Backcalculation Models to Evaluate Light Falling Weight Deflectometer Moduli of Road Foundation Layer Made with Bottom Ash Waste

Abstract

Incinerator bottom ash (IBA) is a residue from burning household waste that once was put into landfills. Nearly two-thirds of this ash is reused, primarily in road construction. In this study, IBA was mixed with limestone to produce a blend with acceptable properties for use as a road foundation layer. In situ simulative testing with a light falling weight deflectometer (LFWD) and subsequent interpretation of the surface deflection data have enabled evaluation of the mechanical properties of the foundation and subgrade layers. An experimental and modeling study of the elastic dynamic response of a foundation layer of IBA waste and limestone that was subjected to LFWD impact loading is presented. Several parameters—such as IBA content, water content, and curing time—were studied. Regression, mathematical, and three-dimensional finite element models were developed to backcalculate the LFWD moduli of the foundation layers. The modeling approach accounted for the static and impact nature of the LFWD load. Results showed that IBA blends underwent less deflection, as a foundation layer, than the control limestone blend. Backcalculated modulus results based on the dynamic effect of the LFWD load produced different values from those calculated by Boussinesq's equation, which is adopted by the LFWD manufacturer.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bouvet

, François

, and Schwartz

Road Soil Retention of Pb Leached from MSWI Bottom Ash. Waste Management, Vol. 27, 2007, pp. 840–84.

Kosson

D. S.

, Van der Sloot

H. A.

, and Eighmy

T. T.

An Approach for Estimation of Contaminant Release during Utilization and Disposal of Municipal Waste Combustion Residues. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 47, 1996, pp. 43–75.

Brown

S. F.

Soil Mechanics in Pavement Engineering: 36th Rankine Lecture of the British Geotechnical Society. Geotechnique, Vol. 46, No. 3, 1996, pp. 383–426.

Fleming

P. R.

, and Rogers

C. D. F.

Assessment of Pavement Foundations During Construction. Transport Proc., Institution of Civil Engineers, Vol. 111, No. 2, 1995, pp. 105–115.

Rahim

, George

K. P.

, and Hon

P. E.

Falling Weight Deflectometer for Estimating Subgrade Elastic Moduli. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 129, No. 1, 2003, pp. 100–107.

Lambert

J. P.

, Fleming

P. R.

, and Frost

M. W.

Laboratory Assessment of Coarse Granular Road Foundation Materials. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1952, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 58–67.

Stolle

D. F. E.

Modelling of Dynamic Response of Pavements to Impact Loading. Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 11, 1991, pp. 83–94.

Design Guidance for Road Pavement Foundations. In Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB), Interim Advice Note 73/06, Vol. 7, Sect. 1, Part 2, Draft HD25. U.K. Department for Transport, London, 2009.

Horak

, Maina

, Guiamba

, and Hartman

Correlation Study with Light Weight Deflectometer in South Africa. Proc., 27th Southern African Transport Conference, Pretoria, South Africa, 2008.

10.

Senseney

C. T.

, and Mooney

M. A.

Characterization of Two-Layer Soil System Using a Lightweight Deflectometer with Radial Sensors. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2186, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010, pp. 21–28.

11.

Uddin

, Meyer

A. H.

, and Hudson

W. R.

Rigid Bottom Considerations for Nondestructive Evaluation of Pavements. In Transportation Research Record 1070, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1986, pp. 21–29.

12.

Stolle

D. F.

, and Hein

Parameter Estimation of Pavement Structure Layers and Uniqueness of Solution. In Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli, Special Technical Publication 1026, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1989, pp. 313–322.

13.

Jung

Interpretation of Deflection Basin for Real-World Materials in Flexible Pavements. Research Report 242. Research and Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Canada, 1990.

14.

Mamlouk

M. S.

, and Davis

T. G.

Elasto-Dynamic Analysis of Pavement Deflections. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 110, 1984, pp. 536–550.

15.

Zaghloul

S. M.

, White

T. D.

, Drnevich

V. P.

, and Coree

Dynamic Analysis of FWD Loading and Pavement Response Using a Three Dimensional Dynamic Finite Element Program. In Nondestructive Testing of Pavements and Backcalculation of Moduli, Volume 2, Special Technical Publication 1198, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa., 1998, pp. 125–138.

16.

Al-Qadi

I. L.

, Wang

, and Tutumluer

Dynamic Analysis of Thin Asphalt Pavements by Using Cross-Anisotropic Stress-Dependent Properties for Granular Layer. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2154, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010, pp. 156–163.

17.

Lin

D. F.

, Liau

C. C.

, and Lin

J. D.

Factors Affecting Portable Falling Weight Deflectometer Measurements. ASCE Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. 132, No. 6, 2006, pp. 804–808.

18.

Ahmed

A. T.

, and Khalid

H. A.

Deformation Properties of Untreated and Enzyme-Treated Bottom Ash Waste for Use in Foundations. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2104, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2009, pp. 97–104.

19.

Ahmed

, and Khalid

Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Enzyme-Treated Bottom Ash Waste in Pavements. Presented at 89th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2010.

20.

Fwa

T. F.

, and Chandrasegaran

Regression Model for Back-Calculation of Rigid-Pavement Properties. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 127, 2001, pp. 353–355.

21.

, Fwa

T. F.

, and Tan

K. H.

Closed-Form Calculation of Rigid-Pavement Parameters. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 122, No. 1, 1996, pp. 5–11.

22.

Merrifield

C. M.

, and Davies

M. C.

A Study of Low-Energy Dynamic Compaction: Field Trials and Centrifuge Modelling. Geotechnique, Vol. 50, No. 6, 2000, pp. 675–681.

23.

Sebaaly

B. E.

, Davies

T. G.

, and Mamlouk

M. S.

Dynamics of Falling Weight Deflectometer. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 111, 1985, pp. 618–632.

24.

Sebaaly

B. E.

, Mamlouk

M. S.

, and Davies

T. G.

Dynamic Analysis of Falling Weight Deflectometer Data. In Transportation Research Record 1070, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1986, pp. 63–68.