Infant monkeys were placed on a conditioned avoidance (CAR), conditioned emotion (CER), or pseudo-conditioned avoidance response (Pseudo-CAR) schedule. The CAR Ss were started on Day 1, Day 31, or Day 61; the CER Ss, at Day 1 or Day 31; and the Pseudo-CAR Ss, at Day 1. All were reintroduced into the situation for 5-day sessions at 30-day intervals until 90 days of age. Relevant comparisons of the groups indicated that: (1) CAR was readily established in the newborn; (2) the efficiency of CAR was cumulative and dependent upon experience alone; (3) the efficiency of CER was age-dependent with a maximum at 60 or 90 days of age; (4) the establishment of CAR does not depend upon previously established CER
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