The present study related terminal core values measured by the List of Values and perceived control with reasons for an exercise program. Data (N = 531) were derived from a national sample of treadmill owners. Principal components analysis confirmed Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka's five categories for the nine values; however, the hierarchy of needs previously postulated in the list was not substantiated. For this sample, self-fulfillment appears to be a type of self-gratification. These social cognitions, i.e., values, and perceived control appear to capture different domains and both are linked to reasons for choice.
References
1.
AjzenI., & MaddenT. J. (1986) Prediction of goal-directed behavior: attitudes, intentions, and perceived behavioral control. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 453–474.
2.
BeechR. P. (1966) Value systems, attitudes, and interpersonal attraction. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State Univer.
3.
CarterJ. A.LeeA. M., & GreenockleK. M. (1987) Locus of control, fitness values, success expectations and performance in a fitness class. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 65, 777–778.
4.
DrenanS. (1983) Personality factors. In KahleL. R. (Ed.), Social values and social change: adaptation to life in America. New York: Praeger. Pp. 227–257.
5.
EngelJ. F.BlackwellR. D., & MiniardP. W. (1986) Consumer behavior. (5th ed.) Chicago, IL: Dryden.
6.
FeatherN. T. (1984) Protestant ethic, conservatism, and values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 1132–1141.
7.
GoffB. G., & GoddardH W (1992) Relationship between selected values and perceived control. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 14, 147–150.
8.
HomerP., & KahleL. R. (1988) A structural equation analysis of the value-attitude-behavior hierarchy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 638–646.
9.
KahleL. R. (1986) The Nine Nations of North America and the value basis of geo-graphic segmentation. Journal of Marketing, 50, 37–47.
10.
KahleL. R.BeattyS. E., & HomerP. (1986) Alternative measurement approaches to consumer values: the List of Values (LOV) and Values and Life Style (VAL). Journal of Consumer Research, 13, 405–409.
11.
KahleL. R., & TimmerS. G. (1983) A theory and a method for studying values. In KahleL. R. (Ed.), Social values and social change: adaptation to life in America. New York: Praeger. Pp. 43–66.
12.
KamakuraW. A., & NovakT. P. (1992) Value-system segmentation: exploring the meaning of LOV. Journal of Consumer Research, 19, 119–132.
13.
KempC. G. (1960) Changes in values in relationship to open-dosed systems. In RokeachM. (Ed.), The open and closed mind. New York: Basic Books. Pp. 335–346.
14.
Levenson, H. (1981) Differentiating among internality, powerful others, and chance. In LefcourtH. M. (Ed.), Research with the locus of control construct. Vol. 1. London: Academic Press. Pp. 15–59.
15.
LevensonH., & MillerJ. (1976) Multidimensional locus of control in sociopolitical activists of conservative and liberal ideologies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 199–208.
16.
LevineR. A. (1960) The internalization of political values in stateless societies. Human Organization, 19, 51–58.
17.
MaslowA. H. (1954) Motivation and personality. New York: Harper.
18.
PaulhusD. (1983) Sphere-specific measures of perceived control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1253–1265.
19.
RokeachM. (1968) Beliefs, attitudes and values. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
20.
RokeachM. (1973) The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
21.
RotterJ. B. (1990) Internal versus external control of reinforcement: a case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45, 489–493.
22.
SchifterD. E., & AjzenI. (1985) Intention, perceived control, and weight loss: an application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49, 843–851.
23.
SchroderH.DriverM. J., & StreufertS. (1968) Human information processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
24.
SchulzR., & DeckerD. (1985) Long-term adjustment to physical disability: the role of social support, perceived control, and self-blame. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1162–1172.
25.
SchwarzS. H., & BilskyW. (1987) Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.
26.
SimonsonI. (1989) Choice based on reasons: a case of attraction and compromise effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 158–174.
27.
StricklandB. R. (1989) Internal-external control expectancies: from contingency to creativity. American Psychologist, 44, 1–12.
28.
TverskyA. (1988) Context effects and argument based choice. Paper presented at the Association for Consumer Research Conference, Maui, Hawaii.
29.
VeroffJ.DouvanE., & KulkaR. A. (1981) The inner American: a self-portrait from 1957 to 1976. New York: Basic Books.
30.
WilliamsR. M.Jr. (1979) Change and stability in values and value systems: a sociological perspective. In RokeachM. (Ed.), Understanding human values, individual and societal. New York: Free Press. Pp. 15–46.
