Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Investigating the effect of newly approved oncological drugs in the real-world is warranted. With emerging novel treatments rapidly being approved for urothelial tract cancers, we aimed to assess real-world data, regarding effect and safety, during the first year after approval of pembrolizumab in Denmark for patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial tract cancer (mUTC) in the first- and second-line setting.
MATERIALS AND METHOD:
At the six oncological departments treating mUTC in Denmark, we identified all mUTC patients receiving pembrolizumab during the first year after approval, between March 1, 2018 and February 28, 2019. A retrospective data collection was conducted from January to June 2020. Patient characteristics matching that of the relevant clinical trials for pembrolizumab in first- and second-line treatment-setting, overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), toxicity and tumor response were assessed.
RESULTS:
139 patients were identified, 53 in first-line treatment, 77 in second-line, and 9 receiving third or later lines of treatment. The population was characterized by a majority of males (70%), most patients had ECOG PS 0–1 (60.4%) and primary tumor in the bladder was predominant (90.6%). The overall response rate (ORR) in first-line was 30.2%, PFS was 3,5 months (95%CI 2,3–7,9 months) and OS 9,2 months (95%CI 7,0–20.9 months). For second-line treatment the ORR was 27,3%, PFS 2,9 months (95%CI 2,5–5,3) and OS 9.1 months (95%CI 5,4–12,8 months). Toxicity was comparable to clinical trials without any new toxicities registered.
CONCLUSION:
Real-world data on response rates, OS, PFS and toxicity for patients with mUTC receiving pembrolizumab in first- and second-line, shows comparable results to clinical trials. This study further establishes immunotherapy as an effective and tolerable treatment for mUTC.
ABBREVIATIONS
Real-world First-line Second-line Interquartile range Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status Programmed death-ligand 1 Overall response rate Progression-free survival Overall survival Metastatic urothelial tract cancer Creatinine Clearance
INTRODUCTION
For decades, platinum-based chemotherapy has been the cornerstone of first-line treatment in patients with locally advanced, unresectable and metastatic urothelial tract cancer (mUTC) [1]. For fit patients with adequate renal function, standard treatment has been cisplatin-based combination chemotherapy, most often gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC) [1, 2]. More than half of mUTC patients cannot, due to risk of high-grade toxicity, receive GC and are deemed cisplatin-ineligible [1, 2]. Recommended treatment for cisplatin-ineligible patients has been carboplatin-based combination chemotherapy, usually gemcitabine/carboplatin (CaG) [3]. Response rates associated with GC and CaG are approximately 50%and 36%, respectively [2, 5]. However, the majority of patients will develop platinum-resistance and progressive disease within 12 months [6]. For years, numerous therapeutic agents have been evaluated in the second-line setting of mUTC treatment [7–10] and in Europe, vinflunine was for some years the only option approved for second-line treatment in platinum-resistant patients, while in the US taxanes were the recommended option [11, 12].
In Europe this changed in 2017 when the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the immune-checkpoint-inhibitors (ICIs) pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, and nivolumab as second-line treatment options in platinum-refractory advanced urothelial carcinoma patients based on phase-II and phase-III studies [6, 13–15]. Compared to existing second-line treatment options, pembrolizumab was superior in terms of overall survival (OS) (10.3 months vs. 7.4 months) and of overall response rate (ORR), complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) [13, 16]. Subsequently, EMA also approved pembrolizumab and atezolizumab as first-line treatment options in cisplatin-ineligible mUTC patients based on two phase-II studies, [17, 18] but later restricted the approval to patients, whose cancers express programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1); defined as a combined positive score (CPS) of≥10%in the case of pembrolizumab [11, 19]. The KEYNOTE-052 trial demonstrated an ORR of 24%(CR 5%and PR 19%) and a disease control rate (DCR) of 47%[17]. Long-term follow-up data demonstrated even more favorable outcomes with an ORR of 28.6%(CR 8.9%and PR 19.7%), a DCR of 46.8%and median OS of 11.3 months in the total population [20].
Pembrolizumab and atezolizumab have been approved as first-line treatment; pembrolizumab, atezolizumab and nivolumab as second-line treatment in mUTC patients in Denmark following EMA approval. However, pembrolizumab was the only available option for use in Danish hospitals in the research period due to local health economic decisions [21].
Although the results from the clinical trials evaluating pembrolizumab are promising, effectiveness and safety of pembrolizumab in mUTC patients treated in the real-world clinical setting is unknown. Due to strict eligibility criteria, patients enrolled in clinical trials are often younger and without comorbidities or generalized organ dysfunction [22]. The disadvantage of such strict eligibility criteria is that the results from clinical trials are not generalizable to all populations [23, 24]. Real-world evidence is health-care data derived from multiple sources outside the context of traditional clinical studies including data obtained from electronic medical records [24]. Real-world evidence provides information on treatment effectiveness and safety in the general population and thus complement the evidence emerged from clinical studies [23]. This may be particularly important in mUTC patients, representing a heterogenous group in terms of performance status and comorbidities [25]. mUTC comprises kidney pelvic, ureters, bladder and urethral cancers.
We therefore performed a nationwide, population-based cohort study to evaluate effectiveness, safety and survival in mUTC patients treated with pembrolizumab in the real-world clinical setting at Danish oncology departments the first year after implementation of pembrolizumab as standard treatment in Denmark. Further we aimed to compare our findings with registration studies for pembrolizumab in the first- and second-line setting [16, 20].
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Treatment setting
Each year, nearly 1100 patients are diagnosed with ≥T1 urothelial tract cancer in Denmark [26]. Approximately 30%of these patients eventually develop muscle-invasive disease, the number of patients progressing to disseminated disease is unknown [27].
Danish residents are equally entitled to publicly funded health care services. Six specialized uro-oncology departments manage treatment of mUTC patients in Denmark [26]. Privately financed health care is limited and does not include oncological treatment of mUTC [28–30].
According to Danish mUTC treatment guidelines, cisplatin-ineligible patients are defined as patients with a creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 50 ml/min, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) > 1, a New York Heart Association (NYHA) class > 2 heart failure, significant hearing loss and/or neuropathy. First-line pembrolizumab can be offered to cisplatin-ineligible patients provided that they have CrCl of > 30 ml/min, an ECOG PS of 0–2, a PD-L1 combined positive score (CPS) of≥10, no evidence of active chronic viral infection, no autoimmune disease (except well controlled diabetes, thyroid disease or arthritis) and no uncontrolled intracerebral metastases. Further, they may not receive more than the equivalent of 10 mg prednisone daily. Pembrolizumab is the recommended second-line treatment following progression during or after platinum-based chemotherapy regardless of PD-L1 expression [29]. According to national treatment guidelines surveillance scans are performed with computed tomography (CT) and planned after every 3rd treatment series.
Study population and data collection
We identified mUTC patients, from the six relevant oncologic departments in Denmark, that initiated pembrolizumab between March 1, 2018 and February 28, 2019 and had no prior ICI-treatment for mUTC. Data were obtained from electronic medical records by uro-oncologists at each department and included in a REDCap database. Data were collected from January to June 2020.
Patients were categorized according to renal function, ECOG PS, PD-L1 expression, previous neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and whether progressing to mUTC less than 12 months after end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. PD-L1 analysis results were from most recent biopsy, either primary tumor or metastasis, when performed.
The study was approved by the Danish Patient Safety Authorities (file no.: 3-3013/3010/1) and the Danish Data Protection Agency (file no.: VD-2019-175) and was conducted according to the Declaration of Helsinki. For retrospective data retrieval as described above, ethics committee approval and patient consent is not required in Denmark [31].
Outcomes
Definition of tumor responses
Evaluation of tumor response was performed by local radiologists at each center with planned CT scans, in accordance with local clinical guidelines. ORR was defined as the proportion of patients achieving CR or PR. DCR was defined as the proportion of patients with CR, PR or stable disease (SD). Time to response was defined as the time from first pembrolizumab treatment to first radiological documentation of CR or PR. Duration of response was the time from first radiologically demonstrated CR or PR to radiological progression or death. Radiological response and progression were defined by the radiologist, according to local practice at each treatment center.
Definition of PFS and OS
Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from first pembrolizumab treatment to the date of radiological progression or death from any cause. Patients who did not have a radiological evaluation performed were excluded from PFS analysis. OS was defined as the period from first pembrolizumab treatment to the date of death from any cause.
Toxicity
Toxicity was graded according to the National Cancer Institute’s (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). Grade 3 and 4 toxicities were registered.
Statistical analysis
Time of follow-up was calculated as the time from first pembrolizumab treatment to the date of last data entry. Patients without CT scans were counted as “no radiographic evaluation performed”. Median and range of time to response was reported for patients demonstrating CR or PR. Duration of response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were treated as right censored survival data. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for estimation of survival, 95 %confidence intervals (CI) for median survival and survival probability at 3, 6 and 12 months. Due to censoring, estimation of a CI upper limit for median duration of response was not possible (indicated by NA). Statistical analyses were carried out using R in particular the “survival” and the “prodlim” packages
RESULTS
A total of 139 patients were included. Fifty-three patients received pembrolizumab as first-line treatment and 77 patients received pembrolizumab as second-line treatment; nine patients received pembrolizumab in the third-line setting. Patient characteristics are presented in Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 139 mUTC patients initiating pembrolizumab at Danish oncology departments from March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019
Abbreviations: 1L = first-line; 2L = second-line; > 2L = beyond second-line; mUTC = metastatic urothelial tract cancer; IQR = interquartile range; ECOG PS = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; GFR = glomerular filtration rate; 51Cr-EDTA = chromium-51 labeled ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid clearance; eGFR = estimated GFR; PD-L1 = Programmed death-ligand 1.
Briefly, median age at initiation of pembrolizumab treatment was 71 years (IQR: 68–78 years) in the first-line setting, and 69 years (IQR: 65–75 years) in the second-line setting. Most patients were male (70.5%) and the majority had the primary tumor located in the bladder (90,6%) with urothelial carcinoma as the predominant histologic subtype. For patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab, more than half had ECOG PS 0–1 (60.4%) and a third had ECOG PS 2 (34%), In the second-line and third-line settings, 81.8%and 88.9%, respectively, had an ECOG PS of 0–1.
Seventeen of 53 patients (32.1%) treated with first-line pembrolizumab, previously received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Of these 17 patients, 13 progressed (76%) to mUTC within 12 months after end of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Renal function was assessed in most patients prior to pembrolizumab initiation (98.6%). For most patients receiving first- and second-line treatment, CrCl was < 60 ml/min.
In the total cohort, the PD-L1 testing rate was 13.7%; in patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab the testing rate was 26.4%compared to 6.5%and 0.0%in patients receiving pembrolizumab as second-line and beyond second-line treatment, respectively. Of patients tested, most had a PD-L1 expression≥10%(89,5%).
Tumor responses
Patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab received a median of four treatment cycles (Table 2).
Tumor responses and toxicity to pembrolizumab in 139 mUTC patients initiating pembrolizumab at Danish oncology departments between March 1, 2018 and February 28, 2019
Abbreviations: 1L = first-line; 2L = second-line; > 2L = beyond second-line; CI = confidence interval; NA = not achieved; CTCAE = Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; AE = adverse event; PS = performance status. ± Analysis not performed in this patient group due to low patient number. ∞ Number of patients experiencing at least one AE grade 3/4. X Number of patients experiencing a given AE grade 3/4.
ORR was 30.2%and time to response was 1.9 months (range 1.7–8.0 months). Median duration of response was 16.9 months (95%CI: 5.9 months –not reached) and the probability of responses lasting at least 12 months was 62.5 %[95%CI: 38.8–76.2%). Disease control was achieved in 23 of 53 patients (43.4%). In patients receiving second-line pembrolizumab, a median of four treatment cycles were administered. 21 of 77 (27.3%) patients had an objective response and the DCR was 42.9%. Time to response was 2.0 months (range 1.2–3.9 months). Median duration of response was 12.9 months (95%CI: 5.1 months – not reached) and 57.1%(95%CI: 36.0–78.3%) of responses lasted a minimum of 12 months.
At the time of data cutoff, nine of 139 patients (6.5%) were still receiving pembrolizumab. In all three treatment settings rthe main reason for pembrolizumab discontinuation was progressive disease.
PFS and OS
Median PFS in patients treated with first-line pembrolizumab (n = 53) was 3.5 months (95%CI: 2.3–7.9 months). Eleven patients died prior to first evaluation scan. The estimated PFS rate at 3, 6 and 12 months was 50.9%(95%CI: 37.5–64.4), 39.6%(95%CI: 26.5–52.8) and 22.6 (95%CI: 11.4–33.9), respectively. In the second-line setting, 13 patients died within three months after treatment initiation and seven of these were not evaluated radiologically. Median PFS was 2.9 months (95%CI: 2.5–5.3 months) and the 3, 6 and 12 months PFS rate was 49.4%(95%CI: 38.2–60.5), 32.5%(95%CI: 22.0–42.9) and 20.8%(95%CI: 11.7–29.8). OS and PFS data are shown in Table 3.
Progression-free survival and overall survival in 139 mUTC patients initiating pembrolizumab at Danish oncology departments in the period March 1, 2018 to February 28, 2019
Abbreviations: 1L = first-line; 2L = second-line; > 2L = beyond second-line; PFS = progression-free survival; CI = confidence interval; OS = overall survival.±Analysis not performed in this patient group due to low patient number.
For patients receiving first-line pembrolizumab (n = 53), median OS was 9.2 months (95%CI: 7.0–20.9 months) and survival at 3, 6 and 12 months was 79.2%(95%CI: 68.3–90.2), 66.0%(95%CI: 53.3–78.8) and 45.3%(95%CI: 31.9–58.7). Among patients treated with pembrolizumab in the second-line setting (n = 77), median OS was 9.1 months (95%CI: 5.4–12.8 months); survival at 3, 6 and 12 months was 83.1%(95%CI: 74.7–91.5), 59.7%(95%CI: 48.8–70.7) and 40.0 (95%CI: 29.0–51.0). OS and PFS are demonstrated in Fig. 1 2, respectively. In Fig. 3, we demonstrate OS divided by treatment line.
Overall survival for all treatment lines combined.
Progression free survival for all treatment lines combined.
Swimmer plot showing survival divided by treatment lines.
Toxicity
In the first-line setting, 20.8%had at least one treatment-related grade 3 AE and 1.9%of patients grade 4 AE. The most common types of AE grade 3 were colitis (5.7%) and pneumonitis (5.7%). The only registered grade 4 AE in first-line setting was thrombotic microangiopathy (n = 1). Among patients treated with second-line pembrolizumab, 16.9%experienced at least one treatment-related AE grade 3; most commonly colitis (2.6%), pneumonitis (2.6%), adrenal insufficiency (2.6%) and pneumonia (2.6%). One case of pneumonitis grade 4 was registered in patients treated in the second-line setting. No treatment-related deaths were registered. In the total patient cohort, approximately 20%of patients discontinued pembrolizumab due to toxicity. Registered toxicities are shown in Table 2.
DISCUSSION
In this population-based, nationwide retrospective study, we examined real-world data, including PFS, OS and safety, following implementation of pembrolizumab as standard treatment for mUTC in Denmark. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to evaluate treatment patterns and survival for mUTC patients treated with pembrolizumab in the real-world setting and compare this with relevant clinical trials.
Patient characteristics were comparable in our cohort and in the clinical trials, with exception of age and liver metastasis at inclusion. The main findings from KEYNOTE-045, KEYNOTE-052 and the present study are presented in Table 4 for comparison.
Comparison of present real-world patient cohort with patient cohorts in the KEYNOTE-052 and KEYNOTE-045 clinical trials
Abbreviations: RW = real-world; 1L = first-line; 2L = second-line; IQR = interquartile range; ECOG PS = Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; PD-L1 = programmed death-ligand 1; ORR = overall response rate; PFS = progression-free survival; OS = overall survival. ¥ Number of patients with primary tumor in bladder or urethra. ∞ Histology showing predominantly transitional-cell features (pure transitional-cell carcinoma = 68.9%). € No radiologic evaluation or not evaluable. χ Median duration of response not reached at time of data cutoff.
In our patient cohort, median age of patients initiating first-line pembrolizumab was three years lower than the median age of patients included in the clinical trial KEYNOTE-052, 71 and 74 years, respectively. More patients enrolled in KEYNOTE-052 had liver metastases at baseline (21%vs 13.2%). This is surprising, as patients enrolled in clinical trials are often younger and more fit than patients treated in the real-world clinical setting. [22] A possible explanation for this could be that some oncologists in real-life have refrained from treating elderly patients with ICI, due to a limited amount of knowledge of treatment efficacy and side effects in the elderly patient group. Patients in the present study receiving second-line pembrolizumab were slightly older and more patients had ECOG PS 2 compared to patients enrolled in the clinical trial KEYNOTE-045, but more patients in the clinical trial had liver metastases. This is of note, as patients with ECOG PS 2 and liver metastases were excluded from enrolment in KEYNOTE-045. In our cohort of patients treated in the first-line setting, there was a higher degree of patients with primary bladder tumor than in KEYNOTE-052. In the second-line setting, there was a higher percentage of patients with upper urinary tract tumors than in KEYNOTE-045. This might skew the results towards a shorter survival, due to the poorer prognosis of these patients [32, 33].
The relatively low PD-L1 testing rate in the first-line setting could partly be explained by the Danish guidelines in 2018. PD-L1 testing up front in first-line setting was not mandatory before June 2018 at which time preliminary data from Keynote-361 and IMvigor130 indicated reduced survival with immunotherapy, compared with chemotherapy, in patients with low expressions of PD-L1 [34]. Based on these studies EMA and FDA revised their approval to only recommend immunotherapy to cisplatin-unfit patients with high PD-L1 expression [34, 35]. We included patients from March 1, 2018 through February 28, 2019, and for the first four months all cisplatin ineligible patients regardless of PD-L1 status were eligible for pembrolizumab. However, the rate of PD-L1 testing (26.4%) in the first-line setting, can only partly be explained by this. It is probable that there was a lag-time in implementation of guidelines. In 13 patients, lack of PD-L1 testing can be explained by the patients progressing less than 12 months after neoadjuvant chemotherapy thereby deeming these patients platinum-resistant at the time of diagnosis of advanced disease. Some patients may also have received pembrolizumab without PD-L1 testing, due to physician’s choice. Although the number of tested cases is low in this cohort the percentage of cases with PD-L1 > 10%was much higher in this cohort than in KEYNOTE-052 (92.9%vs 31%). This might be due to statistical variability due to the small cohort. More probably the patients tested have been selected for pembrolizumab treatment due to positive PD-L1 test. Two patients have PD-L1 < 1%, and still received pembrolizumab, most likely due to treatment before implementation of above-mentioned guidelines.
The ORRs reported in the first-line (30.2%) and the second-line (27.3%) settings of the present study appear a little higher than the ORRs demonstrated in the clinical trials(28.6%and 21.1%) (Table 4) [13, 17]. This is most likely explained by the requirement for central imaging review [13, 17] and for responses being confirmed by follow-up scans after at least four weeks [17] in the clinical trials, in contrast to the real-world setting in which tumor responses are evaluated by CT scans every 12 weeks, without routine review by radiologist peers. Contrarily, in KEYNOTE-52 ORR differs significantly between CPS < 1%and CPS > 10%groups [36]. Due to low testing rates in our cohort and hence more diluted CPS, a lower ORR could be expected. Other factors that may explain favorable ORR in our study, might be the lower rate of liver metastases at baseline, slightly lower age and a higher proportion of primary bladder tumors in the first-line setting.
Time to response in the first- and second-line setting was comparable between the present study and the clinical trials. Duration of response for patients enrolled in KEYNOTE-052 (30.1 months median) was almost double that of patients receiving first-line pembrolizumab in the present study (16.9 months median) [20]. The reason for this is not clear, although a possible explanation might be the differences in patient characteristics at baseline, i.e. PD-L1 data is missing for most of our cohort. The treatment guidelines differ between the study populations; patients in the real-world setting are more prone to doctors choice, making patient selection for pembrolizumab more heterogenous than in a trial setting, [11, 29] and RECIST criteria are not systematically used in the real-world setting. Another probable explanation, however, may be the lack of confirmation of progression four weeks after evaluation imaging. This may explain why the lower duration of response, does not translate to comparably lower PFS or OS. Also, pseudo progression, reported with immunotherapy for mUTC between one percent to 17%[37] can erroneously be interpreted as progression. As median duration of response was not reached in the KEYNOTE-045 trial, comparison with response duration in our patient cohort receiving second-line pembrolizumab is not possible.
Median PFS was 3.5 months (95%CI: 2.3–7.9 months) for patients receiving first-line pembrolizumab and 2.9 months (95%CI: 2.5–5.3 months) for patients treated with second-line pembrolizumab. OS was approximately 9 months in the first-line and the second-line treatment setting. In the first-line setting, reported median PFS and the 6 months PFS was higher in our patient cohort than in the KEYNOTE-052 trial, which could be due to different tumor assessments being employed in the clinical trial. However, 12 months PFS was comparable between the two groups. In the second-line setting, reported median PFS and PFS at 6 months were slightly higher in our patient cohort than in the KEYNOTE-045 trial. Reported OS in our patient cohort receiving first- and second-line pembrolizumab were marginally lower than OS demonstrated in the clinical trials. This was expected due to the well-known differences between patients treated in clinical trials and the general population [22]. Patients with ECOG PS 2 and one or more of the established poor prognostic factors (i.e., Hgb < 10g/dl, liver metastasis, < 3months since last chemotherapy) for second-line therapy were excluded in the KEYNOTE trial but are represented in routine clinical practice and hence our real-world data. Nevertheless, the marginal difference between OS in the KEYNOTE trials and our findings, demonstrates that the results from these clinical trials can be extrapolated to the general mUTC population, which is not always the case in real-world studies [24]. It is noteworthy that most patients responding to treatment at 3 months, seem to have durable responses without progression at 6 months, and approximately half have no progression at 12 months, as demonstrated in the swimmers-plot (Fig. 3).
The toxicities registered in our cohort are limited, as data on mild toxicities are not routinely documented. We are therefore only able to report on toxicities CTCAE grade 3–4. We did, however, not find any new toxicities even though the frequency differs from the clinical trials. Approximately 20%of patients in our cohort registered a grade 3 toxicity, with colitis (3,6%) and pneumonitis (3,6%) as the most common. Two patients (1.4%) experienced grade 4 toxicity. The lack of routine registration of toxicities, makes comparison with the clinical trials difficult. In the first-line setting in KEYNOTE-052, 15%of patients experienced toxicity grade 3, 4 or 5 with fatigue being the most common at two percent. Toxicities were broad, and no grade 3, 4 or 5, toxicities had a frequency above one percent. In KEYNOTE-045, 15%of patients experienced toxicity of grade 3, 4 or 5, hypo- and hyperthyroidism being the most frequent. In our cohort in the second-line setting, 16.9%of the patients registered a toxicity grade 3 or 4, and hypo- and hyperthyroidism is not registered as a toxicity in any of these patients. We found a higher frequency of colitis and pneumonitis than in the clinical trials. Our finding matches similar frequencies found with other cancers treated with PD-1 checkpoint inhibitors [38, 39].
The retrospective study design limits the completeness of the collected information. We tried to overcome this and to minimize bias by including treatment centers nationwide with a population-based study design enabling complete inclusion of all mUTC patients treated with pembrolizumab in Denmark. Data on smoking status and ECOG PS are incomplete, as these are not always explicitly noted in the electronic medical records in routine clinical practice. Evaluation of tumor response in the clinical practice is performed by only one radiologist and not with systemic use of RECIST criteria, hence outcomes from the KEYNOTE studies and ours, should be compared with caution. PR and CR are not based on predefined criteria like RESIST in our cohort, and this might be a bias.
Treatment options for mUTC is expanding, and with the many new emerging drugs the last few years, also expected to continuing improving in the future. Even though pembrolizumab is a new addition to the treatment of mUTC, non-responders are frequent, possibly due to the heterogenic nature of the disease, making biological selection markers needed for optimal treatment. Targeted drugs like erdafitinib, [40] enfortumab-vedotin [41] and avelumab maintenance treatment [42] are showing promising results in early trials and real-world data from these novel treatments will be followed with interest. The rapid evolution of targeted therapies offers exciting new options for patients with mUTC.
CONCLUSION
Real-world data on OS, PFS and toxicity for patients with mUTC receiving pembrolizumab in the first-line and second-line settings, show comparable results to clinical trials. This study further establishes immunotherapy as an effective and tolerable treatment for mUTC.
Footnotes
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors have no acknowledgments
FUNDING
This research project received funding support from Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD) Denmark.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Omland, Tolver, Pappot and Stormoen had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Conception: Pappot, Omland. Acquisition of data: Omland, Carus, Als, Jensen, Pappot. Interpretation of data: Omland, Stormoen, Pappot. Writing the article: Omland, Stormoen, Pappot. Performance of work, Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Pappot, Stormoen, Carus, Als, Taarnhøj, Dohn, Jensen. Statistical analysis: Tolver. Obtaining funding: Pappot. Administrative, technical, or material support: Pappot. Supervision: Pappot.
CONFLICT OF INTERESTS
H.P. has received research grants from Roche, MSD, Pfizer, and Pierre-Fabre. D.R.S has no conflict of interest to report. L.H.O has no conflict of interest to report. A.C. has no conflict of interest to report. G.A.T. has no conflict of interest to report. A.T. has no conflict of interest to report. L.H.D. has no conflict of interest to report. N.V.J. has no conflict of interest to report. A.B.A has no conflict of interest to report.