A first‐order representation of stable models[1]A preliminary version of this paper has appeared in: Proc. 4th International Conference on Logic Programming and Nonmonotonic Reasoning (LPNMR ’97),J. Dix,U. Furbach and A. Nerode,eds,LNCS 1265,Springer,1997.

Turi (1991) introduced the important notion of a constrained atom: an atom with associated equality and disequality constraints on its arguments. A set of constrained atoms is a constrained interpretation. We investigate how non‐ground representations of both the stable model semantics and the well‐founded semantics may be obtained through Turi’s approach. The practical implication of this is that the well‐founded model (or the set of stable models) may be partially pre‐computed at compile‐time, resulting in the association of each predicate symbol in the program to a constrained atom. Algorithms to create such models are presented, both for the well founded case, and the case of stable models. Query processing reduces to checking whether each atom in the query is true in a stable model (resp. well‐founded model). This amounts to showing the atom is an instance of one of some constrained atom whose associated constraint is solvable. Various related complexity results are explored, and the impacts of these results are discussed from the point of view of implementing systems that incorporate the stable and well‐founded semantics.