Processing Raw Data from Global Positioning Systems without Additional Information

Since the first Global Positioning System (GPS) studies in the mid-1990s, this method of surveying individual travel behavior has gained attention in transport research. Compared with classic travel survey methods, GPS studies offer researchers benefits of more accurate and reliable information. At the same time, the participants’ burden is reduced substantially if the GPS data collection does not involve time-consuming questions. However, without additional information, such as modes and trip purposes, extensive postprocessing is required to derive data that can be used for analysis and model estimation. The corresponding procedures are an ongoing research issue. This paper describes a postprocessing procedure needing no input other than the most basic GPS raw data: three-dimensional positions and the corresponding time stamps. First, the data are thoroughly cleaned and smoothed. Second, trips and activities are determined. Third, the trips are segmented into single-mode stages, and the transport mode for each of the stages is identified. The procedure is applied to GPS records collected in the Swiss cities of Zurich, Winterthur, and Geneva. A total of 4,882 participants carried an on-person GPS receiver for an average of 6.65 days. The results are compared with the Swiss Microcensus 2005 to demonstrate that derived data are ready for further applications, such as discrete choice model estimations.