı Profili Raporu. Çocuk ve gençlerde ruh sağlığı; yeterlik alanlari, davraniş ve duygusal sorunlarin dağilimi. T. C. Sağlik Bakanliği Temel Sağlik Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğu. Ankara, 25–75. Mental Health Profile of Turkey main report. Child and adult mental health; distributions of behavioral and emotional problems, proficiency area. Turkish Ministry of Health General Directory of the Basic Health Services, Ankara, 25–75.
12.
GallahueD. L.DonnellyF. C. (2003) Developmental physical education for all children. (4th ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
13.
GallahueD. L.OzmunJ. C. (2005) Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults. (6th ed.) Blacklick, OH: McGraw-Hill.
14.
HoweG. W.FeinsteinC.ReissD.MolockS.BergerK. (1993) Adolescent adjustment to chronic physical disorders-I. Comparing neurological and non-neurological conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 34, 1153–1171.
15.
HutzlerY.ChachamA.BergmanU.RechesI. (1998) Effects of a movement and swimming program on water orientation skills and self-concept of kindergarten children with cerebral palsy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 86, 111–118.
16.
KirkendallR. D.GruberJ. J.JohnsonR. E. (1987) Measurement and evaluation for physical educators. (2nd ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
17.
KoskentaustaT.IivanainenM.AlmqvistF. (2004) CBCL in the assessment of psychopathology in Finnish children with intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 25, 341–354.
18.
LaskinJ. J. (2003) Cerebral palsy. In DurstineJ. L.MooreG. E. (Eds.), Exercise management for persons with chronic diseases and disabilities. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
19.
LinnaS. L.MoilanenI.EbelingH.PihaJ.KumpulainenK.TamminenT.AlmqvistF. (1999) Psychiatric symptoms in children with intellectual disability. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 8(Suppl. 4), 77–82.
20.
LuteijnE. F.SerraM.JacksonS.SteenhuisM. P.AlthausM.VolkmarF.MinderaaR. (2000) How unspecified are disorders of children with a pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified? A study of social problems in children with PDD-NOS and ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 9, 168–179.
21.
McDermottS.CokerA. L.ManiS.KrishnaswamiS.NagleR. J.Barnett-QueenL. L.WuoriD. F. (1996) A population-based analysis of behavior problems in children with cerebral palsy. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 21, 447–463.
22.
SarimskiK.HoffmannI. W. (1993) Uberfursorglichkeit als Bewaltigungsreaktion bei der Durchfuhrung intensiver Krankengymnastik. Zeitschrift Fur Kinder Und Jugendpsychiatrie, 21, 109–114.
23.
SherrillC. (1988) Leadership training in adapted physical education. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
24.
SipersteinG. N. (1992) Social competence: An important construct in mental retardation. American Journal of Mental Retardation, 96, iii–vi.
25.
Special Olympics International. (1992) Special Olympics Aquatics Sport Skills Program. Washington, DC: Author.
