Chemotherapy Versus Chemoradiation for Node-Positive Bladder Cancer: Practice Patterns and Outcomes from the National Cancer Data Base

Abstract

Background:

Management of clinically node-positive bladder cancer (cN+ BC) is poorly defined; national guidelines recommend chemotherapy (CT) alone or chemoradiation (CRT).

Objective:

Using a large, contemporary dataset, we evaluated national practice patterns and outcomes of CT versus CRT to elucidate the optimal therapy for this patient population.

Methods:

The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) was queried (2004–2013) for patients diagnosed with cT_anyN1-3M0 BC. Patients were divided into two groups: CT alone or CRT. Statistics included multivariable logistic regression to determine factors predictive of receiving additional radiotherapy, Kaplan-Meier analysis to evaluate overall survival (OS), and Cox proportional hazards modeling to determine variables associated with OS. Propensity score matching was performed to assess groups in a balanced manner while reducing indication biases.

Results:

Of 1,783 total patients, 1,388 (77.8%) underwent CT alone, and 395 (22.2%) CRT. Although patients receiving CRT tended to be of higher socioeconomic status, they were more likely older (p = 0.053), higher T stage, N1 (versus N2) disease, squamous histology, and treated at a non-academic center (p < 0.05). Median overall survival (OS) was 19.0 months and 13.8 months (p < 0.001) for patients receiving CRT or CT, respectively. On Cox multivariate analysis, receipt of CRT was independently associated with improved survival (p < 0.001). Outcome improvements with CRT persisted on evaluation of propensity-matched populations (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

CRT is underutilized in the United States for cN+ BC but is independently associated with improved survival despite being preferentially administered to a somewhat higher-risk population.

Keywords

Bladder cancer lymph node radiation therapy chemotherapy chemoradiation

INTRODUCTION

Clinically node-positive bladder cancer (cN+ BC), an overall uncommon instance of newly-diagnosed BC, carries a poor prognosis. It is thus categorized as stage IV disease, and as a result these patients have been largely excluded from seminal clinical trials utilizing radical cystectomy (RC) [1, 2]. According to the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN), standard of care for cN+ BC is either chemotherapy (CT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT) [3].

The ambiguity in this recommendation is underscored by the lack of evidence regarding potential benefit of radiation therapy (RT) when added to systemic therapy for patients with cN+ BC. There are several reasons to surmise that addition of local therapy may lead to superior tumor control and thus potentially improved outcomes. First, randomized trials of other neoplasms have shown that CT alone is inadequate to control gross disease; local therapy is thus necessary to provide durable local control, which may translate into survival benefits [4, 5]. Second, analogous data in cN+ prostate cancer, which faces a similar debate as cN+ BC to this extent, have shown benefits to the addition of RT to androgen deprivation therapy [6, 7]. Third, there have been numerous publications illustrating the benefit of local therapy (in the form of surgical nodal dissection) in cN+ BC [8 –11]. Although those studies included only well-selected responders to CT (thus limiting applicability to all cases), they corroborated that a proportion of cN+ BC cases can indeed experience prolonged survival with aggressive local therapy.

Because cN+ BC is an overall uncommon circumstance with neither prospective nor high-volume retrospective data, this study was conducted using the large, contemporary dataset of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), in which we sought to evaluate practice patterns and outcomes in the management of this condition with respect to the two NCCN-recommended options, CT alone versus CRT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study analyzed the NCDB, which is a joint project of the Commission on Cancer (CoC) of the American College of Surgeons and the American Cancer Society, which consists of de-identified information regarding tumor characteristics, patient demographics, and patient survival for approximately 70% of the US population [12 –15]. The NCDB contains information not included in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database, including details regarding use of systemic therapy and radiation dose. The data used in the study were derived from a de-identified NCDB file (2004–2013 dataset). The American College of Surgeons and the CoC have not verified and are neither responsible for the analytic or statistical methodology employed nor the conclusions drawn from these data by the investigators. As all patient information in the NCDB database is de-identified, this study was exempt from institutional review board evaluation.

Inclusion criteria for this study were patients aged >18 years with newly-diagnosed cT_any cN1-3 cM0 BC. For inclusion, patients required use of chemotherapy with or without RT and recorded follow up date. Exclusion criteria included receipt of cystectomy, subtherapeutic RT (defined as doses <55 Gray [3]), and treatment with palliative intent. Patients were then divided into two categories based on the type of treatment administered: CT alone or CRT.

All statistical tests were two-sided, with a threshold of p < 0.05 for statistical significance, and were performed using STATA (version 14, College Station, TX). Fisher’s exact or χ² test analyzed categorical proportions between groups in the non-parametric and parametric settings, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression modeling was utilized to determine characteristics predictive of receiving additional RT. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for survival analysis, and comparisons between the two treatment paradigms were performed with the log-rank test for all patients. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the interval between the date of diagnosis and the date of death or last contact. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was additionally used to identify variables associated with OS in the entire cohort. An additional subset analysis was performed to compare OS between patients treated with CRT, single-agent chemotherapy (sCT), or multi-agent chemotherapy (mCT). Lastly, to account for indication bias, propensity-score matching was used to compare patients treated with CRT to those receiving treatment with CT. Propensity matching is a method that creates quasicase/control pairs using a retrospective cohort in an effort to account for the recorded and unrecorded confounding variables [16 –18]. Propensity scores were calculated by use of a multivariable logistic regression model with the dependent variable being receipt of treatment with CRT vs treatment with CT and the independent variables being age, sex, T/N stage, histology, Charlson-Deyo comorbidity score, facility type, and insurance status. Patients were matched 1:1 to avoid potential bias from many-to-one matching, and to ensure balance of the covariates within the two cohorts, standardized differences were assessed with a value <0.1 signifying an inconsequential imbalance [16 –18]. Survival rates were compared between the two matched groups with the log-rank test.

RESULTS

A complete flow diagram of patient selection is provided in Fig. 1; 1,783 patients met study criteria. Of these, 1,388 (77.8%) were treated with CT alone, and 395 (22.2%) with CRT. Table 1 displays clinical characteristics of the analyzed patients. Of note, cN1, cN2, and cN3 disease was present in 794 (44.5%), 790 (44.3%), and 199 (11.2%) patients. Figure 2 displays temporal trends of decreased frequency of CRT utilization as compared to CT alone.

Fig.1

Patient selection diagram.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics of patients with bladder cancer receiving either chemotherapy alone or chemoradiation

Characteristic	Chemotherapy,	Chemoradiation,	P value
	n = 1388 (77.8%)	n = 395 (22.2%)
Age
<65	587 (42.3%)	120 (30.4%)	<0.001
65+	801 (57.7%)	275 (69.6%)
Sex
Male	995 (71.7%)	289 (73.2%)	0.564
Female	393 (28.3%)	106 (26.8%)
Race
White	1167 (84.1%)	338 (85.6%)	0.582
African American	122 (8.8%)	36 (9.1%)
Hispanic	59 (4.3%)	11 (2.8%)
Asian/ Native American/ Pacific Islander	21 (1.5%)	7 (1.8%)
Not recorded	19 (1.4%)	3 (0.8%)
T stage
T1	142 (10.2%)	23 (5.8%)	0.001
T2	498 (35.9%)	141 (35.7%)
T3	202 (14.6%)	86 (21.8%)
T4	293 (21.1%)	84 (21.3%)
Not recorded	253 (18.2%)	61 (15.4%)
N Stage
N1	590 (42.5%)	204 (51.6%)	0.006
N2	637 (45.9%)	153 (38.7%)
N3	161 (11.6%)	38 (9.6%)
Histology
Urothelial carcinoma	1198 (86.3%)	328 (83.0%)	0.154
Squamous cell	56 (4.0%)	22 (5.6%)
Adenocarcinoma	35 (2.5%)	7 (1.8%)
Other	99 (7.1%)	38 (9.6%)
Charlson Deyo Score
0	1051 (75.7%)	304 (77.0%)	0.610
1–2	337 (24.3%)	91 (23.0%)
Facility Type
Academic	577 (41.6%)	120 (30.4%)	<0.001
Non academic	811 (58.4%)	275 (69.6%)
Year of diagnosis
2004–2008	488 (35.2%)	160 (40.5%)	0.051
2009–2013	900 (64.8%)	235 (59.5%)
Insurance
Medicaid	108 (7.8%)	24 (6.1%)	0.001
Medicare	750 (54.0%)	260 (65.8%)
Private	425 (30.6%)	87 (22.0%)
Not insured	60 (4.3%)	13 (3.3%)
Other	45 (3.2%)	11 (2.8%)
Income
< $38000	242 (17.4%)	44 (11.1%)	0.013
$38000–$47999	336 (24.2%)	103 (26.1%)
$48000–$62999	385 (27.7%)	111 (28.1%)
$63000+	392 (28.2%)	132 (33.4%)
Not recorded	33 (2.4%)	5 (1.3%)

Fig.2

Chemotherapy or chemoradiation utilization by year of diagnosis.

Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate factors independently associated with undergoing CRT over CT alone (Table 2). Factors statistically associated with receipt of RT in addition to CT included increasing T stage, squamous cell carcinoma (when compared to urothelial) histology, treatment at a non-academic facility, and higher socioeconomic status (p < 0.05 for all).

Table 2

Characteristics predictive for addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy on multivariable logistic regression analysis

Characteristic	Odds Ratio	95% Confidence Interval	P value
Age
<65	1 (reference)
65+	1.414	0.996–2.008	0.053
Sex
Male	1 (reference)
Female	0.928	0.714–1.207	0.579
Race
White	1 (reference)
African American	1.344	0.881–2.052	0.170
Hispanic	0.815	0.411–1.616	0.558
Asian/ Native American/ Pacific Islander	1.145	0.470–2.790	0.766
Not recorded	0.515	0.147–1.803	0.299
T stage
T1	1 (reference)
T2	1.740	1.067–2.837	0.026
T3	2.834	1.682–4.775	<0.001
T4	1.869	1.115–3.132	0.018
Not recorded	1.642	0.962–2.803	0.069
N Stage
N1	1 (reference)
N2	0.713	0.557–0.912	0.007
N3	0.731	0.489–1.093	0.127
Histology
Urothelial carcinoma	1 (reference)
Squamous cell	1.743	0.020–2.979	0.042
Adenocarcinoma	0.827	0.354–1.933	0.661
Other	1.442	0.961–2.163	0.077
Charlson Deyo Score
0	1 (reference)
1–2	0.868	0.659–1.142	0.311
Facility Type
Academic	1 (reference)
Non academic	1.643	1.282–2.107	<0.001
Year of diagnosis
2004–2008	1 (reference)
2009–2013	0.821	0.642–1.050	0.115
Insurance
Medicaid	1 (reference)
Medicare	1.128	0.639–1.992	0.678
Private	0.791	0.469–1.334	0.379
Not insured	1.107	0.515–2.379	0.795
Other	0.899	0.388–2.084	0.804
Income
< $38000	1 (reference)
$38000–$47999	1.764	1.172–2.653	0.006
$48000–$62999	1.648	1.103–2.461	0.015
$63000+	2.012	1.345–3.010	0.001
Not recorded	0.718	0.259–1.987	0.524

Median follow-up was 13.8 months (interquartile range, 7.9–27.4 months). Kaplan-Meier estimates of OS between groups are illustrated in Fig. 3A. The median OS in the CT only group was 13.8 months, whereas addition of RT to CT was associated with a survival improvement to 19.0 months (p < 0.001). On subset analysis, CRT was associated with a median OS improvement when compared to patients treated with either sCT (19.0 vs. 11.5 months, p < 0.001) or with mCT (19.0 vs. 14.0 months, p < 0.001).

Fig.3

Kaplan-Meier overall survival curves comparing those receiving chemoradiation versus chemotherapy alone (A), and in the propensity-matched population (B).

However, because the CT and CRT groups were imbalanced in terms of several variables, propensity matching was performed to evaluate OS between more balanced populations. When examining OS between both propensity matched cohorts (Fig. 3B), OS differences between cohorts persisted (p < 0.001).

Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling examining independent predictors of OS is displayed in Table 3. There were several factors associated with worse OS: use of CT alone (when compared to CRT), female gender, T3 or T4 disease (when compared to T1), N3 status (when compared to N1), a Charlson Deyo comorbidity score of 1–2 (compared to a score of 0), or squamous cell histology (when compared to urothelial carcinoma) (p < 0.05 for all). Of note, age and treatment facility type did not independently correlate with OS.

Table 3

Cox multivariate analysis of factors predictive of overall survival in the entire cohort

Characteristic	HR	95% CI	P value
Treatment group
Chemotherapy	1 (reference)
Chemoradiation	0.718	0.628–0.819	<0.001
Age
<65	1 (reference)
65+	1.094	0.935–1.280	0.264
Sex
Male	1 (reference)
Female	1.287	0.143–1.448	<0.001
Race
White	1 (reference)
African American	0.989	0.814–1.201	0.913
Hispanic	0.626	0.455–0.861	0.004
Asian/ Native American/ Pacific Islander	0.550	0.329–0.920	0.023
Not recorded	1.054	0.635–1.749	0.840
T stage
T1	1 (reference)
T2	1.141	0.928–1.403	0.211
T3	1.349	1.073–1.700	0.011
T4	1.765	1.418–2.200	<0.001
Not recorded	1.250	0.995–1.571	0.055
N Stage
N1	1 (reference)
N2	1.046	0.933–1.172	0.439
N3	1.365	1.138–1.636	0.001
Histology
Urothelial carcinoma	1 (reference)
Squamous cell	1.852	1.425–2.408	<0.001
Adenocarcinoma	0.845	0.601–1.188	0.333
Other	1.446	1.191–1.756	<0.001
Charlson Deyo Score
0	1 (reference)
1–2	1.242	1.100–1.407	0.001
Facility Type
Academic	1 (reference)
Non academic	1.041	0.931–1.163	0.485
Year of diagnosis
2004–2008	1 (reference)
2009–2013	0.892	0.795–1.002	0.053
Insurance
Medicaid	1 (reference)
Medicare	0.960	0.748–1.232	0.751
Private	0.887	0.709–1.110	0.296
Not insured	1.068	0.767–1.456	0.697
Other	1.083	0.748–1.567	0.673
Income
< $38000	1 (reference)
$38000–$47999	0.992	0.834–1.180	0.929
$48000–$62999	1.062	0.896–1.258	0.491
$63000+	0.949	0.797–1.129	0.554
Not recorded	1.672	1.165–2.399	0.005

DISCUSSION

The management of cN+ BC is poorly defined, largely owing to its uncommon nature. There are numerous findings and reflections from this analysis of a contemporary national database, the largest of its kind to date. In the United States, CRT is underutilized as compared to CT alone, but was independently associated with a survival benefit in these patients. These results have implications not only for patient management and counseling, but also for the NCCN recommendations.

Because CRT and CT alone are both recommended in the management of this population, the major goal of this study was to evaluate outcomes between both definitive treatments. The findings of independently higher OS with CRT, despite a substantially lower sample size (just 22.2% of patients received CRT), is even more noteworthy for one major reason described in other work [19]. As compared with CT alone, RT was likely added for “higher-risk” disease with presumably some degree of poor-prognostic features. Indeed, although CRT was utilized in older (65 + years old, p = 0.053) individuals with more advanced T- classification, and non-urothelial histology, addition of radiotherapy to CT independently associated with improved survival in this “higher-risk” cohort. This further suggests that, in an evenly matched population, the OS benefit with the addition of RT to CT may be even greater than the absolute 5.2 month median OS benefit described here.

In light of the aforementioned surgical series and other data [8 –11], CRT may be advantageous because development of a (pathologic) complete response has been linked with improved prognosis. This likely reflects the presence of favorable tumor biology, but efforts to increase the (pathologic) complete response rate are nevertheless warranted and are being attempted in other neoplasms [20]. Furthermore, more aggressive therapy along with CT may allow well-selected responders to undergo RC and potentially eliminate all traces of gross disease, which as mentioned above have resulted in good outcomes. In a NCDB study of cN+ BC (that did not evaluate radiotherapy), addition of neoadjuvant CT to RC was associated with a survival improvement over RC alone, likely relating to well-selected patients but also potentially owing to better sterilization of existing microscopic disease prior to gross total resection [21]. Finally, it has been documented in other disease sites that CT alone is unable to eradicate gross disease [4, 5]. The results of this study are very much in line with those of prostate cancer, in which the addition of RT to systemic therapy has been demonstrated to offer substantial survival benefits in patients with node positive disease [6, 7].

From this study, an unresolved issue is administration of CT and RT sequentially versus concurrently. A caveat of our study is the lack of stratification in sequencing of both modalities, and to this extent further work must be performed. Additionally, it is difficult to address herein whether cN1, cN2, or cN3 patients benefit from CRT, owing to sample size issues in analyzing sub-cohorts and especially the low numbers of cN3 patients.

Optimal radiotherapy techniques in cN+ BC are not well-defined apart from small series [22]. Although three-dimensional techniques are clearly preferred, we propose that inverse-planned techniques such as intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) may be uniquely suited for cN+ CRT. This largely centers on the ability to perform simultaneous integrated boosting of grossly involved lymph nodes (and gross bladder disease) while delivering tumoricidal doses to non-clinically involved areas of lymphatics, and low doses to surrounding organs-at-risk. In general BC cohorts, both IMRT and VMAT display lower bowel doses over three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3DCRT) [23]. Moreover, IMRT is also associated with low rates of toxicities, potentially as a result of these dosimetric advantages over 3DCRT [24 –27]. However, a caveat to utilizing IMRT in BC relates to interfractional changes in organ motion, especially with regard to bladder filling. For this reason, image-guided radiotherapy is also recommended whenever possible.

There are several limitations of this investigation. Selection biases in this and any retrospective study are readily recognized. Another major caveat to these data is the lack of confirmation whether patients had histologic corroboration of cN+ disease. However, as acknowledged by the NCCN, this is not feasible in many cases [3]; to this extent, although it is unknown how many patients had positron emission tomography-based initial workup, it may be useful in cases for which biopsy is not feasible. Next, the NCDB does not keep track of several noteworthy variables, such as specific CT agents and number of cycles completed, RT fields (including nodal volumes), reasons for a particular treatment, immune/biologic therapies, and salvage treatment, which could all confound conclusions presented herein. It also does not record other endpoints such as tolerance of therapy (including premature cessation of CT), cancer-specific survival, and local/regional control. Nevertheless, the caveats herein do not obviate the need for further investigation to corroborate these conclusions.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the largest study to date examining the practice patterns and outcomes for patients with cN+ BC. The results suggest that although bimodality therapy is currently underutilized, and more often given to “higher-risk” patients, the addition of radiation therapy to chemotherapy may improve survival for patients with cN+ BC. Other investigations are recommended to further elucidate the optimal treatment paradigm for patients with cN+ BC.

DECLARATION

There are no acknowledgements. There was no funding for this study. This study has not been presented or published in part or full form elsewhere. All authors declare no conflicts of interest.

DISCLAIMERS

None. This has never been presented/published before in any form. All authors declare that conflicts of interest do not exist.

FUNDING

There was no research support for this study.

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