78 fourth grade children were randomly assigned to one of two evaluation groups which read and answered questions on textbook material. One group (self-evaluation) judged the correctness of their answers and reinforced themselves, while the other group (other-evaluation) was judged and reinforced by some other person. Results showed that girls accepted more responsibility for unsuccessful academic performance than boys and that in the self-evaluation condition boys were significantly less anxious than girls and less likely to lie. The results further suggested that boys who evaluated themselves tended to experience reduced anxiety and have enhanced self-concept more than boys who were evaluated by others.
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