Knowledge,attitude,and practice of HIV/AIDS among workers at China first highway engineering Company at Bilibila Sokota Road Project,Sokota,Ethiopia

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The aim of this study was to assess Bilbila Sokota Road Project workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice on HIV/AIDS in China first highway engineering Company.

METHODS

: A cross sectional Survey was conducted among workers in China first high way engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota road project, Sokota, Ethiopia. Fifty-five workers were taken from project site/company. Data was collected using a validated self-administrated standardized questionnaire on Knowledge, attitude and practice including behavioral change regarding HIV/AIDS. Descriptive statistics and multivariate and bivaraite logistic regression were employed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20 statistical soft ware. P-value $<$ 0.05 was used as a significant difference.

RESULT:

Among the 54 workers’ who participated in the study, most (96.3%) had ever heard of the diseases HIV/AIDS. The majority 32 (59.3%) of participants were respond that mass media. Followed by NGOs (29.6%). Thirty-three (61.1%) of the study participant were believed that HIV $+$ mother infect their unborn child and 12 (22.2%) were not believed. Forty-six (85.2%) of participants had knew about how to use a condom correctly. Meanwhile, 40 (74.1%) were agreed that is acceptable for single men or women to use condom. Furthermore, Only 18 (33.3%) of them had used condom during last two time’s sexual intercourse with other partners. Twenty-Seven (50%) of participants did not feel about their risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection. But, 10 (18.5%) were feel they are at risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection in study area. Mean knowledge scores was significantly difference by source of information on sexual health do workers’ think most credible at their work place ( $P=$ 0.014) in the Company However, there was no any significantly difference by all components of attitude and practice toward to HIV/AIDS ( $P>$ 0.05).

CONCLUSION:

The findings shown that participants had ever heard about HIV/AIDS. Only Mass media and NGOs were used as the major source of information about HIV/AIDS. This implies it may be lack of further health education and training about all source of information regarding HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS prevention and control training and health education efforts should be intensified to improve the attitude and practice workers in china first highway engineering company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project.

Keywords

Knowledge attitude practice HIV/AIDS China first highway engineering Company Bilbila Sokota

1. Introduction

Human Immunio Deficiency Viruses (HIV)/ Acquired Immunio Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) have been raised with Young people at increased risk of infection worldwide. Even though Sexual behavior change are still remains as the most effective way of preventing further HIV/AIDS and related diseases transmission [1], people live with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been reached about 35 million in world notion. However, of those estimated PLWHIV, two-third (70%) of them is in Sub-Sharan Africa [2]. It has become one of the most devastating diseases humanity has ever faced in the region. As a result, it has become a major public health concern [3]. Evidence show that some sort of positive attitudes of student toward HIV in Iran; however, their knowledge still needs to be improved to enable them to deliver more accurate information to the community during the course of their speeches [4].

Few research finding indicates that the major risk of HIV transmission may be much higher than these averages if biological risk factors are present as such STIs and some vaginal conditions can increase the risk of HIV transmission by up to 8 times [5, 6, 7]. Furthermore, it transmitted from blood transfusion [8]. Phelps and colleagues suggested that blood donor screening had been reduced the diagnostic window period for HIV [9]. Hence, HIV risk behaviors and laboratory testing of each donated unit of blood for antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 need the major interventions that are used to minimize this risk [10, 11]. Moreover, the spread of the HIV through needle sharing among drug users is the infectivity [12]. It is very high if any person uses injection equipment that someone who is HIV $+$ has used because the drug materials may have contaminated with blood which carries virus [13, 14].

In general, HIV is largely preventable; however, its rapid spread throughout a population due to lack of knowledge and practices toward to HIV/AIDS [15]. Behavioral practices among HIV $+$ is vital in decreasing HIV disease transmission. Especially, KAP studies regarding to HIV infection rarely include PLWHIV/ AIDS [16]. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the Bilbila Sokota Road Project workers’ knowledge, attitude and practice toward to HIV/AIDS in China first highway engineering Company, Sokota, Ethiopia.

2. Methods and materials

2.1 Study design

A Community based cross-sectional study design was employed.

2.2 Study area and period

The study was conducted in China first highway Engineering at Bilbala 120, K126 200, based camp at Asketema 150, K175 150 from September, 2016 up to January, 2017. China First Highway Engineering Co., Ltd (CFHEC) was established in April, 1963. CFHEC now affiliates to China Communications Construction Company and locates its headquarters in Beijing. It has grown into a national special-class general contractor in major highway projects, focusing on construction of high-class highways and large bridges at home and abroad, integrating construction, design, supervising, research, measuring, and machinery manufacturing. The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) on April 14, 2015 signed three road project contracts worth 6.2 billion Br, which will be fully covered by the Ethiopian government’s budget. The Bilbila Sokota road project consist 620 staffs and 120 PLWHIV.

2.3 Source of population

The source of population was all staffs found in China first highway engineering at Bilbila Sokota Road Project.

2.4 Study population

The study populations included a sample of staff found in China first highway engineering at Bilbila Sokota Road Project.

2.5 Inclusion criteria

Staffs who are working at China first highway engineering at Bilbila Sokota Road Project related with HIV/AIDS prevention and control program.

2.6 Exclusion criteria

Seriously ill participants who cannot respond to the questions, and who are on grief and wedding, who are not present at data collection time were excluded.

2.7 Sample size determination

A purposively 55 workers were recruited.

2.8 Sampling methods and procedures

In China first highway engineering at Bilbila Sokota Road Project, there are 620 staffs and 120 PLWHIV. A purposefully sampling method was used for recruit the participants. Snowball sampling was used. It is the common approaches of sequential sampling.

2.9 Variables of the study

2.9.1 Dependent variable

•
Knowledge with HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs;
•
Attitude towards HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs;
•
Practices on HIV/AIDS prevention and control programs;
•
Behavioral change related with HIV risk contributing factors.

2.9.2 Independent variables

For the current study, the independent or predictor variables are age, sex, educational back ground, position at work, work experience and marital status.

2.10 Data collection instruments

A structured pre-tested questionnaire, prepared via reviewing of literatures, was used. The questionnaire was initially prepared in English and translated into Amharic (National language) and again translated back to English to check for any inconsistencies or distortions in the meaning of words and concepts. However, the company consists both English speakers (Chinese) and Amharic speaker (Ethiopian).Therefore; the questionnaires were disseminated with two various languages in order to be relaxed with this study.

2.11 Data collection techniques

Face to face interview was the technique of data collection. The interview were used semi-structure so as to let the interview express their thoughts and views using the few prelisted questions as elements to guide the course of interview to only relevant points and prevent the data become forest of information.

2.12 Data processing and analysis

All collected data were entered to SPSS version 20 statistical software for its analysis. Data was coded, and cleaned for completeness and consistency. Binary logistic regression model was used for analysis. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were computed to see the frequency distribution and to test whether there is association between dependent variables and selected independent variables respectively. Moreover, P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval was considered as statistically significant.

2.13 Data quality assurance

To assure data quality, the data collection tool was translated to local language (Amharic) and used directly English version questionnaire for foreigners. The recruited data collectors and their supervisors were trained for three days on the tools, objectives, confidentiality and so on. The structured questionnaire was pretested on 5% of the sample size outside of the study area, near to the city, for consistent understanding of the survey tool modifications was done accordingly. Close supervision was undertaken during data collection. Questionnaire was checked for completeness and consistency before data entry by the principal investigator.

2.14 Validity of instruments

The instrument was also critiqued by experts consisting of DM health and health related consultant. The content of validity of the translated instruments was approved by DM health and health related consultancy officer. The investigator carried out a pilot study to ensure content validity.

2.15 Data quality control and assurance

The principal investigator reviewed the respondent filled questionnaire for completeness of the collected data. The questionnaire was used for the data collection was kept sequentially. The data was stored in safe and secure place.

2.16 Ethical considerations

Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical review Board of DM health and Health related Consultancy. Official permissions obtained from China first highway engineering at Bilbila Sokota road project. Written informed consent was obtained from each study participant to confirm willingness for participation after explaining the objective, procedure and general purpose of the study. Confidentiality of the information was maintained throughout by excluding names and keeping their privacy during the interview, by interviewing them alone. Participants have the right to with draw any time from the interview.

3. Results

A total of 55 participants were including in this study with a response rate of 99.4%. The majority 40 (74.1%) of the participants were male. Regarding age of the participants, the majority 14 (25.9%) of them were at age between 25 and 29. The majority 26 (48.1%) of the participant were secondary level of education. According to position at work, the majority 24 (44.4%) were Military. Twenty-eight (51.9%) had 1 and 2 years work experience. The majority 34 (63%) were married (Table 1).

Table 1
Distribution of Socio-democratic information of respondents among China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Variables	Characteristics	Number	Percent
Sex	Male	40	74.1
	Female	14	25.9
	Total	54	100
Age	15–19	10	18.5
	20–24	12	22.2
	25–29	14	25.9
	30–34	9	16.7
	35–39	4	7.4
	40–44	3	5.6
	45–49	1	1.9
	$\geqslant$ 50	1	1.9
	Total	54	100
Educational back ground	Primary	4	7.4
	Secondary	26	48.1
	Higher education	21	38.9
	No response	3	5.6
	Total	54	100
Position at work	Daily work	11	20.4
	Management	17	31.5
	Military	2	3.7
	Others	24	44.4
	Total	54	100
Work experience	0–6 months	11	20.4
	6–12 months	15	27.8
	1–2 years	28	51.9
	Total	54	100
Marital status	Married	19	35.2
	Single	34	63.0
	No response	1	1.0
	Total	54	100

Table 2

HIV/AIDS related knowledge among China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Serial no	Characteristics	Response
		Number	Percentage
1	Have you ever heard of the diseases HIV/AIDS
	Yes	52	96.3
	No	2	3.7
	Total	54	100
2	From what source have you heard about HIV/AIDS
	Mass media	34	63
	Work place/clinic	2	3.7
	NGOs	11	20
	Co-workers	7	13
	Total	54	100
3	Can you become infected by HIV unprotected sex with a person who is infected with HIV
	Yes	29	53.7
	No	8	14.8
	Do not know	2	3.7
	No response	15	27.8
	Total	54	100
4	Can you become infected from a transfusion of blood or blood products
	Yes	46	85.2
	No	5	9.3
	Do not know	2	3.7
	No response	1	1.9
	Total	54	100
5	Can you become infected by sharing needles with a person who are infected with HIV?
	Yes	33	61.1
	No	16	29.6
	Do not know	3	5.6
	No response	2	3.7
	Total	54	100
6	Do you believe a condom should be used if you have sex with a person other than your spouse?
	Yes	48	88.9
	No	4	7.4
	Do not know	2	3.7
	Total	54	100

Table 3

HIV/AIDS related Attitude among China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Serial no	Characteristics	Response
		Number	Percentage
1	Do you believe you know how to use a condom correctly?
	Yes	46	85.2
	No	6	11.1
	Do not know	2	3.7
	No response	54	100
	Total
2	Do you believe that is acceptable for single men or women to use condom
	Yes	40	74.1
	No	7	13.0
	Do not know	5	9.3
	No response	2	3.7
	Total	54	100
3	Would you be willing to use the same toilet as a co-worker who is HIV positive
	Yes	37	68.5
	No	12	22.2
	Do not know	4	7.4
	No response	1	1.9
	Total	54	100
4	Would you be willing to buy food preapared by a vendor who is HIV positive
	Yes	37	68.5
	No	10	18.5
	Do not know	7	13
	Total	54	100
5	Would you be willing to share utensils with co-worker who is HIV positive
	Yes	27	50
	No	15	27.8
	Do not know	8	14.8
	No response	4	7.4
	Total	54	100
6	Would you be willing to hold hands with someone who is HIV positive
	Yes	43	79.6
	No	10	18.5
	Do not know	1	1.9
	Total	54	100
7	Would you be willing to share a room with some one living with HIV/AIDS
	Yes	43	79.6
	No	8	14.8
	Do not know	2	3.7
	No response	1	1.9
	Total	54	100
8	Can a HIV $+$ mother infect her unborn child
	Yes	33	61.1
	No	12	22.2
	Do not know	8	14.8
	No response	1	1.9
	Total	54	100

Table 4

HIV/AIDS related practice among China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Serial No	Characteristics	Response
		Number	Percentage
1	Are you sexually active
	Yes	22	40.7
	No	21	38.9
	Do not know	7	13.0
	No response	4	7.4
	Total	54	100
2	If so, do you have a sexual partner other than your spouse?
	Mass media	13	24.1
	Work place/clinic	36	66.7
	NGOs	3	5.6
	Co-workers	2	3.7
	Total	54	100
3	In the past 3 mnths, have you had sex with a person other than your spouse
	Yes	16	29.6
	No	27	50
	Do not know	4	7.4
	No response	7	13
	Total	54	100
4	If so, do you use a condom the last two times you had sex with person other than your spouse
	Yes	18	33.3
	No	24	44.4
	Do not know	4	7.4
	No response	8	14.8
	Total	54	100
5	If you had multiple sexual partners in the past, have you intentionally reduced the number of those partners in the past 6 months inorder to reduce the risk of HIV?
	Yes	17	31.9
	No	17	31.5
	Do not know	10	18.5
	No response	10	18.5
	Total	54	100
6	Do you feel you are at risk of become infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection
	Yes	10	18.5
	No	27	50
	Do not know	11	20.4
	No response	6	11.1
	Total	54	100
7	Do you think you can change your behaviors to reduce your risk of becoming infected with HIV
	Yes	32	59.3
	No	6	11.1
	Do not know	9	16.7
	No response	7	13
	Total	54	100

Table 5

Mean knowledge scores for all respondents in China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Knowledge questions	Mean	Standard	F	P-value
		deviation
Have you ever heard of the diseases HIV/AIDS	1.04	0.191	0.392	0.902
From what source have you heard about HIV/AIDS	1.83	1.161	1.603	0.159
Which was the best sources of information for you about HIV	1.85	1.089	1.597	0.160
What source of information on sexual health do you think most credible at work place?	2.22	0.861	2.862	0.014
What occasion brings most of the employees together?	2.17	1.225	0.411	0.890
Can you become infected by HIV unprotected sex with a person who is infected with HIV	2.06	1.309	1.727	0.126
Can you become infected from a transfusion of blood or blood products?	1.22	0.604	0.273	0.961
Can you become infected by sharing needles with a person infected with HIV?	1.52	0.771	0.801	0.591
Do you believe a condom should be used if you have sex with a person other than your spouse?	1.15	0.452	0.989	0.451

3.1 HIV/AIDS related knowledge

Most (96.3%) had ever heard of the diseases HIV/ AIDS in study area. Regarding the source which have heard about HIV/AIDs, the majority 34 (63%) were respond mass media and followed by Non Governmental organizations (NGOs) ( $n=$ 11; 20%). More than half 29 (53.7%) of participants agreed that we can become infected by HIV due to unprotected sex with a person who is infected with HIV. However, 8 (14.8%) were gave negative response. The remaining 2 (3.7%) and 15 (27.8%) respond that do not know and no response about the reason behind a question respectively. Meanwhile, the majority 46 (85.2%) of the participants were believed that blood transfusion or blood products can be infected them or transmitted HIV/AIDS. The majority 33 (61.1%) had respond that sharing needles with a person who are infected with HIV can become infected. Regarding use of condom, three fourth (88.9%) of participants believed that condom should be used if we have sex with a person other than our spouse. However, only 4 (7.4%) were believed no and 2 (3.7%) did not know about it.

3.2 HIV/AIDS related attitude

The majority 46 (85.2%) of participants had knew about how to use a condom correctly. Forty (74.1%) were agreed that is acceptable for single men or women to use condom. Thirty seven (68.5%) of participants were willing to use the same toilet as a co-worker who is HIV positive. Followed by non willing 12 (22.2%). However, the remaining 5 (9.3%) were no response any and they did not know about it. The majority of the group studied 37 (68.5%) were willing to buy food prepared by a vendor who is HIV positive. Regarding of attitude 27 (50%) of the sample population, were in willing to share utensils with co-workers who is HIV whereas the lowest frequent sample were of no response about their willingness (90). The highest percentage (79.6%) of participants would have willing to hold hands with someone who is HIV positive. Regarding sharing the room with someone living with HIV/AIDS, 43 (79.6%) the majority of participants were willing. Thirty-three (61.1%) of the study participant were believed that HIV $+$ mother infect their unborn child and 12 (22.2%) were not believed (Table 2).

3.3 The best source of information about HIV/AIDS

Figure 1 indicated that the majority 32 (59.3%) of participants were respond that mass media. Followed by NGOs (29.6%).

Figure 1.

The best sources of information about HIV/AIDS among China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017.

3.4 HIV/AIDS related practice

Almost half (40.7%) of the study participants were sexually active. Meanwhile, out of those who are sexually active, the majority 13 (24.1%) had a sexual partners other than their spouse. Twenty-seven (50%) of the participants had not any sexual practice with a person other than their spouse in the past three months. However, 16 (29.6%) were did. The majority 24 (44.4%) of the participant had not used condom the last two times they had sex with other than their spouse. Only 18 (33.3%) of them had used condom during last two times sexual intercourse with other partners. Regarding to reduce the risk of HIV, the majority 17 (31.5%) believed that we had intentionally reduced the number of those partners in the past 6 months in order to reduce the risk of HIV. However, 17 (31.5%) were not. The remaining 20 (37%) were not respond about the question and they do not know about it. The majority 27 (50%) of participants did not feel about their risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection. But, 10 (18.5%) were feel they are at risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection in study area. Regarding behavioral change, the majority 32 (59.3%) had thought that they can change their behavior in order to reduce their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Tables 3 and 4).

The mean attitude score of willing to share utensils with a co-worker who is HIV positive (1.80 $\pm$ 0.959) was higher than response based on HIV $+$ mother infect her unborn child (1.57 $\pm$ 0.815). However, there was no any significantly difference by all components of attitude toward to HIV/AIDS ( $P>$ 0.05) in the Company (Table 6).

Table 6
Mean Attitude scores for all respondents in China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

Attitude questions	Mean	Standard	F	P-Value
		deviation
Do you believe you know how to use a condom correctly?	1.19	0.479	0.517	0.817
Do you believe that is acceptable for single men or women to use condom	1.43	0.815	0.510	0.822
Would you be willing to use the same toilet as a co-worker who is HIV positive	1.43	0.716	0.837	0.563
Would you be willing to buy food prepared by a vendor who is HIV positive	1.44	0.7181	0.893	0.520
Would you be willing to share utensils with a co-worker who is HIV positive	1.80	0.959	0.474	0.848
Would you be willing to hold hands with some one who is HIV positive	1.22	0.462	1.052	0.409
Would you be willing to share a room with someone living with HIV/AIDS	1.28	0.627	0.542	0.798
Can a HIV $+$ mother infect her unborn child	1.57	0.815	0.644	0.717
Could you keep your self from becoming infected by having faithful sexual partners who are not infected with HIV	1.28	0.763	1.301	0.271
Can you reduce the chance of becoming infected by using condom during sex	1.41	0.858	2.017	0.073
Can you keep your room becoming infected by having no sex	1.61	0.920	0.460	0.858
If can you become infected by having unprotected sex with a person who looks healthy	1.44	0.793	1.964	0.081
Is excessive use of alcohol or drugs a contributing risk factor to becoming infected with HIV	1.41	0.836	2.394	0.036
Is there a difference between HIV and AIDS	1.52	0.863	1.271	0.286
Would you be willing to recieve medical treatment norm a health care worker who is HIV positive	1.39	0.712	1.175	0.335
Would you be willing to utilize the services of a barber or a hair dresser who is HIV positive	1.54	0.818	0.599	0.754
Do you feel that HIV positive worker should be allowed to stay in the work place with un infected worker	1.57	0.964	1.690	0.135

Multiple regression tests were used to see among variables, which one can predict the attitude related to HIV/AIDS among workers’ in China first high way engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project. In performing this test, sex ( $P=$ 0.043), one independent variable was correlated with attitude related to HIV/AIDS among workers’ in China first high way engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project. The selection of this one variable gave an R square 0.178 meaning that this one variable modify 17.8% of attitude related to HIV/AIDS among a company workers (see Tables 7 and 8).

Table 7

Regression analysis results on attitude towards to HIV/AIDS among workers in China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

	$\beta$ Coefficient	Robust S.E ${}^{*}$	t ${}^{**}$	P-value	[95% Confidence Interval]
Constant	–	0.559	0.554	0.582	$-$ 0.815	1.435
Sex	0.308	0.160	2.085	0.043	0.012	0.654
Age	$-$ 0.030	0.046	0.185	0.854	$-$ 0.102	0.085
Educational back ground	0.121	0.091	0.889	0.379	$-$ 0.102	0.264
Position at work	0.113	0.052	0.840	0.405	$-$ 0.061	0.149
Work experiences	0.206	0.082	1.520	1.520	$-$ 0.040	0.288
Marital status	0.087	0.129	$-$ 0.555	0.581	$-$ 0.332	0.188
R-Squared $=$ 0.178 Adjusted R ${}^{2}=$ 0.073 F-change $=$ 1.695 P-value (F-changed) $=$ 0.143

Table 8

ANOVA of attitude towards to HIV/AIDS among workers in China first highway engineering Company workers, Bilibila Sokota Road Project, Ethiopia, 2017

	Sum of square	df	Mean square	F	P-value
Regression	2.161	6	0.360	1.695	0.143 ${}^{\text{b}}$
Residual	9.987	47	0.212
Total	12.148	53

${}^{\text{a}}$ -Dependent variable: Do you believe you know to use a condom correctly (attitude). ${}^{\text{b}}$ -Predicts: (Constant), marital status, educational back ground, position at work, work experience, sex, age.

4. Discussion

This study showed that the knowledge, attitude, and practice of workers’ in China first highway engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project. The majority (74.1%) of the participants were male. It indicated that till there was less female participation in the study area. In contrast, study was done by Shamsuddin and colleagues [23] found that both male and female had participated in study regarding KAP toward to HIV/AIDS among university students in Xinjing, China. The difference may be due to work characteristics. In this study the participants were working at road project. Therefore, the Company need male in order to hard work situation. This study result shown that the mean age of workers’ was 3.06 (SD $=$ 1.653), ranged from 25 to 29 years old. This study opposed by Gnimbar and Sondet [24] study in Burkina Faso, in which the mean age of the trunks drivers was 38.71 years (SD $=$ 8.89). It is due to low sample size in this study area.

This study result revealed that most (96.3%) of participants had ever heard about HIV/AIDS. This figure was similar with Megabiaw and Awoke [25] study in Ethiopia, in which the majority (96.9%) had ever heard about HIV/AIDS. However, the awareness about methods of prevention of HIV/AIDS in Lucknow was low [16]. In this study Mass media and Non Governmental organizations (NGOs) were the major source of information about HIV/AIDS. In contrast, study conducted in North-Eastern part of India in 2013 [26] found that electronic media and print media were the major source of information. Furthermore, Megabiaw and Awoke [25] suggested that radio, Neighbors and friends had a main source of information about HIV/AIDS.

This study result shown that almost half of participants agreed that we can become infected by HIV due to unprotected sex with a person who is infected with HIV. Meanwhile, blood transfusion or blood products might be infected them or transmitted HIV/AIDS. It is supported by CDC; HIV diagnoses among persons who inject drugs declined 48% from 2008 to 2014. In contrast, the same study finding indicated that injection drug used in rural areas has been created prevention challenges and it has been placed new populations at risk for HIV [6, 16]. Moreover, the risk of HIV transmission increases by 2 to 3 times if viral load is increased 10 folded [15, 16]. It supported by [15, 16] the extremely high viral load during acute HIV infection might be increased the risk of HIV transmission by up to 26-fold. As a result, unprotected sex with an HIV-positive person who has acute HIV infection could carry a transmission risk of up to 2% for receptive vaginal sex and over 20% receptive anal sex [15, 16].

The present study finding indicated that the majority (61.1%) of participants had respond that sharing needles with a person who are infected with HIV can become infected. Condom is used during sexual intercourse with a person other than our spouse. This attitude of workers’ was opposite to the findings of Davhana-Maselesele and colleagues [15, 16] study in Vhemebe district, in which sharing of needle s and razors was cited as the second means (male 39.7% and female 35%) of HIV transmission after sexual intercourse by both girls and boys. This study result shown that participants had known about how to use a condom correctly. They had agreed upon condom use for both single men and women. In contrast [25], suggested that only 23.7% of participants had favorable attitude used condom in their recent sexual intercourse.

This study finding shown that most (68.5%) of participants were willing to use the same toilet as a co-worker who is HIV positive. They are willing to buy food prepared by a vendor who is HIV positive. However, 50% are willing to share utensils with co-workers who are HIV whereas the lowest frequent samples were of no response about their willingness. In similar, study was conducted in Lucknow [16] the students have favorable attitude towards persons infected with HIV/AIDS they were not aware of the fact that it is not a curable disease.

This study results shown that the majority (79.6%) would have willing to hold hands with someone who is HIV positive. Furthermore, they are sharing the room with someone living with HIV/AIDS. In contrast, a study was conducted by Gnimbar and Sondet [24] found that about 59.3% felt that AIDS can be transmitted by sharing meals, 56.73% were of the opinion that HIV/AIDs can be spread by using same toilet and cloths. It indicated that there is good attitude at this study area when compared with the previous study. However, till it needs continuous follow up through the Company. Because it may be due to small sample size.

This study result revealed that near to half (40.7%) of the study participants were sexually active. Some of them had sexual partners other than their spouse. This study result shown that the majority (44.4%) of the participant had not used condom the last two times they had sex with other than their spouse. But, it indicated that only 33.3% of them had used condom during last two times sexual intercourse with other partners. Evidenced by [24] found that almost a third (30.4%) had more than one sex partner in the last one year and only 27.7% had used condom in their recent sexual intercourse. It indicates that still there is knowledge, attitude and practice gap in the study area.

This study finding indicated that about 31.5% had agreed on intentionally reduced the number of those partners in the past 6 months in order to reduce the risk of HIV. Meanwhile half of the participants did not feel about their risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection. But, 18.5% were feel they are at risk of becoming infected with HIV or another sexually transmitted infection in study area. Evidence suggested 39% of unprotected anal sex with steady or casual partners in the previous 6 months. It supported by [15, 16] found that after 6 month follow up, 82% patients write sexual contact as major mode of transmission, and Use of condom was most important preventive measure (68%) [15, 16].

5. Conclusion

Still HIV/AIDS in public health problem of the major significance in most parts of the world, some of workers’ in China first high way engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project still have gap on knowledge, attitude, and practice toward to HIV/AIDS. The findings shown that participants had ever heard about HIV/AIDS. However, only Mass media and Non Governmental organizations (NGOs) were used as the major source of information about HIV/AIDS. This imply that it may be lack of further health education and training about all source of information regarding HIV/AIDS for those workers’ who have been in working in the Company. Almost half of participants agreed that we can become infected by HIV due to unprotected sex with a person who is infected with HIV. Moreover, blood transfusion or blood products might be infected them or transmitted HIV/AIDS. However, figure still very low when compared with other all previous studies. Evidence which indicated that there is 120 PLWHIV in study area. Conceivably since HIV/AIDS has only faced in the years ago, workers’ in the first highway Company may be unfamiliar with all the facts about HIV virus and AIDS or have been low access regarding health education towards HIV/AIDS.

This study revealed that sharing needles with a person who are infected with HIV can become infected. Meanwhile, Condom is used during sexual intercourse with a person other than our spouse. They were willing to use the same toilet as a co-worker and buy food prepared by a vendor who is HIV. However, half of them are willing to share utensils. It indicated that there is good attitude at this study area when compared with the previous study. However, still it needs continuous follow up through the Company. Because it may be due to small sample size.

Attitude of HIV/AIDS is good but near to half of participants were sexually active. Some of them had sexual partners other than their spouse. Furthermore, they had not used condom the last two times they had sex with other than their spouse. But, only one-third of them had ever used condom during last two time’s sexual intercourse with other partners. This bad practice will lead to discrimination and increases number of PLWHIV and HIV/AIDS risk behavior among workers and communities around it. At the same time about 67% of these workers reported have not used any condom.

Limitation of the study

Some part of the Bilibila Sokota Road Project workers of HIV/AIDs prevention and control program is still at its initial stage of implementation and has not fully settled down. Therefore the observations made by the researcher may not be representative the whole country.

Footnotes

Recommendation

•

Formulating strategy needed for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS transmission.

•

Both Governmental and non-governmental organization should be adapted support for those who are PLWHIV with continue HIV/AIDS prevention and control programmes.

•

It should be required of collaborative approach by all stakeholders in study area and over all the country.

•

Encourage funders in order to support for peoples living with HIV $+$ (those who are PLWHIV $=$ 120) and others who are lost their families due to HIV/AIDS death.

•

Especially, Nongovernmental organization should be considered how to develop the consultation program and to be able to reflect accurately the information about their HIV/AIDS activities and also be able to contribute to on-going monitoring activities at a study area and a national level including SDGs.

•

Health providers should need to routinely initiate discussions with clients about childbearing intentions and to be enabled with approved guidelines and training to support client access to safer conception methods.

•

Information, education, and communication activities are imperative to educate persons living with HIV/AIDS about life-long nature of the disease, modes of its transmission, and significance of preventive measures to bridge the gaps in their knowledge.

•

Improvement in individual economic status, education, and health services remains highly desirable; mass media can play a pivotal role in creating awareness among masses.

•

Tailored HIV prevention programs targeting company need to be developed and implemented at all working days.

•

It should be increased efforts to prevent further growth of the HIV epidemic in study area and national level.

•

Educational programmes with specific interventions are recommended to increase KAPs and to prevent new HIV infections among workers in China first highway engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project.

•

HIV/AIDS health education efforts should be intensified to improve the attitude and practice workers in China first highway engineering Company at Bilbila Sokota Road Project.

References

Durajaiye

O.C.

, Knowledge, attitude, and practice of HIV/AIDS: Behavioural change among tertiary education students in Logos, Nigeria, Annuals of Tropical Medicine, and Public Health 4(1) (2011), 1–18.

UNAIDS: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2014.

USAIDS: Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic 2008. Geneva: UNAIDS, 2008.

Shamsipour

Khajehkazami

Haghdoost

A.K.

Setayeh

Kariman Majid

and Mostafavi

, Knowledge, attitude, and practice of clerical students with respect to HIV/AIDS in Iran, Journal of Region and Health 55(1) (2016), 26–37.

Ward

and Ronn

, Contribution of sexually transmitted infections to the sexual transmission of HIV, Current opinion in HIV and AIDS 5(4) (2015), 305–310.

Atashili

Poole

Ndumbe

P.M.

et al., Bacterial Vaginosis and HIV acquisition: A met a-analysis of Published studies, AIDS 22(12) (2008), 1493–1501.

Cohen

C.R.

Lingappa

J.R.

Bacten

J.M.

et al., Bacterial Vaginosis associated with increased risk of female to male HIV-1 transmission: a prospective Cohort analysis among African Couples, PLos, Medicine 9(6) (2012), e1001251.

Kleinman

S.H.

Lelie

and Busch

M.P.

, Infectivity of human Immunodeficiency virus -1, Hepatitis C Virus, and Hepatitis B virus and risk of transmission by transfusion, Transfusion 49 (2009), 2454.

Philps

Robbins

Liberti

Machuca

Lepare

Chamberland

Kalish

Hewlett

Folks

Lee

L.M.

and McKenna

, Window-period human immunodeficiency virus Transmission to two recipients by an adolescent blood donor, Transfusion 44(6) (2004), 929–933.

10.

Kleinman

Silvergleid

A.J.

and Tinnaver

J.S.

, Risk of HIV from blood transfusion. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/risk-of-hiv-from-blood transfusion [accessed January 01, 2017].

11.

Health Protection Agency Infection Surveillance programme Annual Report 2007. London, 2008.

12.

Kaplan

E.H.

and Heimer

, A model – based estimate of HIV infectivity Via needle sharing, J Acquire Defice Syndr 5(11) (1992), 1116–1118.

13.

CDC: Diagnosis of HIV infection in the united states and dependent areas, 2015 HIV surveillance Report 2016: 27.

14.

Zou

Dorsey

K.A.

Notari

E.P.

Foster

G.A.

Krysztof

D.E.

Musavi

Dodd

R.Y.

and Stramer

S.L.

, Prevalence, Incidence, and residual risks of human Immunio deficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among United States blood donors since the introduction of nucleic acid testing, Transfusion 50(7) (2010), 1495–1504.

15.

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention. National Prevention Information Network. (n.d.). HIV/AIDS Introduction. Retrieved June 3, 2012, from http://www.cdcnpin.org/scripts/hiv/.

16.

Gupta

Mahajan

V.K.

Chauahn

P.S.

Mehta

K.S.

Rawat

and Shiny

T.N.

, Knowledge, attitude, and perception of disease among persons living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno deficiency syndrome: A study from a tertiary care centre in North India, Indian J Sex Transm Dis 37(2) (2016 Jul-Dec), 173–177.

17.

Shamsuddin

Abdurahim

Tohti

and Maimaiti

, Knoweldge, attitude, and practice regarding HIV/AIDS among University students in Xinjiang, Global Journal of Health Science 2(2) (2010), 51–60.

18.

Gnimbar

and Sondet

, HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes and practices among truck drivers in Burkina Faso, Clinical Research in HIV/AIDS and Prevention 2(2) (2016), 1–18.

19.

Megabiaw

and Awoke

, Comprehensive knowledge, attitude, and practice of street adults human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immuno deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Northwest Ethiopia, Journal of AIDS and HIV Research 5(6) (2013), 181–187.

20.

Meena

L.P.

Pandoy

S.K.

Rai

Bharti

and Sunder

, Knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) study on HIV/AIDS among HIV patients, care givers and general population in North-Eastern part of India, International Journal of medical Sciences and public Health 2(1) (2013), 36–42.

21.

Wawer

M.J.

Gray

R.H.

and Sewankambo

N.K.

, Rates of HIV-1 transmission per coital act by stage HIV-1 infection, in Rakai, Uganda, Journal of Infectious Diseases 191(9) (2005), 1403–1409.

22.

Baeten

J.M.

Kahle

Lingapapa

J.R.

et al., Genital HIV-1 RNA predicts risk of heterosexual HIV-1 transmission, Science Translational Medicine 3(77) (2011 Apr 6), 77ra29.

23.

Hollingsworth

T.D.

Anderson

R.M.

and Fraser

, HIV-1 transmission, by stage of infection, Journal of Infectious Diseases 198(5) (2008), 687–693.

24.

De Silva

C.G.

Goncalves Dde

Pacca

J.C.

Merchan-Hemann

and Hearst

, Optimistic perception of HIV/AIDS unprotected sex and implication for prevention among men who have sex with men, Sao Paulo, Brazil, AIDS 9(suppl 4) (2005), S31–6.

25.

Davhana-Maselesele

Lalendle

L.L.

and Useh

, Knoweldgeattitudes, and practices related to HIV/AIDS among learners in Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, Curations 30(3) (2007), 15–22.

26.

Tang

H.L.

Han

Shen

Z.Y.

Lai

W.W.

Shi

Y.H.

Sun

D.Y.