Abstract
Abstract
Alternative pre-mRNA splicing plays a major role in regulating cell type-specific expression of the protein 4.1 family of skeletal proteins. The biological importance of alternative splicing as a mechanism for 4.1 gene regulation is underscored by studies of the prototypical 4.1R gene in erythroid cells: activation of exon 16 inclusion in mRNA at the erythroblast stage greatly enhances the ability of newly synthesized 4.1R protein to bind spectrin and actin, and thus assemble into a stable membrane skeleton. This gain-of-function has profound effects on the biophysical properties of deformability and membrane strength that are critical to red cell survival in the circulation. Another example of developmentally regulated splicing occurs in differentiating mammary epithelial cells in culture, where cell morphogenesis is accompanied by a splicing switch that reversibly activates inclusion of alternative exon 17B. Tissue-specific splices in the 4.1R gene have also been described in brain and muscle. Few other genes are known to be so richly endowed with regulated switches in pre-mRNA splicing, making the 4.1R gene an interesting paradigm for the role of alternative splicing as a mediator of cell function. Recent evidence that other members of the 4.1 gene family are also regulated by alternative splicing suggests, moreover, that this phenomenon is of general importance in regulating the structure of this class of skeletal proteins.