Serum interleukin-8 as a potential diagnostic biomarker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has poor prognosis mainly due to the difficulty of making early diagnosis. Therefore, novel biomarkers are critically needed.

OBJECTIVE:

We aimed to investigate the diagnostic value of serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) in ESCC.

METHODS:

Data mining of TCGA was used to analyze expression level of IL-8 mRNA in esophageal carcinoma. Serum levels of IL-8 were measured in 103 ESCC patients and 86 normal controls by ELISA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate its diagnostic accuracy.

RESULTS:

IL-8 mRNA expression level and serum IL-8 concentration were both statistically higher in patients than normal controls ( $P<$ 0.001). ROC curve demonstrated that the optimum diagnostic cut-off for serum IL-8 was 80.082 pg/mL, providing an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.694 (95% CI: 0.620–0.768), with specificity of 86.0% and sensitivity of 42.7%. The AUC for early-stage ESCC was 0.618 (95% CI: 0.499–0.737), with sensitivity of 35.3% and specificity of 86.0%. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test indicated that IL-8 may not be a prognostic predictor for ESCC.

CONCLUSIONS:

Serum IL-8 was highly expressed in ESCC patients and may be a potential marker for early diagnosis of ESCC.

Keywords

Interleukin-8 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma biomarker diagnosis serum ROC curve

1. Background

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the eighth common malignant disease worldwide, and the incidence of which in China ranks the fifth in the world [1, 2]. As one of the subtypes of EC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), accounts for more than 80% of the world’s total EC death [3]. The 5-year survival rate of early EC is up to 90%, while the 5-year survival rate of advanced EC after surgical treatment is less than 20% [4]. However, due to the lack of typical symptoms, it is hard for patients to be diagnosed as ESCC in the early stage [5]. Most of them have progressed to advanced stage when diagnosed [6]. Therefore, it is of certain significance to perform ESCC screening, especially in high incidence areas.

Endoscopy combined with histopathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of ESCC [7]. However, in addition to technical limitations, its efficacy is affected by other factors, for example, the compliance of population [8]. The relevant cost-benefit model also demonstrated that the disadvantages of conducting endoscopic screening and monitoring outweighed its advantages [9, 10]. This remains a substantial challenge even in a high-resource environment and is not tenable, even in the regions of high incidence [11]. Thus, it is important to establish some additional biological methods for early warning and early diagnosis in high-risk population and to narrow the scope of using endoscopic examination.

Detection of serum tumor markers is inexpensive and could be an accurate supplementary for the early diagnosis of some cancers [12]. As reported, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) of insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 is 0.826 with a sensitivity of 70% and a specificity of 85.5% in colorectal cancer [13]. In breast cancer, the AUC of the combination of trefoil factor 1, trefoil factor 2 and trefoil factor 3 is up to 0.96 [14]. However, in ESCC, there is still no specific and effective marker. Nowadays, serum markers used for the diagnosis of ESCC clinically include squamous cell cancer antigen (SCC-Ag), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and cytokeratin fragment antigen 21-1, but they are not completely satisfactory in the early diagnosis of ESCC due to their low diagnostic sensitivity [4, 15, 16]. Consequently, novel biomarkers are critically needed to improve the diagnosis of patients with ESCC.

To address this issue, in our previous research, cytokines antibody array was used to screen candidate biomarkers. The detection results demonstrated that serum interleukin-8 (IL-8) was highly expressed in 20 ESCC patients when compared to 20 normal controls [17]. In recent years, inflammation has been accepted as a hallmark in cancer progression, and as an inflammation factor, the role of IL-8 in tumors was gradually revealed. IL-8 is overexpressed in many cancers and is correlated with tumor progression. In ESCC, IL-8 expression has been validated to impair the function of natural killer cells and be positively correlated with tumor progression [18]. However, to our knowledge, few studies evaluated the efficacy of serum IL-8 in the early diagnosis of ESCC. Publications reported by Krzystek-Korpacka et al. and Tong et al., respectively, demonstrated elevated IL-8 levels in ESCC patients [19, 20]. These studies indicate that IL-8 has the potential to be used as a biomarker for diagnosis of ESCC. This study is the continuation of our previous research to further assess the diagnostic efficiency of IL-8 in ESCC.

2. Method

2.1 Samples

A retrospective study was performed on 103 ESCC and 86 normal samples collected from the Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College and Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center between January 2017 and January 2019. ESCC serum samples were collected from the patients newly diagnosed as ESCC. None of the patients had received any cancer-related treatment before. The normal controls were collected from physical examination centers in the same hospitals without any cancer-detected evidence. Fasting venous blood was collected from each subject and was allowed to clot at room temperature for 30 minutes. Serum was separated after centrifugation at 2,500 g for 10 minutes, and then stored at $-$ 80 ${}^{\circ}$ C until use.

All of the patients in this study were histopathologically diagnosed and staged according to the Eighth Edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual. AJCC TNM stage 0 $+$ I $+$ IIA were defined as early-stage and stage IIB $+$ III $+$ IV were defined as advanced-stage. Among all the patients, 34 of them were defined as early-stage and 69 of them were defined as advanced-stage. This study was approved by the institutional review board of the Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College and Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center (Approval no. 2016002). With written informed consent, all patients and normal controls joined our study voluntarily.

Figure 1.

Expression of IL-8 mRNA in esophageal carcinoma and normal samples. (a) Relative expression of IL-8 mRNA in normal and esophageal carcinoma samples. (b) Expression levels of IL-8 mRNA in normal and different stages of esophageal carcinoma samples. The line in the box is the median. The degree of dispersion was shown by interquartile ranges. The Mann-Whitney $U$ test was conducted to assess the differences. IL-8, interleukin-8.

2.2 Data sharing of cytokines antibody chip

In our previous study, sera of 20 ESCC patients and 20 normal controls were sent to RayBiotech Company for antibody array detection. Briefly, the serum samples were dialyzed and then biotin labeled. Following secondary dialysis, the chip was blocked and incubated with biotin-conjugated anti-cytokines for sample hybridization. Finally, streptavidin-conjugated fluorescent dye (Cy3 equivalent) was added. The laser fluorescence scanning (GenePix 4000B scanner) recorded the signals, and these signals were converted and presented by RayBio ${}^{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}\textregistered}$ Analysis Tool software. Data about the antibody array were shared in Mendeley Data (DOI:10.17632/mb38dzj6c2.2). To demonstrate the abnormal expression of serum IL-8 more clearly, volcano plots of cytokines antibody expression were drawn.

2.3 Data mining using UALCAN and UCSC Xena for cancer genomics

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) is an international database containing a large collection of genomics data from multiple different technical platforms, providing an opportunity for data exploration and analysis. UALCAN (http://ualcan.path.uab.edu) is an interactive web-portal to perform in-depth analyses of TCGA gene expression data [21]. We assessed the expression of IL-8 mRNA in esophageal carcinoma and normal samples by using this data portal. Another web-portal, UCSC Xena (https://xenabrowser.net/) was used to explore the effect of IL-8 mRNA expression on survival of esophageal cancer through data mining of TCGA. Overall survival time was assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test.

2.4 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum IL-8 level detection

Serum level of IL-8 was detected in the light of double-antibody sandwich ELISA kit (ELH-IL8, cat. No. 0802190143, RayBiotech Inc, Georgia, USA). The concentrations of IL-8 standards were diluted into 0.0, 0.8, 2.5, 7.4, 22.2, 66.7, 200.0, 600.0 pg/ml for tracing a standard curve. A preliminary experiment was carried out before the formal experiment, and a dilution ratio of 1:3 for serum was determined to be the preferable ratio. After preparation, 100 $\mu$ L standard or sample was added to each well. After incubation at 37 ${{}^{\circ}}$ C for 2.5 hours, microplate washer (Microplate washer 888, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Vantaa) was used to aspirate and wash each well for 4 times. Then each well was incubated at 37 ${{}^{\circ}}$ C for 1 hour with 100 $\mu$ L 1 $\times$ biotinylated antibody. Following 4 washes, each well was incubated with 100 $\mu$ L of HRP-Streptavidin solution at 37 ${{}^{\circ}}$ C for 45mins, and then washed again. As a chromogenic agent, 100 $\mu$ L of 3, 3’, 5, 5’-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) was added to each well and incubated in the dark for 30 minutes. The final step was to add 50 $\mu$ L of stop solution. The absorbance of each well was read at 450 nm with a plate microplate reader (Multiskan ELX800, BioTek Instruments Inc., Vermont, USA) within 5 minutes. All serum samples were checked in duplicate and the mean values were used for analysis. OD values were converted into concentration according to the standard curve of a four-parameter logic curve mode and dilution ratio. In order to minimize an intraassay deviation, if the ratio of the difference between duplicated sample OD values to their sum was $>$ 10%, the test of this sample was repeated.

2.5 Statistical analysis

Microsoft Office 365, SPSS 24.0, Sigma Plot 10.0, GraphPad Prism 8.0 and R programming language 3.6.1 were utilized for data analysis. The Mann-Whitney $U$ test was embarked to compare the differences between ESCC patients and normal controls. ROC analysis was used to evaluate diagnostic value through the sensitivity, specificity and AUC. The optimum diagnostic cut-off was determined by using the MinValueSp method [22, 23, 24]. This method has a criterion based on setting a minimum value for specificity and maximizing sensitivity. By default, the minimum value for specificity is 0.85. The diagnostic value for early ESCC was evaluated based on the cut-off value. Chi-squared Test was used to explore the correlation between clinical data and IL-8 level. Kaplan-Meier analysis and the log-rank test were used to evaluate the effect of serum IL-8 on survival of ESCC. The test result was considered statistically significant when two-tailed $P$ values were lower than 0.05.

Figure 2.

Cytokines antibody chip analysis results. Volcano plots of cytokines antibody expression in ESCC and normal controls from the Human Cytokine Array AAH-CYT-G4000. X-axis: log2 ratio of protein expression levels (fold change) between normal controls and ESCC. Y-axis: the $p$ value (-log10 transformed) of proteins. The vertical dotted lines correspond to 1.5-fold up and down, respectively, and the horizontal dotted lines represent a $p$ value of 0.05. Each dot represents an individual cytokine antibody, with the significantly high and low expression in red and blue, respectively. IL-8, interleukin-8.

3. Results

3.1 IL-8 gene expression in public available datasets

According to UALCAN, the result of IL-8 gene expression analysis provided information on the relative expression levels of IL-8 mRNA in normal versus cancer samples (11 and 184 samples, respectively). According to the box plot, IL-8 mRNA was expressed higher in esophageal carcinoma samples than that in normal samples ( $p<$ 0.0001; Fig. 1a). In addition, there was no significant difference in the mRNA level of IL-8 among different stages of esophageal cancer (Fig. 1b, data not shown).

Table 1
Participant information and clinical characteristics

Group	ESCC patients ( $n=$ 103)	Normal controls ( $n=$ 86)
Gender
Male	77	53
Female	26	33
Age, Years
Mean $\pm$ SD	62 $\pm$ 7	51 $\pm$ 9
Range	44 $\sim$ 80	40 $\sim$ 81
TNM stage
0	8
I	10
II	20
III	49
IV	16
Depth of tumor invasion (T staging)
T1	7
T2	22
T3	19
T4	47
Tis	8
Regional lymph nodes (N staging)
N0	53
N1	33
N2	14
N3	3
Histological grade
Grade 1	35
Grade 2	34
Grade 3	23
Unknown	11
Tobacco
Yes	70
No	33
Alcohol
Yes	40
No	63

ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

3.2 Serum IL-8 levels in ESCC patients and normal controls

A high-throughput proteomics analysis of ESCC was performed in our previous research to identify potential serum diagnostic biomarkers. According to a standard of $P<$ 0.05, and fold change $>$ 1.50, IL-8 showed significantly elevated levels in ESCC patients in the antibody array (Fig. 2).

Figure 3.

IL-8 concentrations in ESCC patients and normal controls. (a) The diagram showed distribution of serum IL-8 concentration in ESCC patients and normal controls. The lowest concentration was 4.771 pg/mL in normal controls and the highest one was 2650.343 pg/mL in ESCC. Diagrams of ESCC are in yellow and normal controls are in blue. ESCC accounts for more histogram volume on higher concentration compared to normal controls. (b) Box plot illustrated median levels and interquartile ranges in four groups. (c) In scatter plot, the line in the dots is mean with SD. The Mann-Whitney $U$ test was conducted to assess the differences. ESCC, esophageal squamous cell cancer. IL-8, interleukin-8.

Figure 4.

ROC curve analysis in the diagnosis of ESCC and early-stage ESCC. The performance of IL-8 in ESCC was showed in ROC curves. ROC curve for two groups versus normal controls group were drawn in different colors. The area under the black line is 0.5, for reference. ROC curve, Receiver operating characteristic curve. ESCC, esophageal squamous cell cancer.

The detail of the recruited participants applied to detect IL-8 serum level was shown in Table 1. Using ELISA, it was obviously shown that the distributions of ESCC group and normal controls were similar, while more IL-8 levels of ESCC group distributed at higher concentration when compared to the normal group (Fig. 3a). For better observation on distribution and degree of dispersion, the levels of serum IL-8 in different groups were shown in box plot and scatter plot (Fig. 3b and c). The median concentration of serum IL-8 in ESCC group was 66.545 pg/mL, and the median concentration of IL-8 in the control group was 25.324 pg/mL. The Mann-Whitney $U$ test showed that the difference between them was statistically significant ( $P<$ 0.001). The median concentrations of serum IL-8 were 31.865 pg/mL and 74.144 pg/mL in early-stage ESCC and advanced-stage ESCC, respectively, which were both significantly higher than that in the normal group ( $P<$ 0.05 and $P<$ 0.001). The mean concentration of serum IL-8 was 38.288 (95% CI: 31.380–45.195) pg/mL, 177.007 (95% CI: 98.803–255.212) pg/mL, 117.865 (95% CI: 51.808–183.921) pg/mL and 206.150 (95% CI: 93.430–318.870) pg/mL in normal group ( $n=$ 86), ESCC group ( $n=$ 103), early-stage ESCC group ( $n=$ 34) and advanced-stage ESCC group ( $n=$ 69), respectively. There was no significant difference between early-stage ESCC group and advanced-stage ESCC group ( $P>$ 0.05).

3.3 The diagnostic value of IL-8 in ESCC and early-stage ESCC

The ROC curve was drawn according to IL-8 levels in ESCC group and normal control group (Fig. 4). According to the evaluation criteria mentioned in the method, 80.082 pg/mL was indicated as the optimal diagnostic critical value. As shown in Table 2, AUC was 0.694 (95% CI: 0.620–0.768) with specificity of 86.0% and sensitivity of 42.7%. Using the same cut-off, the detection of IL-8 in the early diagnosis of ESCC demonstrated an AUC of 0.618 (95% CI: 0.499–0.737), with sensitivity of 35.3% and specificity of 86.0%.

Table 2
Evaluation efficiency of IL-8 in the diagnosis of ESCC

	AUC (95% CI)	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	PPV	NPV	PLR	NLR
ESCC vs. NC	0.694 (0.620–0.768)	42.7% (33.1%–52.8%)	86.0% (76.5%–92.3%)	78.6%	55.6%	3.06	0.67
Early-stage ESCC vs. NC	0.618 (0.499–0.737)	35.3% (20.3%–53.5%)	86.0% (76.5%–92.3%)	50.0%	77.1%	2.53	0.75

ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma; CI, exact confidence interval; NC, normal controls; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; NPV, negative predictive value; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; PPV, positive predictive value.

Table 3

Correlation between IL-8 and clinical indicators in ESCC patients

	$N$	Positive (%, 95%CI)	$\chi^{2}$	$P$ value
Gender
Male	77	39 (50.649, 39.227–62.071)	7.841	0.005
Female	26	5 (19.231, 2.997–35.465)
Age
$\leqslant$ 60	45	18 (40.000, 25.116–54.885)	0.241	0.623
$>$ 60	58	26 (44.828, 31.637–58.018)
Depth of tumor invasion
Tis $+$ T1 $+$ T2 $+$ T3	56	19 (33.929, 21.134–46.723)	3.875	0.049
T4	47	25 (53.192, 38.383–68.001)
Regional lymph nodes
N0	53	21 (39.623, 26.012–53.233)	0.428	0.513
N1 $+$ N2 $+$ N3	50	23 (46.000, 31.692–60.308)
Degree of differentiation ${}^{*}$
G1	35	17 (48.571, 31.152–65.991)	6.031	0.049
G2	34	18 (52.941, 35.264–70.619)
G3	23	5 (21.739, 3.502–39.977)
TNM stage
0 $+$ I $+$ II	38	14 (36.842, 20.774–52.910)	0.850	0.357
III $+$ IV	65	30 (46.154, 33.705–58.603)
Tobacco
Yes	70	35 (50.000, 37.992–62.008)	4.734	0.030
No	33	9 (27.273, 11.236–43.309)
Alcohol
Yes	40	21 (52.500, 36.326–68.674)	2.557	0.110
No	63	23 (36.508, 24.285, 48.731)

${}^{*}$ 11 are histologically uncertain. ESCC, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. CI, exact confidence interval.

Figure 5.

Kaplan-Meier analysis of the overall survival for IL-8 in esophageal cancer. (a) Patients were divided into two groups according to their median expression level of IL-8 mRNA. The line in red and the line in blue represent high IL-8 expression and low IL-8 expression, respectively. The $p$ value of log-rank analysis was 0.171, without statistical significance. (b) Patients were divided into two groups according to the same cutoff value of 80.082 pg/mL in the diagnosis evaluation. The $p$ value of log-rank analysis was 0.533, without statistical significance. IL-8, interleukin 8.

Considering that the incidence of ESCC in different regions would affect their prediction probability, the standardized predicted values should be calculated according to the prevalence rates of 25%, 50% and 75% respectively. At this point, the corresponding positive predictive values of ESCC were 50.6% (95% CI: 0.397–0.614), 75.9% (95% CI: 0.625–0.857), and 89.8% (95% CI: 0.770–0.962) [25]. A standardized predicted value of 89.8% suggested IL-8 had the potential for helping screening ESCC in high incidence areas.

3.4 Correlation between serum concentration of IL-8 and clinical data in ESCC

The correlation between IL-8 level and clinical indicators in ESCC patients was assessed and showed in Table 3. The positive rate of serum IL-8 was statistically associated with gender and the degree of differentiation ( $P<$ 0.05). There was no statistically significant association between the positive rate of serum IL-8 and other clinical indicators of ESCC ( $P>$ 0.05). For exogenous factors, it was noted that smoking was statistically associated with positive rate of serum IL-8 ( $P<$ 0.05), while drinking was not significantly associated with IL-8 positive rate ( $P>$ 0.05).

3.5 Correlation between IL-8 and prognosis

IL-8 expression level and prognostic data of patients with esophageal cancer were obtained from TCGA database. Patients were divided into two groups according to the median expression level of IL-8 mRNA. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference of overall survival time between patients with high IL-8 mRNA expression and low IL-8 mRNA expression ( $P>$ 0.05, Fig. 5a). Moreover, the effect of serum IL-8 levels on survival of ESCC patients was also evaluated using the same method. With the use of the same cutoff value of 80.082 pg/mL in the diagnosis evaluation, the overall survival of the patients was not significantly different between high IL-8 concentration group and low IL-8 concentration group ( $P>$ 0.05, Fig. 5b). These results indicated that IL-8 may not be a prognostic predictor for ESCC.

4. Discussion

ESCC is a malignant tumor with a low 5-year survival rate for its low detection rate in the early stage. Early screening and treatment are the most feasible means to reduce mortality and improve prognosis. Since there is still a lack of recognized serum tumor markers in ESCC, additional serum markers must be established. Detection of biomarker candidates for early diagnosis has been identified in the field of cancer proteomics study [26]. Antibody array, as a dominant kind of affinity proteomics, is utilized to detect target proteins in a high-throughput platform. Its sensitivity and specificity have been tremendously improved in the past decade with the development of many related technologies [27]. Now it could be helpful in cytokine profiling and provide unique opportunities for biomarker discovery [28].

Through high-throughput proteomics technologies in our previous study, IL-8 was indicated to be a possible detection marker [17]. Data mining and analysis also suggested the importance of IL-8 mRNA in esophageal cancer. Although there was no exact evidence showing the responsible cells for the secretion of IL-8 in ESCC patients, some research indicated that cancer cells might be the main source of IL-8 [29, 30]. To our knowledge, high expression of IL-8 in ESCC tissues has been confirmed by immunohistochemistry before. Reported by Wu et al., the number of IL-8 positive tumor cells was significantly higher in tumor tissues of patients with ESCC when compared with matched adjacent tissues [18]. Moreover, Li et al. also reported significantly higher expression of IL-8 protein in ESCC tissues compared to matched marginal tissues [31]. Actually, IL-8 is secreted by all type of nucleated cells within the body [32]. As reported by Boehlen and Clemetson, IL-8 was mainly produced by monocytes but also by many other cells such as T lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets [33]. Indeed, high expression level of IL-8 derived from tumor-associated macrophages has been confirmed and reported to promote the migration and invasion of ESCC cell lines in vitro [34]. IL-8 was suggested to function as a significant regulatory factor within the tumor microenvironment for its increased expression in cancer cells and many other cells [35].

In this article, serum IL-8 was further studied to identify if it could serve as an indicator for a better early diagnosis. According to the detection results, serum levels of IL-8 were significantly higher in both ESCC group and early-stage ESCC group than the normal controls. Compared to classical tumor markers, the AUC for IL-8 was similar to AUC for CEA and higher than that for SCC-Ag [36]. It seems that it was not accurate enough for IL-8 to be used as an early diagnostic marker independently due to the insufficient sensitivity, while its specificity indicated that it could be valuable to be considered for the formation of multi-marker panels. The fact that the positive rate of serum IL-8 was correlated with gender, could be explained by the different incidence between males and females [3]. Except for gender, the positive rate was also correlated to the depth of tumor invasion and the degree of differentiation, indicating the relationship between IL-8 and tumor cells’ motility and invasiveness. As we know, smoking and drinking can cause chronic inflammation and are high risk factors for esophageal cancer [37]. In this study, we found that the positive rate of IL-8 expression was correlated with smoking in patients with ESCC. Similarly, Melinceanu et al. also found that heavy smoking was associated with higher levels of IL-8 in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx [38]. These findings suggested that over-expression of IL-8 in association with smoking might play an important role in the genesis and development of cancer, which is needed to be confirmed in the future study.

A growing body of evidence has confirmed the significance of IL-8 and its high expression in cancer. In physiological conditions, macrophages, endothelial and epithelial cells produce IL-8 in response to injury or infection. One of the functions of IL-8 is to induce the chemotaxis of granulocytes, especially neutrophils. At the same time, neutrophils account for a large proportion of tumor-associated immune cells, therefore they are also called tumor-related neutrophils. IL-8 can enhance their effect and thus plays an active part in the development of tumors [30]. In addition, IL-8 can increase the number of cancer stem cells, strengthen the invasive ability of cancer cells in pancreatic cancer [39] and enhance the proliferation of tumor cells in lung cancer [40]. Similar results were found in breast cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer, kidney cancer and melanoma [41]. Although there were many studies showing that the level of serum IL-8 and its receptor would increase in ESCC patients [18, 19, 42, 43], many of them focused on their mechanism [18, 43]. To our knowledge, our present study is the first to evaluate the early diagnostic value of IL-8 in ESCC through such multicenter and large-scale trials.

Currently, it is unrealistic to expect achieving the early diagnosis of ESCC by using a single marker for lacking of definite specific markers [44]. Many potential markers have been found in these years, but still none of them is good enough to be used in early diagnosis of ESCC independently [4, 45]. Considering the heterogeneity of tumors, multi-markers combined detection would be a potential solution for early diagnosis of ESCC. Tong et al. reported that interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 were significantly upregulated in early-stage ESCC patients according to the results of protein chips, suggesting that the combined detection of IL-6 and IL-8 is beneficial to ESCC diagnosis [20]. Moreover, Chadha et al. reported that the combination of serum IL-8, tumor necrosis factor- $\alpha$ and soluble tumor necrosis factor- $\alpha$ receptor 1 could significantly increase the specificity and sensitivity of prostate cancer diagnosis [46]. However, limited by their sensitivity, markers can only serve as supplementary means used for early diagnosis of ESCC. The detection results still need to be validated by using endoscopy.

Given the fact that IL-8-G-protein coupled receptor chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 1/2 (CXCR1/2) signaling pathway appears to be essential for tumor progression and metastasis, its potential as a prognostic factor has been explored. Although IL-8 was suggested to be a poor prognostic factor in many types of cancers [47, 48, 49], it was demonstrated that serum IL-8 was not significant enough to be a prognostic factor for ESCC [50]. In our research, it was also shown that the expression of IL-8 mRNA and serum IL-8 concentration were not significantly correlated with the patients’ overall survival time. However, contrary results were observed when referring to the prognostic value of IL-8 protein expression in ESCC tissues on survival of patients. Li et al. found that higher IL-8 expression was associated with poorer overall survival [31], while Hosono et al. reported that overall survival of the patients was not significantly different among the negative-, low- and high-expression IL-8 groups [34]. For CXCR-2, Liang et al. indicated CXCR-2 mRNA as a better prognostic factor in esophageal cancer development [42]. Conversely, Łukaszewicz-Zaja̧c et al. reported that serum CXCR-2 was not an independent prognostic factor for the survival of EC patients [51]. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analyses performed by Ogura et al. demonstrated that patients in the IL-8( $+$ )/CXCR-2( $+$ ) group were predicted to have a higher risk of subsequent tumor recurrence than those in the IL-8( $+$ )/CXCR-2( $-$ ) and IL-8( $-$ )/CXCR-2( $+$ ) group, and IL-8( $-$ )/CXCR-2( $-$ ) group [52]. It was also indicated that increased expression of both IL-8 and CXCR-2 was an independent factor for predicting the outcome of ESCC [52]. Overall, the effect of IL-8 and CXCR-2 on survival of ESCC remains confusing and their potential as independent prognostic markers still needs further evaluation. The IL-8-CXCR1/CXCR2 signaling system undertakes complexity mechanisms and the interaction between this network still needs to be further explored.

There are some limitations in our study. Firstly, patient samples and normal controls were not totally age-matched or gender-matched. It is unavoidable that this selection bias may lead to some errors in our results. Also, due to the limitation of the sample size, we didn’t set a validation cohort to confirm our results. In conclusion, this study preliminarily determined that serum IL-8 was highly expressed in ESCC patients and even in early-stage ESCC. The results showed that it may be promising as a candidate marker to compose a multi-marker panel and to explore the improvement in the early diagnosis of ESCC. Its early diagnostic efficiency still needs more follow-up evaluations.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (81972801 and 31600632), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (2018A030307079 and 2019A1515011873), Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Shantou University Medical College (201910560130), the Innovative and Strong School Project of Guangdong (2018KTSCX068), 2020 Li Ka Shing Foundation Cross-Disciplinary Research Grant (2020LKSFG01B), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC1313101), the Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute Science and Technology Program (Q201906) and Grant for Key Disciplinary Project of Clinical Medicine under the Guangdong High-level University Development Program.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

References

McGuire

, World cancer report 2014. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, international agency for research on cancer, WHO Press, 2015, Oxford University Press, 2016.

Chen

Sun

Zheng

Zeng

Zhang

Xia

Yang

Zou

and He

J.J.C.J.O.C.R.

, Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2014, Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 30 (2018), 1.

Arnold

Soerjomataram

Ferlay

and Forman

D.J.G.

, Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012, Gut 64 (2015), 381–387.

Wang

X.B.

Jiang

X.R.

X.Y.

Wang

Feng

F.Y.

Guo

L.P.

Jiang

and Lu

S.H.J.C.S.

, Macrophage inhibitory factor 1 acts as a potential biomarker in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and is a target for antibody-based therapy, Cancer Science 105 (2014), 176–185.

Forbes

L.J.

Warburton

Richards

and Ramirez

A.J.B.J.O.C.

, Risk factors for delay in symptomatic presentation: a survey of cancer patients, British Journal of Cancer 111 (2014), 581.

Shimada

Nabeya

Okazumi

S.-i.

Matsubara

Shiratori

Gunji

Kobayashi

Hayashi

and Ochiai

T.J.S.

, Prediction of survival with squamous cell carcinoma antigen in patients with resectable esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Surgery 133 (2003), 486–494.

Arnal

M.J.D.

Arenas

Á.F.

and Arbeloa

Á.L.J.W.J.O.G.W.

, Esophageal cancer: risk factors, screening and endoscopic treatment in Western and Eastern countries, World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG 21 (2015), 7933.

Guan

C.T.

Song

G.H.

B.Y.

Gong

Y.W.

Hao

C.Q.

Xue

L.Y.

Chen

W.Q.

and Wei

W.Q.J.C.S.

, Endoscopy screening effect on stage distributions of esophageal cancer: a cluster randomized cohort study in China, Cancer Science 109 (2018), 1995–2002.

Garside

Pitt

Somerville

Stein

Price

and Gilbert

, Surveillance of Barrett’s oesophagus: exploring the uncertainty through systematic review, expert workshop and economic modelling, in: NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme: Executive Summaries, NIHR Journals Library, 2006.

10.

Hirst

N.G.

Gordon

L.G.

Whiteman

D.C.

Watson

D.I.

Barendregt

J.J.J.J.O.G.

and hepatology, Is endoscopic surveillance for non-dysplastic Barrett’s esophagus cost-effective? Review of economic evaluations, Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology 26 (2011), 247–254.

11.

di Pietro

Canto

M.I.

and Fitzgerald

R.C.J.G.

, Endoscopic management of early adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus: screening, diagnosis, and therapy, Gastroenterology 154 (2018), 421–436.

12.

Zhou

Liu

and Luo

F.J.W.J.O.G.W.

, Serum tumor markers for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma, World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG 12 (2006), 1175.

13.

Hou

Y.L.

Luo

G.Y.

and Chen

H.J.J.O.C.L.A.

, Clinical significance of serum IGFBP-3 in colorectal cancer, J Clin Lab Anal (2019), e22912.

14.

Ishibashi

Ohtsu

Ikemura

Kikuchi

Niwa

Nishioka

Uchida

Miura

Aikou

and Gunji

T.J.S.R.

, Serum TFF1 and TFF3 but not TFF2 are higher in women with breast cancer than in women without breast cancer, Scientific Reports 7 (2017), 4846.

15.

Hagiwara

Onda

Miyashita

and Sasajima

K.J.J.O.N.M.S.

, Detection of circulating anti-p53 antibodies in esophageal cancer patients, Journal of Nippon Medical School 67 (2000), 110–117.

16.

Mao

Zhang

Zhao

Wang

and Li

X.J.Z.Z.L.Z.Z.

, Significance of CEA, SCC and Cyfra21-1 serum test in esophageal cancer, Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi [Chinese Journal of Oncology] 25 (2003), 457–460.

17.

Y.-W.

Chen

Hong

C.-Q.

Chu

L.-Y.

Yang

S.-H.

Huang

L.-S.

Guo

Chen

L.-Y.

Liu

C.-T.

and Huang

X.-Y.J.E.

, Serum IGFBP-1 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis of early-stage upper gastrointestinal tumour, EBio Medicine 51 (2020), 102566.

18.

Gao

F.-x.

Wang

Qin

Han

Long

X.-m.

Deng

X.J.J.o.E.

and Research

C.C.

, IL-6 and IL-8 secreted by tumour cells impair the function of NK cells via the STAT3 pathway in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research 38 (2019), 321.

19.

Krzystek-Korpacka

Matusiewicz

Diakowska

Grabowski

Blachut

Konieczny

Kustrzeba-Wojcicka

Terlecki

and Banas

T.J.C.

, Elevation of circulating interleukin-8 is related to lymph node and distant metastases in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas – implication for clinical evaluation of cancer patient, Cytokine 41 (2008), 232–239.

20.

Tong

Wang

X.-l.

S.-b.

Yang

G.-l.

Jin

Gao

Z.-y.

Liu

X.-b.J.O.

and therapy, Combined detection of IL-6 and IL-8 is beneficial to the diagnosis of early stage esophageal squamous cell cancer: a preliminary study based on the screening of serum markers using protein chips, Onco Targets and Therapy 11 (2018), 5777.

21.

Chandrashekar

D.S.

Bashel

Balasubramanya

S.A.H.

Creighton

C.J.

Ponce-Rodriguez

Chakravarthi

B.V.

and Varambally

S.J.N.

, UALCAN: a portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses, Neoplasia 19 (2017), 649–658.

22.

Gallop

R.J.

Crits-Christoph

Muenz

L.R.

and Tu

X.M.J.U.s.

, Determination and interpretation of the optimal operating point for ROC curves derived through generalized linear models, Understanding Statistics 2 (2003), 219–242.

23.

Vermont

Bosson

Francois

Robert

Rueff

Demongeot

J.J.C.m.

and Biomedicine

P.i.

, Strategies for graphical threshold determination, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 35 (1991), 141–150.

24.

Schäfer

H.J.S.i.m.

, Constructing a cut-off point for a quantitative diagnostic test, Statistics in Medicine 8 (1989), 1381–1391.

25.

Heston

T.F.J.J.M.R.I.

, Standardized predictive values, J Magn Reson Imaging 39 (2014), 1338.

26.

Uemura

Kondo

T.J.B.e.B.A.-P.

and Proteomics, Current advances in esophageal cancer proteomics, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Proteins and Proteomics 1854 (2015), 687–695.

27.

Yuan

Lin

Z.-T.

Wang

Hong

Heon

and Wu

, Protein arrays I: antibody arrays, in: Functional Genomics, Springer, 2017, pp. 261–269.

28.

Borrebaeck

C.A.

and Wingren

, Antibody array generation and use, in: Monoclonal Antibodies, Springer, 2014, pp. 563–571.

29.

Chen

Shi

G.-Z.

Qin

X.-R.

Jin

Chen

and Zhu

M.-H.

, Interleukin-8, a promising predictor for prognosis of pancreatic cancer, World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG 18 (2012), 1123.

30.

Alfaro

Sanmamed

M.F.

Rodriguez-Ruiz

M.E.

Teijeira

Onate

Gonzalez

Ponz

Schalper

K.A.

Perez-Gracia

J.L.

and Melero

I.J.C.t.r.

, Interleukin-8 in cancer pathogenesis, treatment and follow-up, Cancer Treatment Reviews 60 (2017), 24–31.

31.

Chen

Qin

Yue

Zhang

Ping

Wang

Zhao

Song

and Zhao

Q.J.C.i.r.

, Maelstrom directs myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via activation of the Akt1/RelA/IL8 signaling pathway, Cancer Immunology Research 6 (2018), 1246–1259.

32.

Remick

D.G.J.C.c.m.

, Interleukin-8, Crit Care Med 33 (2005), S466–S467.

33.

Boehlen

and Clemetson

K.J.J.T.m.

, Platelet chemokines and their receptors: what is their relevance to platelet storage and transfusion practice? Transfusion Medicine 11 (2001), 403–417.

34.

Hosono

Koma

Y.-I.

Takase

Urakawa

Higashino

Suemune

Kodaira

Nishio

Shigeoka

and Kakeji

Y.J.O.

, CXCL8 derived from tumor-associated macrophages and esophageal squamous cell carcinomas contributes to tumor progression by promoting migration and invasion of cancer cells, Oncotarget 8 (2017), 106071.

35.

Waugh

D.J.

and Wilson

C.J.C.c.r.

, The interleukin-8 pathway in cancer, Clinical Cancer Research 14 (2008), 6735–6741.

36.

Łukaszewicz-Zaja̧c

Mroczko

Kozłowski

and Szmitkowski

M.J.D.m.

, The serum concentrations of chemokine CXCL12 and its specific receptor CXCR4 in patients with esophageal cancer, Disease Markers 2016 (2016).

37.

Abnet

C.C.

Arnold

and Wei

W.-Q.J.G.

, Epidemiology of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Gastroenterology 154 (2018), 360–373.

38.

Melinceanu

Lerescu

Tucureanu

Caras

Pitica

Sarafoleanu

Salageanu

A.J.J.o.o.-h.

and Cervico-faciale

N.S.L.J.D.O.-R.-L.E.D.C.

, Serum perioperative profile of cytokines in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, Journal of Otolaryngology-head & Neck Surgery = Le Journal D’oto-rhino-laryngologie et de Chirurgie Cervico-faciale 40 (2011), 143–150.

39.

Chen

Fan

Chen

Meng

Chen

Wang

and Liu

L.J.S.r.

, The IL-8/CXCR1 axis is associated with cancer stem cell-like properties and correlates with clinical prognosis in human pancreatic cancer cases, Scientific Reports 4 (2014), 5911.

40.

Liu

Y.-N.

Chang

T.-H.

Tsai

M.-F.

S.-G.

Tsai

T.-H.

Chen

H.-Y.

S.-L.

Yang

J.C.-H.

and Shih

J.-Y.J.O.

, IL-8 confers resistance to EGFR inhibitors by inducing stem cell properties in lung cancer, Oncotarget 6 (2015), 10415.

41.

Xie

K.J.C.

and Reviews

G.F.

, Interleukin-8 and human cancer biology, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 12 (2001), 375–391.

42.

Liang

Zhao

Che

J.-B.

Wang

H.-J.

and Shi

G.-N.J.M.O.

, Overexpression of interleukin-8 receptor 2 (IL-8R2) indicates better prognosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma procession, Medical Oncology 31 (2014), 89.

43.

Ren

Law

Huang

Lee

P.Y.

Bacher

Srivastava

and Wong

J.J.A.o.s.

, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor stimulates angiogenic factor expression and correlates with differentiation and lymph node status in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Annals of Surgery 242 (2005), 55.

44.

Zamanian-Azodi

Rezaei-Tavirani

Hasanzadeh

Rad

S.R.

Dalilan

S.J.G.

and Bench

H.F.B.T.

, Introducing biomarker panel in esophageal, gastric, and colon cancers; a proteomic approach, Gastroenterology and Hepatology From Bed to Bench 8 (2015), 6.

45.

Wang

Guan

Liu

Chen

Han

Wang

Nesa

E.U.

Wang

Bao

and Wang

N.J.B.J.O.C.

, Prognostic and diagnostic potential of miR-146a in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma, British Journal of Cancer 114 (2016), 290.

46.

Chadha

K.C.

Miller

Nair

B.B.

Schwartz

S.A.

Trump

D.L.

and Underwood

W.J.C.C.I.J.

, New serum biomarkers for prostate cancer diagnosis, Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal 3 (2014), 72.

47.

Feng

Wang

Chen

Meng

and Liu

L.J.J.o.I.M.R.

, Serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 are indicators of prognosis in pancreatic cancer, Journal of International Medical Research 46 (2018), 5228–5236.

48.

Gonzalez-Hormazabal

Romero

Musleh

Bustamante

Stambuk

Pisano

Lanzarini

Chiong

Rojas

and Castro

V.G.J.A.R.

, IL-8-251T > A (rs4073) polymorphism is associated with prognosis in gastric cancer patients, Anticancer Research 38 (2018), 5703–5708.

49.

Yuan

Chen

Yao

P.-L.

and Yang

P.-C.J.F.B.

, The role of interleukin-8 in cancer cells and microenvironment interaction, Front Biosci 10 (2005), 853–865.

50.

Maeda

Takeuchi

Matsuda

Okamura

Fukuda

Miyasho

Nakamura

Suda

Wada

and Kawakubo

H.J.E.

, Clinical significance of preoperative serum concentrations of interleukin-6 as a prognostic marker in patients with esophageal cancer, Esophagus (2019), 1–10.

51.

Łukaszewicz-Zaja̧c

Kulczyńska-Przybik

Muszyński

Kozłowski

Szmitkowski

and Mroczko

B.J.P.A.M.W.

, Serum concentrations of receptor for interleukin 8 in patients with esophageal cancer, Pol Arch Med Wewn 126 (2016), 854–861.

52.

Ogura

Takeuchi

Kawakubo

Nishi

Fukuda

Nakamura

Takahashi

Wada

Saikawa

and Omori

T.J.S.

, Clinical significance of CXCL-8/CXCR-2 network in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, Surgery 154 (2013), 512–520.

Serum interleukin-8 as a potential diagnostic biomarker in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Keywords

1. Background

2. Method

2.1 Samples

2.3 Data mining using UALCAN and UCSC Xena for cancer genomics

2.4 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for serum IL-8 level detection

2.5 Statistical analysis

3.1 IL-8 gene expression in public available datasets

Table 1 Participant information and clinical characteristics

Table 2 Evaluation efficiency of IL-8 in the diagnosis of ESCC

3.5 Correlation between IL-8 and prognosis

4. Discussion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Table 1
Participant information and clinical characteristics

Table 2
Evaluation efficiency of IL-8 in the diagnosis of ESCC