An empirically ordered sequence of 11 steps is described for the training of progressive increases in physical contact between monkeys and Es. The steps range from a point at which food is not accepted from E's hand, through the touching and petting of varied parts of the monkey's body, to the monkey climbing on or being held by E. Some illustrative data are presented and it is suggested that evaluation of the animal-human relationship is relevant to long-term studies in experimental behavior therapy.
References
1.
AaronsL.Exercise in operant conditioning. University Park, Pa.: Audio-Visual Services, The Pennsylvania State University, Psychological Cinema Register, 1965. (Motion picture, PCR-125).
2.
AaronsL.Monkey taming: Adaptation to humans. University Park, Pa.: Audio-Visual Services, The Pennsylvania State University, Psychological Cinema Register, 1972. (Motion picture, PCR-2241).
3.
AaronsL.MassermanJ. H.McAvoyT.Brain stimulation, experience, and behavior. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1962, 118, 982–994.
4.
CandlandD. K.DresdaleL.LeiphartJ.JohnsonC.Videotape as a replacement for the human observer in studies of nonhuman primate behavior. Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 1972, 4, 24–26.
5.
ChampneyH.The measurement of parent behavior. Child Development, 1941, 12, 131–166.
6.
CohenS. I.Neurobiological consideration for behavior therapy. In FranksC. M. (Ed.), Behavior therapy: Appraisal and status. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969. Pp. 589–606.
7.
GlassmanR. B.NegrãoN.DotyR. W.A safe and reliable method for temporary restraint of monkeys. Physiology & Behavior, 1969, 4, 431–432.
8.
GrayJ. A.Sex differences in emotional behavior in mammals including man: Endocrine bases. Acta Psychologica, Amsterdam, 1971, 35, 29–46.
9.
GuilfordJ. P.Psychometric methods. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1954.
10.
HedigerH.Studies of the psychology and behavior of captive animals in zoos and circuses. New York: Criterion, 1955.
11.
MartonM. L.SzirtesJ.UrbanJ.Experimente ueber artspezifische Wahrnehmungserscheinungen bei Affen. [Experiments on species phenomena of perception in monkeys.]Studia Psychologica, 1968, 10, 183–193.
12.
MassermanJ. H.AaronsL.SchulmanJ.WechkinS.Effects of neonate cortical ablations Inthe macaque. In WortisJ. (Ed.), Recent advances in biological psychiatry. New York: Plenum, 1964. Vol.6. Pp. 55–62.
13.
MassermanJ. H.AaronsL.WechkinS.The effect of positive-choice conflicts on normal and neurotic monkeys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1963, 120, 481–484.
14.
PechtelC.MassermanJ. H.AaronsL.Food acceptance Inmonkeys. In WortisJ. (Ed.), Recent advances in biological psychiatry. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1961. Vol. 3. Pp. 228–235.
15.
RedicanW. K.KellicutM. H.MitchellG.Preferences for facial expressions in juvenile rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Developmental Psychology, 1971, 5, 539.
16.
SledjeskiM.A monkey chair for temporary restraint with minimal human contact. Physiology & Behavior, 1969, 4, 273–276.
17.
WoodR. W.A pole and leash handling system for primates. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1969, 12, 758.