Efficacy of Surgery on the Primary Tumour in Patients with Metastatic Bladder Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

The benefit of surgery of the primary tumor in metastatic bladder cancer is unknown.

OBJECTIVE:

Perform a comprehensive contemporary literature review on the benefit of surgery of the primary tumor in metastatic bladder cancer.

METHODS:

Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from January 1, 1990 to April 20, 2020 were queried for relevant articles published in English. Each article was evaluated by at least two content experts prior to inclusion which were blinded to the other’s evaluation. A third content expert was used when there was not a unanimous decision. Additional articles were added at the discretion of the authors.

RESULTS:

Long-term survival is possible in patients with initially unresectable and/or limited metastatic disease. Multi-modal therapy with chemotherapy and surgery have the most favorable outcomes when compared to single treatment modalities in selected populations. Patients who demonstrate a robust response to pre-surgical therapy are likely to benefit the most from consolidative surgery. Patients with distant metastatic disease may benefit from consolidative surgery; however, this benefit may only be seen in those with metastatic disease limited to one site.

CONCLUSIONS:

Surgery of the primary tumor in metastatic bladder cancer either in the setting of surgery alone, consolidative therapy or coupled with adjuvant therapy may be beneficial in well selected patients and should generally be limited to those who have a response to primary chemotherapy. Randomized clinical control trials are needed to further our understanding of the role of surgery in metastatic bladder cancer.

INTRODUCTION

Bladder cancer is the ninth most common malignancy worldwide [1]. Approximately 5–10% of patients present with de novo metastatic disease. In patients with metastatic bladder cancer, cisplatin-based chemotherapy (immunotherapy for those not eligible for cisplatin) and surveillance remain the National Comprehensive Cancer Network’s guideline therapy with the inclusion of radical surgery on a select basis in those patients who exhibit a robust clinical response [2]. Despite a response to chemotherapy in 50–60% of patients, the median survival is estimated to be only 14 months with 14% survival at 5-years [3] with almost all patients eventually succumbing to cancer related causes.

In patients with non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer the outcome is much more favorable with an estimated median survival of 4–6 years. There is a clear long-term survival benefit and a chance of cure with neoadjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy followed by consolidative surgery as demonstrated by randomized control trials [4, 5]. While guidelines offer consolidative surgery as an option for patients with metastatic bladder cancer with a response to chemotherapy, the evidence demonstrating a survival benefit is not nearly as robust as it is in the setting of non-metastatic disease. However, given the poor outcomes with current systemic treatment options for metastatic bladder cancer and the demonstrated improved survival benefit with chemotherapy and surgical consolidation in non-metastatic muscle invasive disease, it is reasonable to consider and further investigate similar multimodal treatment options for carefully selected patients.

It is difficult to delineate the additional benefit of surgery, if any, compared to chemotherapy alone. Currently, there are no randomized control trials evaluating the benefit of radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection in patients with metastatic disease. However, there are several retrospective studies that address the question, which are reviewed here. This is a review aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of studies evaluating the survival benefit of consolidative radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection after chemotherapy in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.

METHODS

Information sources and search strategy

We performed a systematic search in Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, and Cochrane Library from January 1, 1990 to April 20, 2020. Search structures, subject headings, and keywords were tailored to each database by a medical research librarian (KJK) specializing in systematic reviews. Searches were restricted to English-only articles and human subjects. Searches were not restricted by study design. We searched multiple grey literature resources such for conferences, dissertations, reports, and other unpublished studies for additional relevant citations. References of the included articles were also searched manually. The search terms used can be found in the complete MEDLINE search strategy which is shown in supplementary Table 1.

Our findings are reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Our study protocol is registered in PROSPERO: the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42020182861).

Study selection

After the initial search, two of the principal investigators (JTM, AK) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the articles to identify potentially relevant studies. Disagreements were resolved by consensus and by seeking the opinion of a third reviewer (MEW). Studies that passed the title/abstract review were retrieved for full-text review. The two investigators (JTM MEW) then independently screened the remaining full-text articles. Disagreements were resolved by consensus and by seeking the opinion of a third reviewer (AHL). We retrieved 2532 unique articles for review after duplicates were removed. Of these, 21 studies met all the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review (Tables 1–3). The PRISMA flow diagram (Fig. 1) shows the entire review process from the original search to the final selection of studies.

Table 1

Studies including cT4b/pT4b patients

Study	Pts (n)	Study description	Stage^*	Chemotherapy/Radiation						Median follow up in months (range)^**	Survival/recurrence	Comments
				Primary therapy				Adjuvant therapy
				Regimen	Cycles Median (range)	Clinical Response	Pathologic Response	Regimen	Cycles Median (range)
Donat, Herr et al. 1996 [6]	41 (24 underwent RC)	Retrospective review of patients with unresectable bladder cancer who received M-VAC CHT followed by RC when possible	cT4bNx/ + M0 cT3-4N+ M0	100% M-VAC	4 (2–6)	34% cT0 66% cT+	Of the 24 that underwent RC, 8 were pT0	NA	NA	Minimum follow up of 4 years (4–7 years)	Median survival for RC (8) versus no RC (6) of 14 patients with cCR: RC: not reached No RC: 20 months Median survival for RC (16) versus no RC (11) of 27 patients with no cCR: RC: 16 months (2 alive) No RC: 14 months (none alive)	No pelvic tumor recurrences in 13 patients, 9 of which whom underwent cystectomy with 8 alive at follow up. Of the 16 patients with no clinical response to M-VAC who underwent cystectomy, 7 were down staged to pT3aN0 or less and 2 were alive at follow up compared to none of the 11 that did not undergo surgery. Of the 11 that did not undergo surgery, 7 had inoperable disease, 4 had metastatic progression. Of the 24 patients who underwent RC, 6 (25%) required subsequent exploration and colostomy to relieve bowel obstruction due to local tumor growth.
Black, Dinney et al. 2011 [7]	23	Retrospective review of patients with cT4bN0 who underwent RC	cT4b	83% M-VAC Gem/Cis Taxol based or some combination of the above 13% underwent RT with palliative intent from outside institution	NA	NA	CR: 28% PR: 35%	35% M-VAC Gem/Cis Taxol based or some combination of above	NA	19.2 (6–178.8)	1-, 2- and 5-year DSS was 91% (95% C.I. 70–98%), 66% (95% C.I. 42–83%) and 60% (95% C.I. 34–78%),	Pathologic stage, positive surgical margin and presence of lymph node metastasis at time of cystectomy correlated with DSS. RFS predicted by pathologic node status (HR 9.72, 95% CI 1.72–55.1) and adjuvant chemotherapy (HR. 5.52, 95% CI 1.38–22.1) using log-rank test.

Table 2

Studies including cN+ patients

Study	Pts (n)	Study description	Stage^*	Chemotherapy/Radiation						Median follow up in months (range)^**	Survival/recurrence	Comments
				Primary therapy				Adjuvant therapy
				Regimen	Cycles Median (range)	Clinical Response	Pathologic Response	Regimen	Cycles Median (range)
Nieuwenhuijzen, Bex et al. 2005 [17]	52	Retrospective review of pN+ patients treated with CHT	pN+ by fine needle bx: 40% pN+ by lymphadenectomy: 60% pN1: 21% pN2: 77% pN3: 2%	HD-M-VAC: 40% M-VAC: 60%	4	CR: 29% PR: 57% SD/PD: 14%	In patients with clinical CR: 73% had complete pathologic response In patients with clinical PR: 10% had complete pathologic response	NA	NA	68 (11–105)	5 yr OS: 23% (95% CI 11% –35%), median survival 15.4 months. 5 yr. CSS CR: 42% PR: 19% NR: 0%	Clinical overall response was independently associated with survival (HR. 4.1, 95% CI 1.6–10.9) and more specifically clinical complete response had better survival (HR 8.0, 95% CI2.4–27.0) cT0N0 were independently associated with improved survival (HR 4.4, 95% CI 1.6–12.2) cT+ N0 after M-VAC was independently related to better survival (HR 2.8, 95% CI 1.1–7.2)
Shariat, Karakiewicz et al. 2006 [21]	888 (198 pN+, 98 pT4)	Retrospective review of patients undergoing RC and BPLND	pN+: 23% pT4: 12%	Of entire cohort: 2% neoadjuvant radiation 5% upfront chemotherapy 94% with cisplatin-based regimens 6% carboplatin-based regimens	NA	NA	Of entire cohort: 5% adj RT 25% adj CHT 94% with cisplatin-based regimens 6% carboplatin-based regimens	NA	NA	Entire cohort: 39 months (0.4–183.4)	pN- vs pN+ for 3, 7, 10 yr OS: 80.4% vs 37.5%, 72.2% vs 27.6%, 69.7% vs 25.5%.	Patients with pN1-3 were at significantly higher risk for bladder cancer recurrence and death than patients with pT3N0.
Ghadjar, Burkhard et al. 2010 [12]	30	Retrospective of consecutive patients with unresectable bladder cancer who underwent pre-surgical CHT followed by RC	cT4, cN0, cM0: 20% ≤cT4,cN+, cM0: 70% ≤cT4,cN+, cM+: 10%	Gem/Cis: 64% Gem/Carbo: 30% M-VAC: 3% Other: 3%	4 (2–6)	cN+ patients: CR: 76% PR: 5% SD: 19%	ypT0: 30% ypN0: 50%	27% underwent adjuvant CHT 3% underwent adjuvant brachytherapy	NA	28 (4–97)	5 yr DFS: 42% 5 yr OS: 46% pT0 patients 5 yr DFS: 83% 5 yr OS: 71%	pT0 associated with significant increased DFS (HR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.61 p = 0.015) and OS (HR 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.95) Age ≤64 associated with significant OS (HR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09–0.86), but not DFS (HR 0.43, 95% CI 0.16–1.19 p = 0.1)
Meijer, Mertens et al. 2014 [16]	149	Retrospective review of cN+ patients treated with induction CHT followed by RC	cN1: 36% cN2–3: 42% cM1: 22% (supraregional LN)	M-VAC: 22% HD-M-VAC: 40% Gem/Cis: 13% Gem/Carbo: 26%	4	CR: 35% PR: 48% SD: 12% PD: 5%	CR: 27% PR: 28% SD: 24% PD: 10% Unknown: 11%	NA	NA	57 (24–104)	Median CSS of cN1: 33 months cN2-3 and cM115 months. 5 yr CSS cCR: 43% 5 yr CSS pCR: 64%	Overall disease recurrence in cN1: 48%, cN2-3: 64.5%, cM1: 61% In cCR, residual disease after surgery present 38.5% RFS better for cN1 versus cN2-3,cM0-1 (p = 0.03) CSS of cN2-3 similar to cM1 patients In cCR, residual disease present in 38.5% of patients pCR associated with CSS in multi-variate analysis
Ho, Willis et al. 2015[9]	55	Retrospective study cN+ patients treated with induction CHT followed by RC	cN1: 29% cN2: 9% cN3: 15% M1: 47% (supraregional LN)	Cisplatin-based: 93% Non-cisplatin based: 7%	5 (2–11)	CR: 38% PR: 46% SD: 9% PD: 2% Unknown: 6%	ypT0N0: 15% ypT+ N0: 40% ypT0N+: 7% ypT + N+: 38%	NA	NA	58.7 (0.43–171.8)	Overall CSS: 25.7 months (12.9-NA) Median CSS in patients CN1-3: 22.6 months 5-year CSS 66% for pN0	No difference in response rates to CHT between cN1-3 and cM1 49% had downstaging after CHT In cCR, residual disease present in 27% 44% of patients with cPR of nodes were pN0
Urakami, Yuasa et al. 2015 [20]	60	Retrospective study of cN+ patients treated with induction CHT followed by RC	cN1: 32% cN2: 50% cN3: 18% cM1: 30% (supraregional LN) Bladder primary: 52% Upper tract primary: 48%	Gem/Cis based: 57% Other: 43%	4 (2–8)	CR: 20% PR: 55% SD: 17% PD: 8%	ypT0: 20% ypN0: 33% ypT0N0: 14% ypTa-1N0: 8% Unknown: 15%	69% (patients with pN+, LVI+, positive margin)	NA	22	Median PFS: 18.6 months Median OS: 31.6 months 5 yr PFS: 39% 5 yr PFS CR: 72%, PR: 37%, SD: 0%. 5 yr OS: 42%	16% had positive margins Clinical tumor response associated with improved PFS and OS (p < 0.0001)
Hermans, Fransen van de Putte et al. 2016 [22]	659	Retrospective review of cN+ patients treated with induction CHT followed by RC compared to RC only	Overall: cN1: 46% cN2-3: 54% RC only: cN1: 60% cN2-3: 40% primary CHT and RC: cN1: 42% cN2-3: 58%	Overall: 13% of cN1 19% of cN2-3 Within CHT group: 42% of cN1 58% of cN2-3	NA	NA	cN1: ≤ypT1N0 was achieved in 39% cN2-3: ≤ypT1N0 was achieved in 27%	8.1% of upfront RC 0.9% of RC and primary CHT	NA	Upfront RC: cN1: 73.2 (37.2–120) cN2-3: 76.8 (31.2–132) RC and primary CHT cN1: 46.8 (15.6–70) cN2-3: 31.2 (13.2–78)	5 yr OS ≤ypT1N0 No CHT: 81% CHT: 79% 5 yr OS pT2-4N0 No CHT: 45% CHT: 44% 5 yr OS pT4bN0 or TanyN1-3 No CHT: 17% CHT: 30%	pN0 at upfront RC cN1: 31%, cN2-3: 19% cN1: ≤ypT1N0 was achieved in 39% following primary CHT versus 5% in RC only (p < 0.001) cN2-3: ≤ypT1N0 was achieved in 27% following primary CHT versus 3% in RC only (p < 0.001) primary CHT and RC associated with ≤ypT1N0 (OR 14) and 53% decreased risk of death (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.36–0.61) compared to RC alone
Zargar-Shoshtari, Zargar et al. 2016 [10]	304	Retrospective review of cN+ patients treated with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery	cN1-3	Gem/ Cis: 43% M-VAC: 42% Other: 15% (85% of these patients Gem/Carbo)	4 (3–4)	NA	ypT0N0: 15% ypT1N0 or less: 27%	NA	NA	13 (5–28)	Median OS: 23 months (9–176) At median of 10 months: 50% patients died	pT0N0 was only seen in patients with cN1-N2 disease 56% cN1, 39% cN2, 39% cN3 were pN0 (p = 0.03) Positive margin (HR 2.96, 95% CI 1.72–5.09), single positive node (HR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.47–4.47), greater than 2 positive nodes (HR = 3.26, 95% CI 1.98–5.36), 15 or greater nodes removed (0.55, 95% CI 0.36–0.86) and receiving M-VAC/GC (HR = 1.88) were predictors of death.
Galsky, Stensland et al. 2016 [13]	1739	Retrospective review of patients in National Cancer Database comparing outcomes of patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radical cystectomy.	cN1: 48% cN2: 45% cN3: 7% (1104 underwent cystectomy and 635 underwent CHT alone)	33% underwent primary	NA	NA	ypT0N0: 9% ypN0: 37% after CHT compared to 5% undergoing initial cystectomy	30% underwent adjuvant CHT	NA	5 yr OS for: CHT alone:14% Cystectomy alone: 19% Primary/ cystectomy: 31% Cystectomy/adj::26%	Compared with cystectomy alone, preoperative CHT associated with significant improvement in OS (HR 0.8095% CI, 0.66 to 0.97). Adjuvant CHT associated with improvement in survival compared to RC alone (HR 0.68, 95% CI 0.56 to 0.83). Survival of patients treated with CHT alone worse than those treated with cystectomy alone (HR 1.54, 95% CI 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.96) from 12 months onward.
Moschini, Mattei et al. 2018 [18]	192	Retrospective review of patients with cN+ treated with RC/PLND without pre-surgical CHT	cN+: 100% pN+: 56% at time of RC	None	NA	NA	NA	18.8% underwent adjuvant CHT	NA	48	5 yr. RFS: 55% CSM: 53% OM: 51%	Adjuvant CHT was associated with improved CSS and OS in multivariate analysis (HR 0.42, 95% CI 0.21–0.89, p = 0.03 and HR: 0.37,95% CI 0.17–0.81)
Stanik, Poprach et al. 2019 [14]	661	Retrospective Review of cN+ patients who underwent primary CHT and RC	cN+ primary CHT and adjuvant CHT grouped into “perioperative CHT”	3% underwent primary CHT	See adj	See adj	See adj	32% underwent adjuvant CHT	NA	NA	5 yr OS: RC + CHT no LND: 20.3% RC + CHT and LND: 31.9% CHT only: 21.7% 5 yr CSS: RC + CHT no LND: 40% RC + CHT and LND: 22% CHT only: 30.5%	5-year OS rates for chemotherapy alone, radical cystectomy alone and combined radical cystectomy with chemotherapy: p < 0.001 Multivariate analysis: age > 60 years (HR 1.29, 95% CI, 1.06–1.56; p = 0.011), clinical stage cT3-4 (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12–1.71, p = 0.002) were negative predictors of overall survival. RC + CHT reduced overall mortality by 21% (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.630–0.994, p = 0.044) when compared to CHT alone.
Al-Alao, Mueller-Leonhard et al. 2019 [11]	491	Retrospective review of patients with cN+ bladder cancer treated with CHT followed by RC	cN1: 52% cN2: 42% cN3: 6% All patients underwent primary CHT and RC	NA	NA	NA	10% ypT0 35% ypN0	NA	NA	18.7 (8–39)	1,5, 8 yr OS: 69%, 34%, 29% 4 yr OS cN1: 22% cN2-3: 12% pN0: 31% pN+: 11%	On multivariable analysis, pT3 (HR 2.18 95% CI 1.31–3.65; p = 0.003) and pT4 (HR 2.65, 95% CI 1.53–4.58; P < 0.001) vs ≤pT1 and pN1 (HR 1.77, 95% CI 1.09–2.86; p = 0.02), pN2 (HR 2.58 95% CI 1.63–4.09; p < 0.001) and pN3 (HR 5.09 95% CI 2.55–10.14; P < 0.001) vs pN0 were independently associated with worse OS. 5 yr OS: 10–59% of entire cohort
Bae, Lee et al. 2019 [15]	230	Compare treatment outcomes of CHT before or after, RC and RC alone in patients with lymph node positive bladder cancer	11.7% cystectomy alone 19.1% palliative CHT 13% primary CHT followed by RC 56.1% RC followed by adj CHT AJC 7^th criteria: cN1: 100 cN2-3: 130	13% primary CHT (all received a cisplatin-based regimen)	2 (1–4)	NA	NA	NA56.1% adj CHT, 19.1% palliative CHT all received cisplatin-based therapy	Adj: 3 (1–7)	NA	Median OS for: entire cohort: 30.4 months Palliative CHT: 19.3 months Primary CHT/RC: 49.1 months RC/Adj CHT: 42.6 months RC only: 11.2 months	The median OS was worse for cN1 compared to cN2 (42.6 vs 21.3 months) p = 0.004

Table 3

Studies including cM+ patients

Study	Pts (n)	Study description	Stage^*	Chemotherapy/Radiation						Median follow up in months (range)^**	Survival/recurrence	Comments
				Primary therapy				Adjuvant therapy
				Regimen	Cycles Median (range)	Clinical Response	Regimen	Cycles Median (range)	Clinical Response
Seisen, Sun et al. 2016 [23]	3753 (248 treated with RC, 49 treated with > 50gy)	Retrospective review using National Cancer Data Base comparing CHT with high-intensity versus conservative treatment of the primary in patients with metastatic bladder cancer	metastatic bladder cancer defined as presence of extrapelvic positive lymph nodes as well as bone or visceral involvement cN+: 35% unknown: 32%	(CHT given, information NA)	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	64.72 (37.59–117.75)	Median OS high-intensity vs low-intensity: 14.92 (9.82–30.72) vs 9.95 (5.29–17.08)	High-intensity local therapy was associated with a significant overall survival benefit (HR 0.56). Median OS significantly longer in consolidative surgery group compared to the cytoreductive strategy [17.71 (10.41-NA) vs 12.42 (7.06 –20.37)]
Li, Kukreja et al. 2018 [26]	43	Retrospective review of patients with metastatic bladder cancer who underwent cytoreductive RC	cN+: 54.6% cM+: 74.4%	93% underwent primary CHT 51% gem/cis 49% Adria/gem 46% M-VAC	(1–4)	NA	ypT0:7% < ypT2:16% ≥ypT3:65% ypN+: 63%	16% adjuvant 21% salvage 16% palliative	NA	NA	Median PFS: 5.9 months Median CSS: 12.3 months	On multivariate analysis, patients with solitary metastases had improved CSS compared to those with multiple metastases (HR 2.62, 95% CI, 1.16–5.90) with median CSS of 26 months versus 7.9 months (p < 0.001)
Luzzago, Palumbo et al. 2019 [25]	2414	Retrospective review of SEER database of patients who underwent RC with CHT vs only CHT in metastatic bladder cancer	cNx/N0:52% cN1-3:48% RC with CHT: 21% CHT only: 79%	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	Multivariate analysis. RC with CHT was associated with lower OM (HR 0.5, 95% CI, 0.4–0.6; P < .001) after 1:1 PS matching, IPTW and after accounting for number and location of metastases. Higher OS after RC with CHT was observed in patients with one metastatic site (21 months vs 6 months, p = 0.001).
Kim, Park et al. 2019 [33]	130 (88 bladder, 42 upper tract)	Retrospective review of patients with metastatic bladder cancer who underwent CHT+ RC or CHT only	cM1 patients with regional lymph nodes without distant metastasis excluded	Gem/Cis or carbo M-VAC	NA	NA	Of RC patients: 16% ypT2 25% ypT3 59% ypT4 19% ypN0 63% ypN1 9% ypN2	NA	NA	13 (6–22)	Median CSS: 16 months in RC/CHT group, 10 months in CHT only. Median OS: 14 months in RC/CHT group, 9 months in CHT only	Multivariate analysis demonstrated higher ECOG (HR 2.001, 95% CI 1.313–3.050, p = .001) and metastasis to liver (HR 2.147, 95% CI = 1.210–3.807, p = .009) were associated with worse CSS and OS (HR 2.129, 95% CI 1.423–3.185, p < .001) and liver metastasis (HR = 2.161, 95% CI = 1.227–3.807, p = .008). Surgery (HR 0.663, 95% CI 0.449–0.980, p = .039) improved CSS in patients with metastatic UC. Surgery was not associated with improved OS. 20 patients in non-surgery group required surgical intervention for urinary tract related complications compared to 1 patient in the surgery group.
Mao, Ma et al. 2019 [24]	11824	Retrospective Review of SEER database comparing survival rates of different treatment modalities for AJCC stage IV bladder cancer	T4bN0M0, TanyN1-3M0,Tany NanyM1 CHT: 52.8% RT: 17% RC: 52.8%	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	No CHT, no RT, No RC: 2 months Only CHT: 9 months Only RT: 3 months Only RC: 10 months CHT and RT: 10 months CHT and RC: 18 months RT and RC: 8 months CHT, RT and RC: 14 months	Patients who underwent RT alone had lower OS (14.4% vs 20.5%) CHT in combination with RC had the lowest all-cause mortality (HR 0.26 95% CI 0.24–0.28, p < 0.001) and lowest CSS (HR. 0.24, 95% CI 0.22–0.26, p < 0.001) Patients who underwent RT only had the highest all-cause mortality (HR 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.92, p < 0.001) and the highest cancer specific mortality (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.94, p = 0.002).
Moschini, Xylinas et al. 2020 [27]	326 (60% with bladder cancer, 40% with upper tract)	Retrospective review of surgery in the primary in de novo metastatic bladder cancer	De novo cT1-4,N0-3, and cM1 14% of patients treated with surgery in the primary tumor site Patients with RT excluded	42%	Cisplatin or carboplatin 5 (3–7) surgery in primary site 6 (4–6) No surgery in primary site Unknown percent primary vs adj	NA	NA	Cisplatin or carboplatin 5 (3–7) surgery in primary site 6 (4–6) No surgery in primary site Unknown percent primary vs adj CHT	NA	43 (33–45)	3 yr CSS and OS in patients treated with surgery versus no surgery: 22% vs 37% (p = 0.02) and 20% vs 35% (p = 0.02)	There was a statistically significant difference in CSS and OS only in patients with one metastatic site and no difference in patients with two or more metastatic sites. In bladder cancer patients, surgery was associated with a protective effect on CSM (HR 0.44, 95% CI 0.20–0.97, p = 0.02) and OM (HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.25–0.92, p = 0.03) compared with patients treated with CHT only

^*cM0 unless otherwise stated. ^**unless otherwise specified. RC: Radical cystectomy. CHT: chemotherapy. HR: Hazard Ratio. M-VAC: methotrexate, vinblastine sulfate, doxorubicin, cisplatin. RFS: recurrence free survival. OS: overall survival. SD: stable disease. PD: progressive disease. CR: complete response. PR: partial response.

Fig. 1

PRISMA Flow Diagram.

Eligibility criteria

We included only studies reporting on adult patients (> 18 years old) with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder who underwent radical cystectomy and pelvic lymph node dissection. We excluded review articles, abstracts and case reports. We identified and linked multiple reports of the same study, and we excluded them if duplicated or not relevant. If further clarification was needed regarding reports generated from a potentially overlapping dataset, the authors were contacted. We excluded papers that reported results that had already been published. We included articles that were not identified by the initial search but felt were relevant, which inherently subjects this review to selection bias. No data was combined across multiple studies.

RESULTS

cT4b/pT4b (Table 1)

Donat et al. performed a retrospective study of 41 patients with cT4bNx/N+ M0 disease all of whom were administered methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin (M-VAC) as part of M-VAC chemotherapy trials for patients with advanced urothelial cell carcinoma [6]. 23 (56%) of these patients had clinical staging available, 83% were cT4b. 24 of these patients underwent radical cystectomy. The reasons for not proceeding with surgery were lack of response, systemic tumor progression or patient refusal. 34% of patients had a complete clinical response. 14 (34%) had a complete clinical response to M-VAC 9 (cT0). 6 of 8 patients who underwent cystectomy compared to only 1 of 5 who refused surgery were alive at 4 years. 7 of the 8 patients who underwent cystectomy were pT0. While these numbers are small, it does demonstrate that despite a complete clinical response in both groups, patients who underwent surgery were more likely to be alive at four years than those who did not undergo surgery. 28 (68%) of the 41 patients had a local recurrence or tumor progression. Not surprisingly, local recurrence or tumor progression occurred in 12 of 14 of patients who had extravesical disease at time of cystectomy, in all of the patients whose cystectomy was aborted due or disease remained inoperable after chemotherapy and in 3 of 5 who refused cystectomy despite having a complete clinical response. On the contrary, only 1 of 10 patients who either had no residual disease in the bladder or had tumor confined to the bladder wall at time of cystectomy had local recurrence or progression of disease. This data suggests that a more robust response to chemotherapy and the ability to achieve negative margins is important in considering which patients will most likely benefit from consolidative surgery.

More recently, Black et al. did a retrospective analysis of patients focusing only on patients with cT4bN0 bladder cancer without evidence of distant metastasis [7]. It was shown that long-term survival was able to be achieved in a portion of patients undergoing primary chemotherapy followed by radical cystectomy. Of the 23 patients identified, 83% were administered primary chemotherapy and 35% were administered adjuvant chemotherapy (13% underwent palliative radiation prior to surgery or chemotherapy). At time of cystectomy, 17% were pT0 and 8% had either pTa or pTis and 30% of patients had pT4 disease. 13% of patients had positive margins and all died of disease. On univariate analysis, positive surgical margin and pathologic nodal metastasis were predictors of decreased disease survival (HR 5.34, 95% CI 1.25–22.83 and HR 29.33, 95% CI 3.13–275.19 respectively).

These studies were small, retrospective, may be favorably skewed due to clinical over staging and the latter only included patients who ultimately had surgery. However, it does highlight that in well-selected patients with initially unresectable disease there can be a robust response to chemotherapy rending consolidative surgery a feasible option. Additionally, in patients with a response to chemotherapy long term disease control and survival is possible following consolidative surgery.

cN+ (Table 2)

While the benefit of pre-surgical chemotherapy in patients with muscle-invasive disease has been demonstrated in several studies, historically, few have included patients with clinically node positive disease. However, more recently, retrospective studies have emerged focusing on this patient population. The median survival (overall or cancer specific) ranges from 20–31.6 months [8 –11]. Ghadjar et al. did a retrospective study in 30 patients considered unresectable (21/30 cN+) and reported a 30% pT0 rate and 5-year disease free survival and overall survival of 42% and 46% respectively [12].

Galsky et al., utilized the National Cancer Data Base and collected information on 1,739 patients with regionally clinical node positive disease [13]. The crude 5-year survival for chemotherapy alone, cystectomy alone, preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgery and cystectomy followed by adjuvant chemotherapy was 14%, 19%, 31% and 26% respectively. They demonstrated that durable disease-free survival is possible in a subset of patients with clinically node positive disease and that combined therapy with chemotherapy and surgery had the best overall survival compared to surgery alone or chemotherapy alone.

Stanik et al. did a similar study using the Czech National Cancer Registry with similar results [14]. The reported 5-year overall survival rates for chemotherapy alone, radical cystectomy alone and combined radical cystectomy with chemotherapy as 21.7% (95% CI 15.4% –28.0%), 12.1% (95% CI 7.4% –16.7%), and 25.4% (95% CI, 18.9% –31.9%), p < 0.001). Similarly, Bae et al., did a retrospective study of 230 patients comparing outcomes based on treatment modalities and also concluded that radical cystectomy in addition to chemotherapy (either before or after surgery) had longer median overall survival compared to chemotherapy or surgery alone (49.1 months, 42.6 months, 19.3 months, 11.2 months respectively, p < 0.001) [15]. Meijer et al., conducted a retrospective study on patients with clinically node positive bladder cancer (22% were cM1) who were treated with induction chemotherapy (MVAC or Gem/Cis or Gem/Carbo) followed by surgery [16]. While they determined that prognosis remained poor, 25% of patients demonstrated a complete pathologic response to primary chemotherapy with a median cancer specific survival of 127 months and 5-year cancer specific survival of 63.5%. Patients with partial, stable or progressive disease after induction chemotherapy had a significantly decreased median survival and 5-year cancer specific survival.

Zargar-Shoshtari et al. performed a large, multi-institutional retrospective analysis of 304 clinically node positive patients who underwent induction chemotherapy [10]. 85% of patients underwent platinum-based therapy. The pN0 rate was 56% in cN1 patients and 39% in cN2 and cN3 patients (p = 0.03) and the pT0 rate was 24%. The pathologic complete response rate for the entire cohort was 14.5%. The median overall survival was 22 months (8.0–54). On multivariate analysis, overall survival was associated with pN0, negative surgical margins, removal of 15 or more pelvic nodes and cisplatin chemotherapy.

Nieuwenhuijizen et al. did a retrospective review of patients with pathologically confirmed positive lymph nodes either by lymph node dissection or by biopsy treated with chemotherapy alone or with chemotherapy followed by consolidative surgery in the case of partial or complete response [17]. The reported complete response rate was 29%, partial response rate was 57% and stable or progressive disease was 14%. This study showed also that response to chemotherapy is associated with improved survival and that lymph node status after chemotherapy is critical as all the patients with post chemotherapy nodal disease died within 2 years.

Moschini et al., did a large, single-center retrospective study including 192 patients who did not undergo pre-surgical chemotherapy to evaluate the survival effects of adjuvant chemotherapy in cN+ and cN + pN+ patients [18]. The pN+ rate was 56% reflecting staging inaccuracies problematic to appropriate risk stratification with current imaging techniques and criteria. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that in the cN + pN+ subgroup, adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved cancer specific survival (HR: 0.45, 95% CI 0.21–0.89, p = 0.03) and overall survival (HR 0.37, CI 0.17–0.81, p = 0.01). The 5-year recurrence, cancer specific mortality and overall mortality was 55%, 53% and 51% with a median follow up of 48 months.

The limitations of these studies are that they are retrospective and two were from cancer registries, which lack granular information such as chemotherapy regimens, comorbidities, performance status, extent of pelvic lymph node dissection, etc. that could bias the results. Additionally, patients that underwent chemotherapy and did not undergo consolidative surgery as a result of having a poor response to chemotherapy may indicate more aggressive disease therefore confounding the results. While these data do not provide level 1 evidence for combination therapy, it provides a compelling argument to consider combination therapy over a single treatment strategy. These retrospective studies varied considerably in the number of patients receiving primary or adjuvant treatment, but nonetheless, they all reiterate the common theme of improved survival in patients undergoing multi-modal therapy. Additionally, the benefit to consolidative surgery is mostly likely in those with complete or partial response to primary chemotherapy resulting in a lower final pathologic stage as suggested in others studies [19 –22].

These studies together provide framework that would support the use of a multi-modal approach in patients with metastatic disease who display a measurable response to primary chemotherapy. In the setting of no response or progression, surgery is unlikely to offer a survival benefit and only result in the morbidity of surgery as these patients tend to do poorly regardless of surgical consolidation. However, very few studies have investigated other factors such as quality of life that may be improved from local symptom control from surgery in these patients.

Surgery in patients with extrapelvic lymph node involvement or distant metastasis (cM1) (Table 3)

While one could consider cystectomy in patients with metastatic disease for palliative purposes, it is difficult to determine what benefit (survival or otherwise), if any, surgery adds to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic disease. It is known that complete response and long-term survival in patients with cisplatin-based chemotherapy is rare and the long-term data regarding treatment with immune-therapy remains to be seen. Therefore, further exploration of whether or not multi-modal therapy can otherwise change this otherwise abruptly lethal disease is warranted.

Several studies have recently emerged comparing effectiveness of treatment modalities in distant metastatic bladder cancer. Seisen et al. conducted a large National Cancer Data Base study evaluating 3,753 patients with metastatic bladder cancer to compare high-intensity treatment of the primary (radical cystectomy or ≥50Gy delivered to the bladder) to conservative treatment (no surgery, transurethral resection of the bladder or < 50Gy of radiation) [23]. The median overall survival was significantly longer in the high-intensity treatment group compared to the conservative group at 14.92 months (9.82–30.72) versus 9.95 months (5.29–17.08), p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, high-intensity local treatment was independently associated with a significant overall survival benefit. While the authors performed a propensity weighted analysis, there were unmeasured confounders such as lack of information regarding adjuvant therapy and burden of disease, body mass index, renal function and cardiovascular disease which may have been prohibited patients from treatment with systemic therapy.

Mao et al. did a retrospective study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database of patients with stage IV bladder cancer (AJCC 2^nd edition- T4bN0M0, TanyN1-3M0, TanyNanyM1) to compare survival based on treatment (chemotherapy, radiation therapy or radical cystectomy) [24]. The median survival for the entire cohort was 9.0 months. Combined chemotherapy and radical cystectomy had a median survival of 18 months and those that received radiation therapy only had a median survival of 3 months which is comparable to those who did not receive any treatment who had a median survival of 2 months. On multivariate analysis, patients who had chemotherapy combined with radical cystectomy was associated with the lowest all-cause mortality (HR 0.26, 95% CI 0.24–0.28, p < 0.001) and lowest cancer specific mortality (HR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.22–0.26, p < 0.001). Patients who received radiation therapy only had the highest all-cause mortality (HR = 0.84, 95% CI 0.77–0.92, p < 0.001) and the highest cancer specific mortality (HR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.77–0.94, p = 0.002). These results demonstrated that combination therapy with chemotherapy and radical cystectomy had the best survival rates in patients with metastatic bladder cancer.

Luzzago et al. also did a retrospective study using the SEER registry identifying patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma of the bladder to determine if there was a difference in survival of patients who underwent chemotherapy alone versus radical cystectomy with chemotherapy [25]. The study included patients from 2004–2016 and on multivariate analysis radical cystectomy with chemotherapy was associated with lower overall mortality before and after propensity score matching (HR 0.5, p < 0.001 and HR 0.5, p < 0.001 respectively). However, higher overall survival after radical cystectomy with chemotherapy was only observed in patients with one metastatic site (21 months vs 16 months, p = 0.001) similar to a study by Li et al. [26]. It was noted that 78% of their cohort had one metastatic site and that the number of patients with more than one metastatic site was not robust enough to test whether or not combination therapy was beneficial.

Kim et al. did a retrospective review comparing patients with metastatic urothelial cancer who underwent chemotherapy with radical cystectomy to chemotherapy only. In this study, which included 130 patients (88 bladder, 42 upper tract), the median cancer specific survival and overall survival was 16 months and 14 months in the combination surgery and chemotherapy group compared to 10 months and 9 months, respectively, in the chemotherapy group only (p = 0.014). It should be noted that while 20 of 74 patients in the non-surgery group required surgical intervention for urinary tract related complications only 1 of 56 patients in the surgery group required further intervention. The interventions included cystoscopy with fulguration, stent placement, percutaneous nephrostomy tube, and suprapubic tube placement. Although it is important to consider that these procedures are unlikely result in worse morbidity than a cystectomy. They also reported that post-operative complication rate was similar to patients without metastatic disease.

Li et al. did a retrospective study identifying 43 patients with metastatic urothelial cell carcinoma who underwent radical cystectomy [26]. The median progression free survival was 5.9 months and the median cancer specific survival was 12.3 months. Patients with a single site of metastasis had longer median progression free survival (10.4 months versus 3.5 months) and cancer specific survival (26 months versus 7.9 months) compared to patients with multiple sites of metastasis (p > 0.001). On multivariate analysis, solitary metastases compared to those with multiple metastases had improved cancer specific survival (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.16–5.90, p = 0.02). There was no difference in survival of patients who had clinically detected versus occult metastasis. The authors noted the 56% complication rate and 2.3% mortality rate are similar to the rates in the randomized clinical trial comparing open radical cystectomy to robotic radical cystectomy suggesting the safety of this procedure in this high-risk patient group at high-volume centers.

Similarly, Moschini et al. did a retrospective review of 326 patients of patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma (60% with bladder disease, 40% with upper tract disease) and compared outcomes of those who underwent surgery versus no surgery of the primary site [27]. 14% of the patient were treated with surgery and patients who underwent radiation therapy were excluded. The 3-year cancer specific and overall survival in patients treated with surgery versus no surgery were 22% versus 37% (p = 0.02) and 20% versus 35% (p = 0.02), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in cancer specific survival and overall survival only in patients with one metastatic site and no difference in patients with two or more metastatic sites.

These studies support further investigation of the role of radical cystectomy after chemotherapy in patients with metastatic bladder cancer. While the studies were retrospective, the majority found that combination therapy resulted in improved overall survival compared to single treatment modalities. Additionally, those with a single site of metastasis had improved survival compared to patients with multiple sites of metastasis when undergoing multi-modal therapy. They also demonstrated feasibility and comparable post-operative complication rate when compared to surgery in non-metastatic bladder cancer patients at high volume centers. Importantly, surgery in this patient population may decrease the need for the need for surgical intervention from the morbidity of leaving the bladder in situ. More studies are needed to investigate how surgery may be beneficial to patients with initially metastatic disease outside the parameters of survival such as quality of life.

Limitations and summary of recommendations

There are several limitations to this review which make it difficult to propose definitive recommendations regarding surgery in patients with metastatic disease. Studies were limited to English publications in the Medline database. A validated check list was not used to assess the quality of each of the studies. This review ultimately only included retrospective studies. Additionally, several studies lacked granular data regarding which patients received adjuvant or salvage therapy and the regimen. Some studies did not specify if patients were excluded if they had received pre-surgical or adjuvant radiation. Several of these studies had varying treatment regimens including non-cisplatin-based therapies and a wide range of cycles administered. Additionally, this review spanned four editions of the AJCC Cancer Staging manual, therefore, it is difficult to make specific recommendations about the best prognostic pathologic features as staging has changed throughout the years. Finally, there several articles included in this review were not detected by the original automated search. Therefore, there may be other relevant studies unintentionally not included in our review.

Despite these limitations, there were several recurring themes from the studies that should not be undervalued in addition to several questions raised by the data that should be addressed. First, the patients with metastatic bladder cancer that are most likely to benefit from consolidative surgery are patients who demonstrate a response to chemotherapy. Second, patients with low metastatic burden (limited to a single site) are more likely to have a better outcome with consolidative surgery compared to those with a high metastatic burden. Third, long-term survival is possible in patients with metastatic disease. Fourth, a multi-modal approach (either with surgery or radiation to the primary in addition to chemotherapy) seems to be more beneficial than single modality treatments. Fifth, staging inaccuracies hinder the ability to better risk stratify patients. It is premature to deliver definitive recommendations regarding surgery in patients with metastatic bladder cancer patients as these studies consisted of heterogeneous populations and were subject to the inherent biases of retrospective analyses. However, these studies do form a clear basis for a need for a randomized control trial in this patient population who are at a high risk of death but also maintain a chance for durable disease-free survival.

Conclusions

Metastatic bladder cancer has dismal outcomes when treated with chemotherapy alone, however, in select patients, there can be a long-term response with combination therapy. These data support the need for clinical trials addressing the role of surgery in patients with metastatic bladder cancer. It would not be surprising if in the future, the concept of surgery in the primary will also be extended to patients that have received immunotherapy or targeted therapy as there have already been case reports published. Staging continues to be a challenge in bladder cancer and advances in molecular profiling and imaging may change the limitations currently set forth by our current tools.

Footnotes

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to thank the research specialist, Kate Krause (KK) for knowledge and professional guidance throughout this entire process.

FUNDING

The authors report no funding

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Amy H. Lim, MD, PhD: conception, performance of work, interpretation/analysis of data, writing the article. This author had access to the data. Mary E. Westerman, MD: conception, screening of articles, review of manuscript. This author had access to the data. Andrea Korokovic, MD: conception, screening of articles, review of manuscript. This author had access to the data. Justin T. Matulay, MD: conception, screening of articles. This author had access to the data. Vikram M. Narayan, MD: conception. This author had access to the data. Neema Navai, MD: conception, review of manuscript.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

As a literature review, this manuscript is exempt from Institutional Review Board approval. This manuscript did not require the use of animal or human research.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Amy H. Lim, MD, PhD: no conflict of interest to report

Vikram M. Narayan, MD: no conflict of interest to report

Justin T. Matulay, MD: no conflict of interest to report

Andrea Korokovic, MD: no conflict of interest to report

Mary E. Westerman, MD: no conflict of interest to report

Neema Navai, MD: no conflict of interest to report

The supplementary material is available in the electronic version of this article: .

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