American (31 men, 31 women) and Japanese (69 men) students showed significant agreement in responses to 30 nonverbal projective differential items on the topics GOOD and STRONG. A projective differential item consists of a pairing of abstract visual images, and the response is a rapidly made choice of the one image from a pairing that seems “somehow” to be more like the topic being rated. Present results are discussed in the context of developing a nonverbal method for cross-cultural measurement of attitudes toward various topics.
References
1.
CummingsT. G. (1971) A methodology for reconstructing and studying social systems linkage processes. (Doctoral dissertation, Univer. of California, Los Angeles, 1970)Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 3709A.
2.
D'AntoniJ. S.Jr. (1973) Content-oriented and process-oriented value systems: An examination of the valuing mechanism as it relates to measures of congruence and cognitive style. (Doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Southern California, 1972)Dissertation Abstracts International, 33(8), 4528A.
3.
NovelliL.Jr. (1984) The deep meaning of organizational phenomena: A theoretical framework and a measurement technique. (Doctoral dissertation, Univer. of Southern California, 1983)Dissertation Abstracts International, 44(9), 2821A.
4.
OsgoodC. E.SuciG. J.TannenbaumP. H. (1957) The measurement of meaning. Urbana, IL: Univer. of Illinois Press.
5.
RabinA. I.LimuacoJ. A. (1967) A comparison of the connotative meaning of Rorschach's inkblots for American and Filipino college students. Journal of Social Psychology, 72, 197–203.
6.
RaynoldsP. A. (1970) The projective-differential: A general purpose inkblot technique for studying denotable objects. (Doctoral dissertation, Univer. of California, Los Angeles, 1969) Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, 512A.
7.
RaynoldsP. A.RaynoldsG. H. (1982) Projective Differential Images. Flagstaff, AZ: Projective Awareness Research Center.
8.
RaynoldsP. A.SakamotoS.SaxeR. (1981) Consistent responses by groups of subjects to projective differential items. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 53, 635–644.
9.
RaynoldsP. A.SaxeR.SakamotoS. (1983) Toward projective differential scales. (Working paper series, 83–1) Flagstaff, AZ: College of Business Administration, Northern Arizona University.
10.
RussellJ. A.MehrabianA. (1977) Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions. Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273–294.
11.
SakamotoS. (1980) Contingency severity and individual performance in a probabilistic game setting. Human Relations, 33, 687–709.
12.
SiegelS. (1956) Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences. New York: McGraw-Hill.
