. AlbersGHDe KortAFMiddendorfPRVan DijkCN: Distal tibiofibular synostosis after ankle fracture. A 14-year followup study. J. Bone Joint Surg.78-B:250–252, 1996.
2.
. BaiXDXingGYYangCDYeQB: Operative treatment for separation of distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Chin. J. Traumatol.9:175–180, 2006.
3.
. BeumerAHeijboerRPFontijneWPSwierstraBA: Late reconstruction of the anterior distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Good outcome in 9 patients. Acta Orthop. Scand.71:519–521, 2000.
4.
. BodenSDLabropaulosPAMcCowinPLestiniWFHaraitzSR: Mechanical considerations for the syndesmosis screw. A cadaver study. J. Bone Joint Surg.71-A:1548–1555, 1989.
5.
. BurnsBH: Diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med.36:330–332, 1942–1943.
6.
. BurnsWCPrakashKAdelaarRBeaudoinAKrauseW: Tibiotalar joint dynamics: indications for the syndesmotic screw—a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle.14:153–158, 1993.
7.
. BurwellHNCharnleyAD: The treatment of displaced fractures at the ankle by rigid internal fixation and early joint movement. J. Bone Joint Surg.47-B:634–660, 1965.
8.
. CedellCAWibergG: Treatment of eversion-supination fractures of the ankle (2de degree). Acta Chir. Scand.124:41–44, 1962.
9.
. CloseJR: Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint. J. Bone Joint Surg.38-A:761–781, 1956.
10.
. CoxSMukherjeeDPOgdenAL: Distal tibiofibular syndesmosis fixation: a cadaveric, simulated fracture stabilization study comparing bioabsorbable and metallic single screw fixation. J. Foot Ankle Surg.44:144–151, 2005.
11.
. De SouzaLJGustiloRBMeyerTJ: Results of operative treatment of displaced external rotation-abduction fractures of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg.67-A:1066–1074, 1985.
12.
. ElRayesMHammodaA: Screw versus staple in stabilization of diastasis of tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Surg.13:5–9, 2007.
13.
. EngelbrechtE: Die Versorgung Tibio-fibulärer Syndesmosenspren-gungen mit dem Syndesmosen-Haken. Chirurg.42:92–94, 1971.
14.
. EngelbrechtEEngelbrechtHHuynhPL: Experiences with the syndesmotic hook in tibiofibular ligament injuries. Chirurg.55:749–755, 1984.
15.
. FarhanMJSmithTW: Fixation of diastasis of the inferior tibiofibular joint using the syndesmosis hook. Injury.16:309–311, 1985.
16.
. FritschyD: An unusual ankle injury in top skiers. Am. J. Sports Med.17:282–285, 1989.
17.
. FusiF: La diastasi tibio-peroneale inferior. Minerva Ortop.7:560–584, 1956.
18.
. GradyJFMooreCJO'ConnorKJLa MontagneD: The use of a transsyndesmotic bolt in the treatment of tibiofibular diastasis: two case studies. J. Foot Ankle Surg.34:571–576, 1995.
19.
. GrassRRammeltSBiewenerAZwippH: Peroneus longus ligamentoplasty for chronic instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int.24:392–397, 2003.
20.
. GrathG: Widening of the ankle mortise: a clinical and experimental study. Acta. Chir. Scand. Suppl.263:1–88, 1960.
21.
. HovisWDKaiserBWWatsonJTBucholzRW: Treatment of syndesmotic disruptions of the ankle with bioabsorbable screw fixation. J. Bone Joint Surg.84-A:26–31, 2002.
22.
. HughesJLWeberHWilleneggerHKunerEH: Evaluation of ankle fractures: non-operative and operative treatment. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res.138:111–119, 1979.
23.
. JungHGNicholsonJJParksBMyersonMS: Radiographic and biomechanical support for fibular plating of the agility total ankle. Clin. Orthop. Rel. Res.424:118–124, 2004.
24.
. KabukcuogluYKucukkayaMErenT: The ANK device: a new approach in the treatment of the fractures of the lateral malleolus associated with the rupture of the syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int.21:753–758, 2000.
25.
. KaraAN: A biomechanical experimental study on the stability of syndesmosis ligaments of the ankle and the results of the treatment by a new osteosynthesis device we have applied to diastasis of traumatic tibiofibular syndesmosis. Thesis, Istanbul, 1982.
26.
. KaraANEsenyelCZSenerBT: A different approach to the treatment of the lateral malleolar fractures with syndesmosis injury: the ANK nail. J. Foot Ankle Surg.38:394–402, 1999.
27.
. KarlssonJRudholmOBergstenTFaxenEStyfJ: Early range of motion training after ligament reconstruction of the ankle joint. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc.3:173–177, 1995.
28.
. KaukonenJPLambergTKorkalaOPajarinenJ: Fixation of syndesmotic ruptures in 38 patients with a malleolar fracture: a randomized study comparing a metallic and a bioabsorbable screw. J. Orthop. Trauma.19:392–395, 2005.
29.
. KelikianHKelikianAS: Disorders of the ankle. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 1985.
30.
. KorkalaOKiljunenVSalminenS: Biodegradable screw fixation of the syndesmosis together with metallic osteosynthesis. Preliminary experience of 7 ankles. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol.88:295–297, 1999.
31.
. Lauge HansenN: Fractures of the ankle II. Combined experimental-surgical and experimental-roentgenologic investigations. Arch. Surg.60:957–985, 1950.
32.
. LeedsHCEhrlichMG: Instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis after bimalleolar and trimalleolar ankle fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg.66-A:490–503, 1984.
. MastJWTeipnerWA: A reproducible approach to internal fixation of adult ankle fractures, rationale, technique, and early results. Orthop. Clin. North Am.11:661–679, 1980.
35.
. MarqueenTOwenJNicandriGWayneJCarrJ: Comparison of the syndesmotic staple to the transsyndesmotic screw: a biomechanical study. Foot Ankle Int.26:224–230, 2005.
36.
. MillerSDCarlsRJ: The bioresorbable syndesmotic screw: application of polymer technology in ankle fractures. Am. J. Orthop.31 (1 Suppl):18–21, 2002.
37.
. MillerRSWeinholdPSDahnersLE: Comparison of tricortical screw fixation versus a modified suture construct for fixation of ankle syndesmosis injury: a biomechanical study. J. Orthop. Trauma.13:39–42, 1999.
38.
. MüllerMEAlgöwerMSchneiderRWilleneggerH: Malleolar fractures. In: Manual of internal fixation, 3rd edition. NY Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 595–612, 1991.
39.
. PaganiARoncoG: Il cachiaggio trans-osseo con filo metalico nel trattamento della diastasi della sundesmosi tibio-peroneale. Minerva Ortop.31:149–158, 1980.
40.
. PeterREHarringtonRMHenleyMBTencerAF: Biomechanical effects of internal fixation of the distal tibiofibular syndesmotic joint: comparison of two fixation techniques. J. Orthop. Trauma.8:215–219, 1994.
41.
. PettroneFAGailMPeeD: Quantitative criteria for prediction of the results after displaced fracture of the ankle. J. Bone Joint Surg.65-A:667–677, 1983.
. SeitzWHJrBachnerEJAbramLJ: Repair of the tibiofibular syndesmosis with a flexible implant. J. Orthop. Trauma.5:78–82, 1991.
46.
. SinisaariIPLuthjePMMikkonenRH: Ruptured tibiofibular syndesmosis: comparison study of metallic to bioabsorbable fixation. Foot Ankle Int.23:744–748, 2002.
47.
. SpauldingSJ: Monitoring recovery following syndesmosis sprain: a case report. Foot Ankle Int.16:655–660, 1995.
48.
. ThordarsonDBHedmanTPGrossDMagreG: Biomechanical evaluation of polylactide absorbable screws used for syndesmosis injury repair. Foot Ankle Int.18:622–627, 1997.
49.
. ThordarsonDBSamuelsonMShepherdLE: Bioab-sorbable versus stainless steel screw fixation of the syndesmosis in pronation-lateral rotation ankle fractures: a prospective randomized trial. Foot Ankle Int.22:335–338, 2001.
. ThornesBWalshAHislopM: Suture-endobutton fixation of ankle tibio-fibular diastasis: a cadaver study. Foot Ankle Int.24:142–146, 2003.
52.
. VeltriDMPagnaniMJO'BrienSJ: Symptomatic ossification of the tibiofibular syndesmosis in professional football players: a sequela of the syndesmotic ankle sprain. Foot Ankle Int.16:285–290, 1995.
53.
. WeeningBBhandariM: Predictors of functional outcome following trans-syndesmotic screw fixation of ankle fractures. J. Orthop. Trauma.19:102–108, 2005.
54.
. WhittleAP: Fractures of the lower extremity. In: CanaleST editor. Campbell's operative orthopaedics. Volume 3, 9th ed., Mosby, St Louis, pp. 2046–2048, 1998.
55.
. WuestTK: Injuries to the distal lower extremity syndesmosis. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg.5:172–181, 1997.
56.
. YdeJKristensenKD: Inferior tibio-fibular diastasis treated by staple fixation. J. Trauma21:483–485, 1981.