This paper investigates an optimal parking pricing problem in a many-to-one (multiple origins to one destination) park-and-ride (P + R) network, taking into account practical parking space constraints. The proposed problem aims to minimize the total travel cost by setting optimal parking fees at P + R terminals. The problem is formulated as a bilevel programming model that comprises an upper-level problem of determining optimal parking fees and a lower-level problem of characterizing commuters’ travel equilibrium of departure time and path choices. For the lower-level problem, a user equilibrium model is developed to address the commuting patterns with and without parking space constraints in the many-to-one P + R network. In the commute equilibrium analysis, extra earlier departure times, defined by slack variables, are introduced to examine the conditions in which commuters need to compete for limited parking spots. Meanwhile, the parking spot ending time is used to describe how commuters from different origins compete with one another for the limited parking spots at the destination. Finally, numerical experiments show that the methods proposed in this study are effective in managing the P + R facilities.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CairnsM. R.The Development of Park and Ride in Scotland. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 6, No. 4, 1998, pp. 295–307.
2.
DijkM., de HaesJ., and MontalvoC.Park-and-Ride Motivations and Air Quality Norms in Europe. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 30, 2013, pp. 149–160.
3.
ParkhurstG.Park and Ride: Could It Lead to an Increase in Car Traffic?Transport Policy, Vol. 2, No. 1, 1995, pp. 15–23.
4.
WangJ. Y. T., YangH., and LindseyR.Locating and Pricing Park-and-Ride Facilities in a Linear Monocentric City with Deterministic Mode Choice. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 38, No. 8, 2004, pp. 709–731.
5.
DickinsI. S. J.Park and Ride Facilities on Light Rail Transit Systems. Transportation, Vol. 18, No. 1, 1991, pp. 23–36.
6.
MeekS., IsonS., and EnochM.Stakeholder Perspectives on the Current and Future Roles of UK Bus-Based Park and Ride. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2009, pp. 468–475.
7.
MingardoG.Transport and Environmental Effects of Rail-Based Park and Ride: Evidence from the Netherlands. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 30, 2013, pp. 7–16.
8.
WangH., MengQ., and ZhangX.Park-and-Ride Network Equilibrium with Heterogeneous Commuters and Parking Space Constraint. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2466, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2014, pp. 87–97.
9.
SeikF. T.Experiences from Singapore's Park-and-Ride Scheme (1975–1996). Habitat International, Vol. 21, No. 4, 1997, pp. 427–443.
10.
LamW., HolyoakN., and LoH.How Park-and-Ride Schemes Can Be Successful in Eastern Asia. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, Vol. 127, No. 2, 2001, pp. 63–78.
11.
FooteP. J.Chicago Transit Authority Weekday Park-and-Ride Users: Choice Market with Ridership Growth Potential. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1735, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 158–168.
12.
HeB., HeW., and HeM.The Attitude and Preference of Traveler to the Park & Ride Facilities: A Case Study in Nanjing, China. Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 43, 2012, pp. 294–301.
13.
Aros-VeraF., MarianovV., and MitchellJ. E.p-Hub Approach for the Optimal Park-and-Ride Facility Location Problem. European Journal of Operational Research, Vol. 226, No. 2, 2013, pp. 277–285.
14.
FarhanB., and MurrayA. T.Siting Park-and-Ride Facilities Using a Multi-Objective Spatial Optimization Model. Computers and Operations Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, 2008, pp. 445–456.
15.
Holguin-VerasJ., YushimitoW. F., Aros-VeraF., and ReillyJ.User Rationality and Optimal Park-and-Ride Location Under Potential Demand Maximization. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 46, No. 8, 2012, pp. 949–970.
16.
LiuT., HuangH., YangH., and ZhangX.Continuum Modeling of Park-and-Ride Services in a Linear Monocentric City with Deterministic Mode Choice. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2009, pp. 692–707.
17.
LiZ. C., LamW. H. K., WongS. C., ZhuD. L., and HuangH. J.Modeling Park-and-Ride Services in a Multimodal Transport Network with Elastic Demand. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1994, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 101–109.
18.
DuncanM., and ChristensenR. K.An Analysis of Park-and-Ride Provision at Light Rail Stations Across the US. Transport Policy, Vol. 25, 2013, pp. 148–157.
19.
HounsellN., ShresthaB., and PiaoJ.Enhancing Park and Ride with Access Control: A Case Study of Southampton. Transport Policy, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2011, pp. 194–203.
20.
ZhangX. N., YangH., and HuangH. J.Improving Travel Efficiency by Parking Permits Distribution and Trading. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 45, No. 7, 2011, pp. 1018–1034.
21.
YaoT., WeiM. M., ZhangB., and FrieszT.Congestion Derivatives for a Traffic Bottleneck with Heterogeneous Commuters. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 46, No. 10, 2012, pp. 1454–1473.
22.
van den BergV., and VerhoefE. T.Congestion Tolling in the Bottleneck Model with Heterogeneous Values of Time. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 45, No. 1, 2011, pp. 60–78.
23.
LiuY., and NieY.Morning Commute Problem Considering Route Choice, User Heterogeneity and Alternative System Optima. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 45, No. 4, 2011, pp. 619–642.
24.
ArnottR., de PalmaA., and LindseyR.A Structural Model of Peak-Period Congestion—A Traffic Bottleneck with Elastic Demand. American Economic Review, Vol. 83, No. 1, 1993, pp. 161–179.
25.
ArnottR., de PalmaA., and LindseyR.Economics of a Bottleneck. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1990, pp. 111–130.
26.
XiaoF., QianZ., and ZhangH. M.The Morning Commute Problem with Coarse Toll and Nonidentical Commuters. Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2011, pp. 343–369.
27.
ZhangX., and YangH.The Optimal Cordon-Based Network Congestion Pricing Problem. Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, Vol. 38, No. 6, 2004, pp. 517–537.
28.
YangH., and HuangH.-J.Mathematical and Economic Theory of Road Pricing.Elsevier Press, 2005.
29.
SmallK. A.The Scheduling of Consumer Activities: Work Trips. American Economic Review, Vol. 72, No. 3, 1982, pp. 467–479.
30.
ArnottR., de PalmaA., and LindseyR.Schedule Delay and Departure Time Decisions with Heterogeneous Commuters. In Transportation Research Record 1197, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1988, pp. 56–67.
