Performance Satisfaction and Postcompetition Mood among Runners: Moderating Effects of Depression

Abstract

This study examined the influence of postcompetition depressed mood on the intensity of other mood dimensions assessed by the Profile of Mood States and relationships between mood and satisfaction with performance. 195 distance runners completed the Brunel Mood Scale which is a 24-item measure assessing anger, confusion, depression, fatigue, tension, and vigor, and a Performance Satisfaction questionnaire immediately after running a 10-mi. race. To examine the proposed moderating effect of depression, participants were separated into a No-depression group of 133 and a Depressed Mood group of 62. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the Depressed Mood group reported significantly higher scores on Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, and Tension and lower Vigor scores than the No-depression group. t ratios indicated that poorer performance was associated with higher Depression scores. Standard multiple regression to predict Performance Satisfaction scores from postcompetition scores on Anger, Confusion, Fatigue, Tension, and Vigor in the No-depression group indicated that only 1% (Adj. R² = .01, p>.05) of the variance was explained. By contrast, in the Depressed Mood group, the same mood dimensions predicted 27.5% of the variance in Performance Satisfaction scores (Adj. R² = .275, p<.01) with Anger (Beta = .63, p<.00), and Confusion (Beta = .44, p<.05) being significant predictors. Present findings support the notion that depressed mood is related to the intensity of other mood dimensions assessed by the Profile of Mood States and moderates relationships between those scores and performance satisfaction.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abele

Brehm

(1993) Mood effects of exercise versus sports games: findings and implications for well-being and health. International Journal of Health Psychology, 2, 53–81.

Abramson

L. Y.

Metalsky

G. I.

Alloy

L. B.

(1989) Hopelessness depression: a theory-based subtype depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.

Beck

A. T.

Clark

D. A.

(1988) Anxiety and depression: an information processing perspective. Anxiety Research, 1, 23–56.

Beedie

C. J.

Terry

P. C.

Lane

A. M.

(2000) The Profile of Mood States and Athletic Performance: two meta-analyses. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 49–68.

Berger

B. G.

Motl

R. W.

(2000) A selective review and synthesis of research employing the Profile of Mood States. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 69–92.

Biddle

S. J. H.

Hill

A. B.

(1991) Relationships between attributions and emotions in a laboratory-based sporting contest. Journal of Sports Sciences, 10, 65–75.

Hall

Terry

P. C.

(1995) Predictive capability of pre-performance mood profiling at the 1993 World Rowing Championships, Roundnice, the Czech Republic. Journal of Sports Sciences, 13, 56–57.

Hanin

(2000) Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Hanin

Syriä

(1996) Predicted, actual, and recalled affect in Olympic-level soccer players: ideographic assessments on individualized scales. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 325–335.

10.

Hassmén

Blomstrand

(1995) Mood state relationships and soccer team performance. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 297–308.

11.

Hoffman

J. R.

Bar-Eli

Tenenbaum

(1999) An examination of mood changes and performance in a professional basketball team. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 39, 74–79.

12.

Jones

M. V.

Bray

S. R.

(2000) An exploratory analysis of emotions experienced by athletes during competition. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 50–51.

13.

Jones

M. V.

Mace

R. D.

Williams

(2000) Relationship between emotional state and performance during international field hockey matches. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 90, 691–701.

14.

Lane

A. M.

(2000) Mood and emotion in sport: a response to Jones, Mace, and Williams (2000). Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91, 649–652.

15.

Lane

A. M.

(2001) Relationships between perceptions of performance expectations and mood among distance runners: the moderating effect of depressed mood. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 4, 235–249.

16.

Lane

A. M.

Lovejoy

D. J.

(2001) The effects of exercise on mood changes: the moderating effect of depressed mood. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 451, 539–545.

17.

Lane

A. M.

Terry

P. C.

(1999) The conceptual independence of tension and depression. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 605–606.

18.

Lane

A. M.

Terry

P. C.

(2000) The nature of mood: development of a conceptual model with a focus on depression. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 16–33.

19.

Lane

A. M.

Terry

P. C.

Karageorghis

C. I.

Lawson

(1999) Mood states as predictors of kickboxing performance: a test of a conceptual model. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 61–62.

20.

LeUnes

(2000) Updated bibliography on the Profile of Mood States in sport and exercise psychology research. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 110–113.

21.

McNair

D. M.

Lorr

Droppleman

L. F.

(1997) Manual for the Profile of Mood States. San Diego, CA: Educational and Industrial Testing Service.

22.

Terry

P. C.

(1995) The efficacy of mood state profiling with elite performers: a review and synthesis. The Sport Psychologist, 9, 309–324.

23.

Terry

P. C.

(2000) Introduction to the Special Issue: Perspectives on mood in sport and exercise. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12, 1–4.

24.

Terry

P. C.

Lane

A. M.

Fogarty

(in press) Construct validity of the Profile of Mood States–A for use with adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise.

25.

Terry

P. C.

Lane

A. M.

Lane

H. J.

Keohane

(1999) Development and validation of a mood measure for adolescents: POMS–A. Journal of Sports Sciences, 17, 861–872.

26.

Thomas

Nelson

J. K.

(1996) Research methods in physical activity, (2nd ed.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.