Recent reports of negative responsiveness in some bipolar I patients to attempts to reinstitute lithium treatment once discontinued are reviewed.
References
1.
AronsonT. A.ShuklaS.HirschowitzT. (1989) Clonazepam treatment of five lithium-refractory patients with bipolar disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 77–80.
2.
ArtigasF.SarriasM. J.MartinezE.GelpiE.AlvarezE.UdinaC. (1989) Increased plasma free serotonin but unchanged platelet serotonin in bipolar patients treated chronically with lithium. Psychopharmacology, 99, 328–332.
3.
BaastrupP. C.PoulsenJ. C.SchouM.ThomsenK.AmidsenA. (1970) Prophylactic lithium: Double blind discontinuation in manic-depressive and recurrent-depressive disorder. Lancet, 2, 326–330.
4.
BarabanJ. M.WorleyP. F.SnyderS. H. (1989) Second messenger systems and psychoactive drug action: Focus on the phosphoinositide system and lithium. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1251–1260.
5.
BovierP.ToutoungiM.HilleretH.DickP. (1987) Irreversible hypothyroidism following prolonged use of lithium. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental, 2, 243–245.
6.
BowenR. C.GrofP.GrofE. (1991) Less frequent lithium administration and lower urine volume. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 189–192.
7.
ChiuL. P.RimonR. (1987) Response to clomipramine after short course of lithium in treatment-resistant depression. Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental, 2, 191–193.
8.
Consensus Development Panel. (1985) Mood disorders: Pharmacologic prevention of recurrence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 142, 469–475.
9.
CoryellW.AndreasenN. C.EndicottJ.KellerM. (1987) The significance of past mania or hypomania in the course and outcome of major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 309–315.
10.
CowenP. J.McCanceS. L.CohenP. R.JulierD. L. (1989) Lithium increases 5-HT-mediated neuroendocrine responses in tricyclic resistant depression. Psychopharmacology, 99, 230–232.
11.
DinanT. G.KohenD. (1989) TD in bipolar affective disorder: Relationship to lithium therapy. British Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 55–57.
12.
DubovskyS. L.FranksR. D.AllenS. (1987) Verapamil: A new antimanic drug with potential interaction with lithium. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 371–372.
13.
FaeddaG. L.BaldessariniR. J.TohenM.StrakowskiS. M.WaternauxC. (1991) Episode sequence in bipolar disorder and response to lithium treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 1237–1239.
14.
FaeddaG. L.TondoL.BaldessariniR. J.SuppesT.TohenM. (1993) Outcome after rapid vs gradual discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 448–455.
15.
Garza-TrevinoE. S.OverallJ. E.HollisterL. E. (1992) Verapamil versus lithium in acute mania. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 121–122.
16.
GhadirianA-M.AnnableL.BelangerM-C. (1992) Lithium, benzodiazepines, and sexual function in bipolar patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 801–805.
17.
GrofP.CakulsP.DostalT. (1970) Lithium drop-out: A follow-up study of patients who discontinued prophylactic treatment. International Pharmacopsychiatry, 5, 162–169.
18.
JamisonK. R.GernerR. H.GoodwinF. K. (1979) Patient and physician attitudes toward lithium: Relationship to compliance. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 866–869.
19.
KiejnaA.KrakiewiczA. (1987) Thyroid function during lithium therapy of affective disorders. European Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 50–54.
20.
KingJ. R.HullinR. P. (1983) Withdrawal symptoms from lithium: Four case reports and a questionnaire study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 30–35.
21.
KleinE.LavieP.MeirazR.SadehA.LenoxR. H. (1992) Increased motor activity and recurrent manic episodes: Predictors of rapid relapse in remitted bipolar disorder patients after lithium discontinuation. Biological Psychiatry, 31, 279–284.
22.
KleinH. E.BroucekB.GreilW. (1981) Lithium withdrawal triggers psychotic states. British Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 255–256. (Letter to Editor)
23.
ManderA. J. (1986) Is there a lithium withdrawal syndrome?British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 498–501.
24.
ManderA. J.LoudonJ. B. (1988) Rapid recurrence of mania following abrupt discontinuation of lithium. Lancet, 2, 15–17.
25.
ManjiH. K.RisbyE. D.OliverJ.RudorferM. V.PotterW. Z. (1991) The mechanism of action of lithium: I. Effects on serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems in normal subjects. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 505–512.
26.
MargoA.McMahonP. (1982) Lithium withdrawal triggers psychosis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 141, 407–410.
MolnarG.PristachC.FeeneyG.FavaG. A. (1988) A pilot study of managed lithium discontinuation. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 217–219.
29.
MurrayJ. B. (1985) Lithium therapy for mania and depression. Journal of General Psychology, 112, 5–33.
30.
MurrayJ. B. (1990) New applications of lithium therapy. Journal of Psychology, 124, 55–73.
31.
PostR. M.LeverichG. S.AltshulerL.MikalauskasK. (1992) Lithium-discontinuation-induced refractoriness: Preliminary observations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1727–1729.
32.
PriceL. H.CharneyD. S.DelgadoP. L.HeningerG. R. (1990) Lithium and serotonin function implications for the serotonin hypothesis of depression. Psychopharmacology, 100, 3–12.
33.
PrienR. F.GelenbergA. J. (1989) Alternatives to lithium for preventive treatment of bipolar disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 840–848.
34.
RosenthalN. E.GoodwinF. K. (1982) The role of lithium in medicine. Annual Review of Medicine, 33, 555–568.
35.
SchouM. (1979) Artistic productivity and lithium prophylaxis in manic-depressive illness. British Journal of Psychiatry, 136, 97–103.
36.
SchouM. (1987) Clinically significant lithium interactions: Review and recommendations. European Journal of Psychiatry, 1, 42–47.
37.
SchouM. (1989) Lithium prophylaxis: Myths and realities. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 573–576.
38.
ServantD.DanelT.GoudemandM. (1988) Lithium therapy in carbamazepine-induced agranulocytosis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 145, 381.
39.
SmallJ. G.SmallI. F.MooreD. F. (1971) Experimental withdrawal of lithium in recovered manic-depressive patients: A report of five cases. American Journal of Psychiatry, 127, 1555–1558.
40.
StroberM.MorrellW.LampertC.BurroughsJ. (1990) Relapse following discontinuation of lithium maintenance therapy in adolescents with bipolar I illness: A naturalistic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 457–461.
41.
SuppesT.BaldessariniR. J.FaeddaG. L.TohenM. (1991) Risk of recurrence following discontinuation of lithium treatment in bipolar disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 1082–1088
42.
TohenM.WaternauxC. M.TsuangM. T. (1990) A 4-year prospective follow-up of 75 patients using survival analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 47, 1106–1111.
43.
WehrT. A.GoodwinF. K. (1987) Can antidepressants cause mania and worsen the course of affective illness?American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1403–1411.
44.
WinokurG.CoryellW.KellerM.EndicottJ.AkiskalH. (1993) A prospective follow-up of patients with bipolar and primary unipolar affective disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 50, 457–465.
45.
WoodA. J.GoodwinG. M. (1987) A review of the biochemical and neuropharmacological actions of lithium. Psychological Medicine, 17, 579–600.
46.
ZarinD. A.PassT. M. (1987) Lithium and the single episode: When to begin long-term prophylaxis for bipolar disorder. Medical Care, 25, 76–84.
47.
ZisA. P.GrofP.WebsterM.GoodwinF. K. (1980) Prediction of relapse in recurrent affective disorder. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 16, 47–49.