This investigation focused on whether selected elements of the context in which early recollections are collected can contaminate the recollections. The independent variables were examiner's style (warm or cold), presence or absence of the examiner, and order in which the examiner was present. 10 examiners collected six early memories from 60 subjects. Three raters evaluated the early memories on six scales; in addition, they established satisfactory rater reliability. Analysis of variance showed subjects with warm examiners produced significantly more solitary memories and less vivid ones. Theoretical and research implications were discussed.
References
1.
AdlerA. (1927) The practice and theory of individual psychology. New York: Harcourt, Brace, World.
2.
BachC. R. (1952) Some diadic functions of childhood memories. Journal of Psychology, 33, 87–98.
3.
BandlerR.GrinderJ. (1975) Patterns of hypnotic techniques of Milton Erickson, M.D.Vol. 1. Cupertino, CA: Meta Publ.
4.
BatesonG.JacksonD. D.HaleyJ.WeaklandJ. (1968) Toward a theory of schizophrenia. In JacksonD. (Ed.), Communication, family, and marriage. Vol. 1. Palo Alto, CA: Science and Behavior Books. Pp. 31–54.
5.
BausermanJ. M. (1984) A study of contextual influences on the production of early recollections. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville.
6.
BowenM. (1978) Family therapy in clinical practice. New York: Jason Aronson.
7.
FerencziS. (1950) Further consideration of the technique of psychoanalysis. London: Hogarth.
8.
FerencziS.RankO. (1925) The development of psychoanalysis. New York: Nervous and Mental Disease Publ.
9.
FreudS. (1960a) Childhood memories and screen memories. Collected papers. Vol. 3. New York: Basic Books.
HaleyJ. (1973) Uncommon therapy. New York: Norton.
12.
HedvigE. B. (1961) A study of the effects of immediately preceding experiences upon early childhood recollections. Dissertation Abstracts, 21, 2784.
13.
HeimannP. (1981) On countertransference. In LangsR. (Ed.). Classics in psychoanalytic technique. New York: Jason Aronson. Pp. 139–142.
14.
LangsR. J. (1975) The therapeutic relationship and deviations in technique. International Journal of Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy, 4, 106–141.
15.
LangsR. J. (1979) The interactional dimension of countertransference. In EpsteinL.FeinerA. (Eds.), Countertransference. New York: Jason Aronson. Pp. 71–104.
16.
LewisJ.BeaversE.GossettJ.PhillipsV. (1976) No single thread. New York: Bruner Mazel.
17.
PurcellK. (1956) Memory and psychological security. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 433–440.
18.
QuayH. (1959) The effect of verbal reinforcement on the recall of early memories. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59, 254–257.
19.
RackerH. (1957) The meanings and uses of countertransference. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 26, 303–357.
20.
ReichW. (1945) Character analysis. New York: Orgone Institute Press.
21.
RokeachM. (1960) The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books.
22.
ScheflenA. (1978) Communications aspects of schizophrenia. In BergerM. (Ed.), Beyond the double bind. New York: Bruner Mazel. Pp. 125–154.
23.
SearlesH. (1979a) Countertransference and related subjects. New York: International Universities Press.
24.
SearlesH. (1979b) The countertransference with the borderline patient. In Le-BoitJ.CapponiA. (Eds.), Advances in psychotherapy of the borderline patient. New York: Jason Aronson. Pp. 309–346.
25.
SullivanH. S. (1953) The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. New York: Norton.
26.
von BertalanffyL. (1966) General systems theory and psychiatry. In ArietiS. (Ed.), American handbook of psychiatry. Vol. 3. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 705–721.
27.
WhitakerC.FelderR.WarkentinJ. (1965) Countertransference in the family treatment of schizophrenia. In Boszormenyi-NagyJ.FrancoJ. (Eds.), Intensive family therapy. New York: Harper & Row. Pp. 323–341.
