31 depressed, 26 nondepressed participants completed measures reflecting putative cognitive and psychodynamic characteristics of self-reported depression. Of the 16 variables 9 discriminated the groups in the expected direction. Ten characteristics correlated significantly with scores on the Beck Depression Inventory, 4 reflecting negative automatic drinking, two of which (Negative Self-concepts and Expectations, Low Self-esteem) were important predictors of severity of depression.
References
1.
AkiskalH. (1986) A multifactorial approach to depression: the inadequacy of pharmacologic inference and psychosocial hypotheses. Psychiatrie & Psychobiologie, 1, 49–59.
2.
ArietiS., & BemporadJ. (1978) Severe and mild depression: the psychotherapeutic approach.New York: Basic Books.
3.
BeckA. T.WardC.MendelsonM.MockJ., & ErbauchJ. (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
4.
BillingsA., & MoosR. (1982) Psychosocial theory and research on depression: an integrative framework and review. Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 213–237.
5.
BillingsA., & MoosR. (1985) Life stressors and social resources affect posttreatment outcomes among depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 94, 140–153.
6.
BirtchnellJ. (1984) Dependence and its relationship to depression. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 57, 215–225.
7.
CoferD., & WittenbornJ. (1980) Personality characteristics of formerly depressed women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 309–314.
8.
DobsonK. S., & ShawB. F. (1986) Cognitive assessment with major depressive disorders. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 13–29.
9.
DohrK.RushJ., & BernsteinI. (1989) Cognitive biases and depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 263–267.
10.
EusanioA. M. (1977) Personality characteristics of depressed women. Dissertation Abstracts International, 38, 5564B.
11.
GrosscupS. J., & LewinsohnP. M. (1980) Unpleasant and pleasant events, and mood. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 252–259.
12.
HirschfeldR.KlermanG.GouchH.BarrettJ.KorchinS., & ChodoffP. (1977) A measure of interpersonal dependency. Journal of Personality Assessment, 41, 610–618.
13.
HoffmanH. (1970) Personality patterns of depression and its relation to acquiescence. Psychological Reports, 26, 459–464.
14.
HollonS. D., & KendallP. (1980) Cognitive self-statements in depression: development of an automatic thoughts questionnaire. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 383–397.
15.
HollonS. D.KendallP. C., & LumryA. (1986) Specificity of depressotypic cognitions in clinical depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 52–59.
16.
JacksonD. (1983) Questionnaire de recherche sur la personnalité, Formule E.London, Ont.: Research Psychologists Press.
17.
LewinsohnR.HobermanH., & RosenbaumM. (1988) A prospective study of risk factors for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 251–264.
18.
SegalZ. V., & ShawB. F. (1986) Cognition in depression: a reappraisal of Coyne and Gotlib's critique. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 671–693.
19.
ZimmermanM., & CoryellW. (1986) Dysfunctional attitudes in endogenous and nonendogenous depressed inpatients. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 3, 339–346.