Abstract
We administered a web-based survey to a convenience sample of 561 patients in a large health system to assess patient attitudes toward dementia prevention in the context of designing a multi-domain Alzheimer’s risk reduction intervention. The majority of respondents reported being very concerned about Alzheimer’s disease, wanted to know their personal risk factors, and were highly motivated to make healthy lifestyle changes to lower dementia risk. The areas they were most interested in targeting to reduce dementia risk included physical activity, cognitive stimulation, nutrition, and sleep. These results provided strong support for our conceptual framework to target higher-risk patients with a personalized risk reduction strategy.
INTRODUCTION
Primary prevention of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD) is increasingly studied as a risk reduction strategy in the absence of any currently available disease-modifying treatments [1, 2, 1, 2]. Several interventions studied to-date have had mixed results, and a frequent barrier to these programs has been adherence [3]. One way to potentially improve adherence to risk reduction interventions is to engage patients in the design of the trial, especially when designing a personalized, multi-domain intervention. Yet, little is known about patient attitudes toward dementia risk reduction interventions, such as whether knowing their personal risk would motivate them to change their behaviors, or which behaviors they would be most interested in changing.
The Systematic Multi-Domain Alzheimer’s Risk Reduction Trial (SMARRT; NCT03683394) is a randomized controlled trial that will pilot-test a personalized, pragmatic, multi-domain Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk reduction intervention delivered through an integrated healthcare system in the U.S. [4]. Employing a personalized intervention will target only those risk factors that are relevant to each participant. Ideally, this approach enhances the effectiveness of the intervention, but the personalized approach makes it important to engage patients in the planning of the intervention. Thus, the objective of this survey was to describe patient attitudes toward dementia prevention and a multi-domain AD risk reduction program as part of the process of patient engagement in intervention design. Our overall goal is to aid discussions on future dementia prevention trial design since little is currently reported on how interventions are developed using patient input. While our survey results may not generalize to other patient groups, we present our process and results in the spirit of conveying the value of patient engagement in this growing field.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Survey design and participants
We created an 11-item survey to address patient attitudes toward dementia prevention and the possible components and delivery of a multi-domain Alzheimer’s risk reduction program. The first four items targeted patient attitudes toward dementia prevention, asking the following questions: 1) how important is preventing dementia for you personally? (choices included: very important, somewhat important, a little important, not at all important, or unsure); 2) if we could estimate your personal risk for developing dementia, would you want to know this information (choices included: yes, no, or unsure); 3) how much would knowing about your personal dementia risk factors motivate you to make healthy lifestyle changes? (choices included: it would be very motivating, somewhat motivating, a little motivating, not at all motivating, or unsure); and 4) how much would having a healthier lifestyle need to delay dementia for you to be interested in making such changes? (choices included: 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 5 years or more, or unsure). The next three items addressed patient attitudes toward the delivery of a dementia prevention intervention. The items asked: 1) who would you feel comfortable working with in changing your lifestyle to reduce your dementia risk (choices included: my physician, another member of my health team, a health coach, or any of the above); 2) if you were going to work with someone to make lifestyle changes, how would you like to work with that person? (choices included: one-on-one in a clinic setting, in a group with others led by a health counselor, through a website or phone application that tailors information to you, through e-mail, one-on-one visits in your home, by phone, or through printed educational materials mailed to you); and 3) how often would you want to interact with someone as part of an intervention to help reduce your risk of dementia? (choices included: weekly, every other week, monthly, or quarterly). In addition, patients were asked to identify which of a series of lifestyle changes they would be interested in making if it could reduce their risk of developing dementia, as well as which outcomes would be most important to them if they were in a study of lifestyle interventions to lower their dementia risk. Finally, patients were asked to report their age (50–59, 60–69, 70–79, 80–89, or 90+ years) and gender.
In April 2015, the study team worked with the Group Health (now Kaiser Permanente Washington) Governance team to include a Web-based survey link in the April version of eNews, a newsletter for Kaiser Permanente Washington healthcare system members. Given the dynamic nature of the newsletter roster and lack of sociodemographic data on registrants, we do not know how representative our sample was of the broader population. The survey was publicly available for 10 days. No incentives were provided for completing the survey.
Data management
We exported data from Survey Monkey to calculate descriptive statistics.
Because this was a publicly-posted survey and only aggregate results were provided to the study team, no institutional review board approval was required.
RESULTS
A total of 561 members responded, representing nearly 2% of the eNews registrants (approximately 29,000 at the time). Respondent age categories were as follows: 50–59 years (15.3%), 60–69 years (41.4%), 70–79 years (31.4%), 80–89 years (10.7%), and 90+ years (1.3%). The vast majority of respondents were female (77.1%).
The vast majority of respondents (89%) reported that preventing dementia was very important to them personally, and 86% indicated that they would want to know their personal risk for developing dementia (Table 1). Moreover, 84% indicated that knowing about their personal dementia risk factors would strongly motivate them to make healthy lifestyle changes. Nearly half (49%) were willing to adopt a healthier lifestyle to achieve a delay in dementia onset of two years or less, while slightly less than one-third (31%) wanted such changes to delay dementia by 5 or more years, and 20% were unsure.
Patient attitudes toward dementia prevention (n = 561)
Most respondents (78%) would feel comfortable working with any member of their healthcare team or a health coach who is not part of their healthcare team (Table 2). The venues that patients were most interested in using to make lifestyle changes were one-on-one in a clinic setting (38%), in a group with others led by a health counselor (26%), through a website or phone application that tailors information specifically to them (17%), and through e-mails (e.g., patient portal) (16%). Patients were less interested in telephone interactions (8%) and printed materials (6%). Patients most commonly wanted monthly interactions with someone as part of an intervention to help reduce their risk of dementia.
Patient attitudes toward dementia prevention intervention: delivery (n = 561)
*Numerator represents the number of respondents who ranked this venue as the method they prefer the most; denominator represents the total number of respondents who gave this response any ranking among the seven options.
The behavior changes patients were most interested in making included increasing physical activity (79%), cognitive stimulation (69%), having a healthier diet (69%), and getting better sleep (63%) (Table 3). When given a list of important potential outcomes to choose from if they were in a study of lifestyle interventions to lower dementia risk, the majority (59%) of patients responded that they were all equally important. However, among the individual outcome options, the ability to perform daily activities (33%) and delaying dementia onset (30%) were most frequently cited.
Patient Attitudes Toward Dementia Prevention Intervention: Components and Outcomes (n = 561)
*Numerator represents the number of respondents who ranked this outcome as the one most important to them; denominator represents the total number of respondents who gave this response any ranking among the seven options.
DISCUSSION
In this survey of a convenience sample of older adults enrolled in a healthcare delivery system in the U.S., we found that the vast majority were concerned about AD and wanted to know their overall risk and personal risk factors. In addition, most older adults indicated that knowing their risk factors would strongly motivate them to make healthy lifestyle changes. Nearly half of older adults were willing to adopt a healthier lifestyle to delay dementia by 2 years or less, although one-third wanted a delay of 5 years or more. We also found that older adults desired face-to-face, one-on-one interactions at least monthly when making healthier lifestyle changes and that the areas they were most interested in targeting to reduce dementia risk included physical activity, cognitive stimulation, nutrition, and sleep. These results provided strong support for our conceptual framework in SMARRT of targeting higher-risk patients with a personalized risk reduction strategy.
The SMARRT protocol has been previously reported [4]. Briefly, the pilot trial has randomized higher-risk older adults to the two-year SMARRT intervention versus health education control. Consistent with the patient survey results, targeted risk factors include increasing physical, mental, and social activities; consuming a neuroprotective diet; and improving sleep. In addition, based on current evidence for dementia prevention [1, 2], the intervention is also aiming for optimally controlling cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes), quitting smoking, reducing depressive symptoms, and decreasing use of potentially harmful medications. Survey respondents did not have a strong preference for who they wanted to work with to institute lifestyle changes and were open to having a non-health care team member. Accordingly, the SMARRT intervention team consists of both behavioral interventionists and a nurse care manager. Finally, survey respondents most commonly wanted monthly interactions when making healthier lifestyle changes, which the SMARRT intervention has also adopted.
Multi-domain intervention studies are now being tested around the world. A recent review of completed and prospective multi-domain lifestyle programs aimed at enhancing cognitive reserve and reducing risk of ADRD reported 17 studies, 13 of which are face-to-face and 4 delivered digitally [3]. One of the main barriers to multi-domain intervention studies is adherence to the intervention. For example, the FINGER study reported variable adherence to different intervention components (e.g., >90% for cardiovascular monitoring versus <50% for cognitive training) [3, 5]. More fully understanding the barriers to intervention adherence would seemingly increase the effectiveness of future multi-domain interventions. One approach is to engage patients at an early stage of intervention design [6]. While several studies have reported patient engagement activities in research on people with dementia (and their care partners), little is known about this process for studies of dementia prevention [7]. The extent of patient engagement in trial design will depend on the sample being studied and available resources [8, 9]. In addition, the nature of patient engagement in trial design will vary based on cultural and economic factors of the study setting. Regardless, we encourage research teams designing dementia prevention trials to engage patients early in the process and to report on key lessons learned.
Our study has several limitations. First, our study population was older patients from a single healthcare system in the U.S., limiting the generalizability of our findings to other populations. However, the primary goal of the survey was to inform intervention design and development for older adults in the same setting. Those planning similar interventions in other parts of the world should consider using patient engagement of their target population to inform trial design. In addition, this was a Web-based survey so potential respondents without access to a computer and the Internet were not represented in these results. Additional work is needed to elicit patient attitudes toward dementia prevention efforts among different cultures and ethnicities and in different geographical locations. Moreover, we could not calculate a precise survey response rate because we were unable to determine how many people opened the electronic newsletter.
Conclusion
In conclusion, older adults enrolled at a U.S. healthcare delivery system report being very concerned about AD, wanted to know their personal risk factors, and were highly motivated to make healthy lifestyle changes to lower dementia risk. The areas they were most interested in targeting to reduce dementia risk included physical activity, cognitive stimulation, nutrition, and sleep. Dementia risk reduction trials may have better adherence and, ultimately, be more effective if they take patient preferences into consideration.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
Footnotes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Z. Marcum is supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number K76AG059929. D. Rosenberg, D. Barnes, K. Yaffe, and E. Larson are supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number 1R01AG057508. This trial has been registered on clinicaltrials.gov
(NCT03683394). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.