Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Two-Edged Sword for Older Drivers?

Intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), in particular advanced transportation information systems (ATISs) and advanced vehicle control and safety systems (AVCSSs), are said to offer the opportunity to compensate for age-related reductions in sensory, perceptual, cognitive, and physical functions, making roadways safer and more accessible for all users. Closer examination reveals that these systems can be a two-edged sword. To enhance the safety of older drivers, ITSs must compensate not only for the measurable decreases in sensory and physical functions but also for the qualitative changes to cognitive processing that accompany aging. Age-related cognitive performance decrements on complex tasks, divided attention, and multiple tasks reduce the ability of older drivers to smoothly integrate concurrent driving subtasks. Several models of age effects on cognitive function are discussed. A variable-priority multipletask training strategy is suggested as the most appropriate technique for training older drivers to use new ITS technologies and to develop compensatory cognitive skills. It is concluded that careful research and design, as well as comprehensive training programs, are needed for ITSs to usefully augment the diminished capabilities of some older drivers and enhance their safety. Typical ATISs and AVCSSs are evaluated in the context of the age-related cognitive shift, implementation issues are discussed, and recommendations are made to include older drivers in the development of an extensive training program and in an ergonomic assessment of the cognitive aspects of ITS implementation.