The level of transit service may be elevated by efficient timed transfer, which reduces travel time and increases productivity. However, timed transfer may be costly because of the stochastic nature of vehicle arrivals. A mathematical model is developed to minimize the total cost (e.g., operator and user costs) of a transfer hub that consists of multiple transit routes, subject to capacity constraints. The decision variables, including bus size, headway, and slack time, are jointly optimized through consideration of various levels of coordination. A numerical example is given to demonstrate the applicability of the developed model.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
LeeK. K. T., and SchonfeldP. M.Optimal Slack Times for Timed Transfers at a Transit Terminal. Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol. 25, No. 22, 1991, pp. 281–308.
2.
ChienS., and SchonfeldP. M.Joint Optimization of a Rail Transit Line and Its Feeder Bus System. Journal of Advanced Transportation, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1997, pp. 253–284.
3.
ChowdhuryM. S., and ChienS.Intermodal Transit System Coordination. Journal of Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 25, No. 4, 2002, pp. 257–288.
4.
Ching-JungT., and SchonfeldP. M.Schedule Coordination in a Multiple Hub Transit Network. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 131, No. 2, 2005, pp. 112–124.
5.
MaxwellR. R.Intercity Rail Fixed-Interval, Timed-Transfer, Multihub System: Applicability of the “Integraler Taktfahrplan” Strategy to North America. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1691, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 1–11.
6.
CleverR.Integrated Timed Transfer: A European Perspective. In Transportation Research Record 1571, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 109–115.
7.
JanssonJ. O.A Simple Bus Line Model for Optimization of Service Frequency and Size. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1980, pp. 53–80.
8.
OldfieldR. H., and BlyP. H.An Analytic Investigation of Optimal Bus Size. Transportation Research Part B, Vol. 22, No. 5, 1988, pp. 319–337.
9.
VijayakumarS., and JacobsG.Analysis of the Effect of Bus Size on Route Performance. Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 31, No. 12, 1990, pp. 644–653.
10.
ChangS. K., and SchonfeldP. M.Integration of Fixed- and Flexible-Route Bus Systems. In Transportation Research Record 1308, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991, pp. 51–57.
11.
LeeK. K.-T., KuoS. H. F., and SchonfeldP. M.Optimal Mixed Bus Fleet for Urban Operations. In Transportation Research Record 1503, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 39–48.
12.
ChienS.Optimization of Headway, Vehicle Size and Route Choice for Minimum Cost Feeder Service. Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 28, No. 5, 2005, pp. 359–380.
13.
dell'OlioL., IbeasA., and DiazF. R.Assigning Vehicles Types to a Bus Transit Network. Presented at 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2009.
14.
WeldingP. I.The Instability of Close Interval Service. Operation Research Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1957, pp. 133–148.
15.
TurnquistM. A.A Model for Investigating the Effects of Service Frequency and Reliability on Bus Passenger Waiting Time. In Transportation Research Record 663, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1978, pp. 70–73.
16.
FanW., and MachemehlR. B.Do Transit Users Just Wait for Buses or Wait with Strategies? Some Numerical Results That Transit Planners Should See. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2111, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2009, pp. 169–176.
17.
HookeR., and JeevesT. A.Direct Search Solution of Numerical and Statistical Problems. Journal of the Association for Computer Machinery, Vol. 8, 1961, pp. 212–229.
18.
RosenbrockH. H.An Automatic Method for Finding the Greatest or Least Value of a Function. Computer Journal, Vol. 3, 1960, pp. 175–184.
19.
NelderJ. A., and MeadR.A Simplex Method for Function Minimization. Computer Journal, Vol. 7, 1964, pp. 308–313.
20.
PowellM. J. D.An Efficient Method for Finding the Minimum of a Function of Several Variables Without Calculating Derivatives. Computer Journal, Vol. 7, 1964, pp. 155–162.
21.
HimmelblanM. D.Applied Nonlinear Programming.McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1972, pp. 167–217.
22.
PressH. W., TeukolskyS. A., VetterlingW. T., and FlanneryB. P.Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing, 3rd. ed. Cambridge University Press, New York, 2007.
23.
KocurG., and HendricksonC.Design of Local Bus Service with Demand Equilibrium. Transportation Science, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1982, pp. 149–170.
