A comparative study of slope stability analysis via Geo5 using IoT framework

Abstract

In mountainous regions, landslides pose significant and frequent threats, causing extensive damage due to their destructive nature and frequency, therefore determining their likely occurrence sites and environmental factors is essential for hazard assessment. The infinite slope approach characterizes slope stability using a factor of safety (FOS) to assess the likelihood of slope failure and is frequently used to estimate the occurrence of shallow landslides on soil and regolith-covered slopes. Various methods have been used to evaluate and spread uncertainty across such models. Slope failure is a significant geological occurrence brought on by topography and weather, which result in a variety of ground movements. Engineers must plan and implement measures to mitigate hazards, safeguarding both lives and property from potential risks and dangers by using an adequate stabilizing solution. Technology and software advancements have made it simpler than ever to handle challenging issues that used to require a lot of time in every profession. Over the past decade, software utilization in civil engineering has surged. GEO 5 is a versatile program gaining prominence, aiding in the resolution of diverse geotechnical challenges. Through the installation of IoT cameras in various sand and clay areas along the bank of the Mahandi River in Odisha, we have gathered the data necessary to develop the region in this case. a select selection of which we have chosen for our research. In this study, slope stability-related modules have been carefully examined and used for the analysis of slope stability. Using the GEO5 program, the geometry of the issues was established, and the study took into account several stability optimization techniques. Additionally, the cost factor of various reinforcing techniques was calculated and contrasted.

Keywords

Slope STABILITY SOIL Nail anti-slide piles anchors reinforcement GEO5 software

1. Introduction

The phrases slope stability and slope monitoring are now used often in opencast mines. New slope stabilization and slope monitoring concepts are being created and published in research publications by engineers, academics, and scientists. The standards of slope control have significantly improved with the introduction of Wireless sensors and IoT. It significantly contributed to the slope management system’s cost reduction, which encouraged small-scale mining businesses to use it. The main goal of stability assessments is to evaluate slopes such as excavations, landfills, embankments, and road cuttings for safety and to propose the most cost-effective design. When evaluating slopes to determine how near to failure they are, FOS is the main factor taken into account. Slopes can be man-made or natural. These can be embankments, which are above ground, or cuts, which are below ground. For the construction of levees, canal banks, earth dams, railway embankments, and other structures, earth slopes are created. Researchers and professionals alike frequently face difficulties linked to instability in both artificial and natural slopes. Rainfall, a rising groundwater table, and a shift in stress conditions can all contribute to instability. Naturally occurring slopes, stable over time, can suddenly fail due to geometric shifts, external pressures, and weakened shear strength. Weathering and chemical processes can further compromise stability. Assessing slope stability becomes crucial. Soil masses on inclined surfaces always pose a risk of sliding downhill. Evaluations aim to ensure safety and efficiency in designing earth dams, embankments, and excavations. Various methods, such as the Morgenstern price technique, Spencer method, Sarma method, Bishop method, Janbu method, and standard limit equilibrium approach, are employed for stability analysis of finite slopes. These analyses are vital for preventing disasters and ensuring the resilience of infrastructure against natural forces. If the slopes are built as steep as possible, the expense of earthwork will be at its lowest. Extremely steep slopes, however, could not be stable. The slopes offered to strike the right balance between economy and safety by being neither too steep nor underly gentle. In other words, the most dangerous and stable steep slopes should be offered. Ensuring slope stability is vital to prevent loss of life and property. Thorough verification is essential to assess the safety of proposed slopes. Numerous techniques, including soil nailing, anti-slide piles, anchors, and reinforcing, can be used to stabilize the slope. We employed anchors, reinforcing, and anti-slide piles in our investigation. Authors in [1] used Geo-SEEP/W studios and SLOPE/W subprograms in 2017 to study the leakage movement in the Al-earth dam. The study involved an analysis segment that examined two separate cases in detail, allowing for a comprehensive investigation into the factors influencing slope stability in each scenario. The phreatic line deteriorated from its initial condition, resulting in a decrease in permeability, as shown in all selected cases. The unconfined pressure strength of the earth soil displayed a huge increment of more than 70% in the second model when it was joined with top notch materials, bringing about a decrease in soil porousness. Mishal (2018) [2] used GeoStudio software to determine the Adhaim Earth Dam’s factor of safety (FOS) under various soil conditions. The computation considered the impacts of changing supply water levels, drainage rates through the dam body, and significant soil properties like the point of interior contact, weight thickness, and durable strength. The chart introduced beneath outlines the connection between’s these qualities and the security factor, as well as their exchange with one another. The review’s decision features the significance of the point of inward grating as a vital figure forestalling incline disappointment. Essentially, it has been seen that the component of security values expansion in direct extent to the fast consumption until they arrive at a steady state at the level of the dead stockpiling supply. In 2018, Najeeb directed research, as referred to [3], utilizing Geo-Studio programming to completely explore and break down drainage peculiarities in the Al-Shahabi earth dam, arranged in Iraq’s Wasit Governorate. When assessing the stability of the dam and its susceptibility to potential weaknesses, the utilization of sophisticated software demonstrates a dedication to accuracy and comprehensiveness. This information is crucial for enhancing the dam’s capacity to withstand seepage-related risks.

The incline steadiness examination is particularly critical for assessing the equilibrium of different normal and man-made slants, like banks, street cuttings, mining exercises, unearthings, and landfills. It guarantees the slopes’ safe design. The emphasis is on deciding the capacity of slanted surfaces to oppose sliding or imploding, which is known as incline strength. Through a thorough evaluation of these elements, specialists and geologists can distinguish potential perils, carry out reasonable measures to decrease their effect and make structures that can endure insecurity. This eventually safeguards lives, foundations, and the climate from the destructive impacts of incline disappointments. Distinguishing helpless areas, examining possible reasons for disappointment, and surveying the defenselessness of an incline to various triggers. The principal objectives of slant steadiness investigation are to build inclines that focus on well-being, constancy, and cost-effectiveness. This interaction involves the ID of potential risks and the execution of medicinal activities to further develop steadiness. It likewise includes guaranteeing that the framework is tough against normal powers, while at the same time advancing assets for economic advancement [4]. Various regular strategies for investigating limited slants are utilized and momentarily analyzed. In the present study, finite slope stability analysis is conducted utilizing various established techniques. These include the Morgenstern-Price method, which evaluates stability by considering shear strength parameters and pore water pressure distribution. The Spencer Method assesses stability by incorporating factors such as slope geometry and soil properties. The Bishop Method quantifies stability using a simplified approach based on slices and forces acting on them. The Janbu Method accounts for soil behavior using mathematical models to predict stability conditions. These techniques collectively provide a comprehensive framework for assessing slope stability under different conditions and parameters.

1.1 GEO5 software

The Fine Software Organization created the geotechnical software suite GEO5 (Czech Republic) [5]. Jiri Laurin developed the initial programs in 1989 in cooperation with the Faculty of Civil Engineering at CTU in Prague. In 1989, the first geotechnical applications were released as part of the Geo1.0 software. Later in 1992, the first graphical outputs were made available, and the full graphical user interface was put into place in 1995. Microsoft Windows version was unveiled in the year 2000. Design and calculations are now easier to complete thanks to the use of this software, which also allows for the use of numerous analysis theories and verification by various standards. Previously, calculations were performed manually; the process was laborious and repetitive.

1.2 Motivation

The main driving force behind this study is the demand for quick data processing and latency reduction in Internet of Things applications. Images representing the detected data are initially gathered and sent for monitoring. Due to the diversity, pace, and large volume of data, latency is a big issue in real-time monitoring systems that typically incorporate the cloud and IoT. Although it is commendable that so many mining companies have taken the initiative to put mine safety first and use various wireless sensor networks (WSN) in slope control approaches, certain issues still need to be fixed. A combination of sensors that assess many elements of slope movement is essential since many slope failures come from the combined action of various factors. Learning about various slope failure factors provides the path for improving the slope monitoring system. When it comes to monitoring environmental factors including air, heat, precipitation, mining slope movement, rock displacement, and slope movement. Data is erratic and changes constantly. Therefore, it becomes crucial to keep track of all the information and comprehend the precise flow or behavior of that event. Additionally, a thorough analysis of prior research materials has been conducted, and an effort has been made to develop a real-time mine monitoring system. This will present a different methodological angle for studying FC in real-time environmental monitoring.

1.3 Objective

In this study, FOS is employed as the dependent variable in addition to independent variables like inclination angle that affect slope stability to investigate slope stability. In this work, three objectives were established, as follows.

To employ a variety of stabilizing methods for different kinds of slopes and

To analyze FOS using various techniques and contrasting them.

To discuss different factors affecting slope stability.

1.4 Advantages and disadvantages

The article delineates various mechanisms causing collapse in sandy clay slopes and factors influencing slope wall stability. It also presents a compilation of case studies illustrating slope failures in mining operations, offering insights into the diverse challenges and vulnerabilities encountered in such environments. Both the linear equilibrium and numerical modeling methodologies were examined to expound on the significance of each in the design of stable slopes to demonstrate the significance of monitoring and assessing slope stability in mining. Additionally, the process of slope failure was covered, and important failure indicators were provided. This paper reviews prior work done in predicting slope failure as well as the most up-to-date models, which combine analytical techniques with artificial intelligence technologies, to shield mines from the dangers of slope collapse. The unclear and time-consuming nature of traditional prediction techniques might be improved by this innovation. To manage or stop slopes from failing, slope stability analysis and monitoring are essential techniques. Without a basic understanding of the parameter that influences the slope’s stability, it is not practical to monitor or analyze the slope’s stability.

1.5 Outline of the study

This paper mentions slope stability analysis via different methods to compute and compare FOS. Features of Geo5 software along with motivation, objectives, and pros and cons discussed in the introduction section followed by a literature survey in Section 2 with the state-of-the-art model. The overview of the research methodology used for the study is described in Section 3. The results and analysis of slope stability using different methods and comparisons among them are projected in Section 4. Finally, Section 8 concludes the study with future challenges.

2. Literature review

The idea of smart cities is becoming a reality along with the increasing demand for technology in daily life. With the aid of wireless networks spread throughout the city, smart cities can track environmental factors like air quality, wind speed, and rainfall. In their 2021 study, Waseem et al. [6] investigated the slope collapse at Qalandar Abad using the Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM) with GeoStudio Software. They assessed FOS under dry and saturated conditions using SLOPE/W, employing Bishop, Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, and conventional slice techniques. A retaining wall was constructed to enhance slope stability. After the slope was reinforced, the FOS was raised for seismic and gravity loads. Besides, it has been shown that the FOS expansions in connection with the expansion in both the erosion point and soil cohesiveness. Then again, the variable of security diminishes as the tension from the load above and the heaviness of the earth increases. A study on the current landslip conditions in Brzozówka by Pasierb et al. (2019) [7] focused on the impact of various levels of soil saturation on slope stability. Electric resistivity tomography (ERT) confirmed the numerical modeling’s finding of a mostly even sliding surface. The examination demonstrates that the landslip happened when the upper piece of the slant turned out to be over 80% soaked, accentuating the critical impact of dampness content in starting slant disappointment. In 2022, Mahmoodzadeh et al. utilized six AI algorithmss [8] to conjecture the FOS of slants. By analyzing 327 Iranian slope cases with a variety of geometric and shear strength parameters, they were able to accomplish this. PLAXIS software facilitated the assessment of FOS, providing insights into the stability of slopes under different conditions and configurations. The K-fold ( $K=$ 5) cross-validation (CV) technique assessed the models’ prediction effectiveness. Finally, all of the models provided results that were respectable and nearly identical. They did, however, put out a model to forecast slope stability. Yadav et al. in 2021 [9], In their study, have analyzed and depicted the field experiments of LoRa, which emphasizes the reach and potential of LoRa in open areas. The outcomes demonstrate that LoRa may be regarded as an appropriate option to meet the needs of the mining industry. The experiment is carried out outdoors or in a place with no direct lines of sight (NLoS). Up to 2.3 kilometers using NLoS, data transfer is effectively completed. A slope monitoring system was presented based on the key LoRa properties, and it shows promise for the mining sector. In 2020, the authors [10] proposed that for the calculation and study of slope stability, the M5Rules-GA model is a unique hybrid approach that combines the M5 Rules procedure with a genetic algorithm (GA). 450 slope data from an open-cast mine in Vietnam were simulated by utilizing the Geo-Studio program built on the suggested techniques. Finally, the suggested approach found the best way of finding the Factor of safety linearly. The safety factor emerged as the preferred model outcome. Performance evaluation entailed computing determination coefficients, variance accounts, and root mean square errors, alongside general ranking and color scales. These metrics affirmed the efficacy of the proposed M5Rules-GA model, establishing its credibility as a dependable tool for analyzing slope stability with confidence and precision.

Table 1
State of the art models

Contributing authors	Approaches	Parameters	Research contribution
Chen et al. (2022). [15]	Utilized for slope stability assessments using limit equilibrium principles	Slope stability by LEM for cohesive soil	Determining a Sliding Body’s Main Direction
Sengani et al. (2022) [16]			The stability of homogenous road-cut slopes may be predicted with accuracy using 2-D LEM.
Varkey et al. (2022) [17]			Effects of a 3D embankment slope’s probabilistic stability under various uncertainties
Pham et al. (2022) [18]			An analytical model for stacked embankment construction that takes cohesive soils into account
Beegum et al. (2022) [19]			FOS calculation when there is pure water pressure
Mebrahtu et al. (2022) [20]	Using the limit equilibrium	Slope stability by LEM	Limit equilibrium study of slope stability in deep-seated landslides
Dang et al. (2022) [21]	method	having external loads	Predicting the stability of a column-supported riverside slope
Fitri et al. (2022) [22]			LEM Approach in Toll Road Embankment Slope Safety Factors Analysis
Asteris et al. (2022) [23]	Based on the limit equilibrium approach	Slope stability for seismic condition	Several tree-based intelligent techniques are used for classifying slope stability under seismic conditions.
Zhang et al. (2022) [24]			Examining the geographical variability of soil parameters and seismic unpredictability in a probabilistic stability study
Karrech et al. (2022) [25]			Using the generalized criterion, limit analysis for the seismic stability of 3-D rock slopes
Layek, S et al. (2022) [26]			Analysis of Active Mine Waste Dump Slope’s Rainfall and Seismological Dump Slope Stability
Pandit et al (2022) [27]			A Himalayan Slope in India’s Seismic Stability Evaluation
Li et al. (2015) [28]			Rock slope stability upper-bound limit analysis with tensile strength cutoff based on an optimization technique
Lian et al. (2022) [29]	Based on the limit equilibrium approach	Slope stability for unsaturated soil	Application of a computationally effective framework to the prediction of the full rainfall-induced slope collapse
Li et al. (2022) [30]			Nonlinear and nonuniform slope stability analysis
Satyanaga et al. (2022) [31]			Slope susceptibility map development for the part unsaturated soil
Tian et al. (2022) [32]			Unsaturated soil slope stability analysis technique in pore gas pressure
Amin et al. (2022) [33]	Using the limit equilibrium	Slope stability by	Landslide Slope Stability Analysis with Computer Assistance
Yin et al. (2022) [34]	method	computer-aided	A MATLAB-based instructional tool for slope stability analysis
Kundu et al. (2022) [35]		programs	A novel computer application is used to do a quantitative examination of kinematic stability and slope mass rating in jointed rock slopes.
Belew et al. (2022) [36]			Coupling Seepage and Slope Stability Analysis
Wijesinghe et al. (2022) [37]	Based on the finite element approach		A novel scaled boundary finite element method is developed specifically for conducting slope stability analysis based on image data.
Nguyen et al. (2022) [38]			Dependability study of slope stability utilizing random adaptive finite element limit analysis under the influence of copula methods
Bao et al. (2022) [39]			Using the extended finite element approach, explore the influence of crown cracks in cohesive soil slopes and their implications for slope stability assessment.
Bouzid et al. (2022) [40]			Development, encoding, and validation of a finite element model for slope stability by increasing the mobilized primary stress Mohr’s rings
Wang et al. (2022) [41]			Finite Element Limit for conducting a probabilistic risk assessment for soil slope stability during water drawdown to mitigate potential hazards and ensure safety.
Karthik et al. (2022) [42]			Employing finite element method to conduct sensitivity analysis, scrutinizing how variations impact slope stability, enhancing understanding and prediction accuracy.
Amar Bouzid (2022) [43]			Utilizing a mobilized primary stress deviator that is gradually raised, finite element analysis of slope stability
Xu et al. (2022) [44]			Based on the FEM, Slope Stability Analysis

The other researched models produced less reliable results when measured against the assessment criteria. In 2021, the authors [11] presented slope stability calculation models were constructed from an energy viewpoint through the effects of the slope stability, and the plastic limit analysis theory was employed to study the joint inclination angle and coalescence coefficient of rock bridges, providing insights into their behavior and stability characteristics. This investigation guides open-pit mines’ stability assessments and instability forecasts of jointed rock slopes. Here their study aimed to maximize the factor of safety in a regular way to increase the failure rate. The projected Slope Failure Time (SFT) computed from the phenomenological models may differ from the actual SFT due to observational and model errors. Very little research has been done so far on how to assess the impact of these uncertainties on SFT prediction. In their study from 2022, Zhang et al. [12] created a thorough database of slope failures. A Bayesian machine learning (BML) technique was developed to grasp the model and observational uncertainties associated with SFT prediction. This approach works with the assurance of the probabilistic circulation of SFT, offering a nuanced comprehension of the intrinsic vulnerabilities and improving prescient exactness in seismic estimating. The proposed procedure in their paper offers a helpful device for SFT expectation, as per confirmation examinations. In their review, they accomplished acceptable outcomes according to the necessity. The modern impacting vibration identifier was utilized by Xiao et al. in 2022 [13] to screen the open-pit shooting wave at the Beizhan iron mine and make a mathematical model to examine the effect of shooting vibrations on the strength of the hanging-wall slant. The pressure, strain, and vibration speed across the incline were assessed utilizing mathematical recreation. Additionally, the transmission law of slope blasting vibrations was discovered using Sodev’s regression model, enhancing our comprehension of their propagation and potential effects on slope stability. After acting a good outcome was found and further review was expected to directly work on the model. The result showed that the useful relationship that most appropriate the information was precise and could act as the crucial rule for deciding the base safe distance per defer stretch for this area. The heaviness of the anticipated open-pit impacting charge was fitting, and the hanging-wall slant wouldn’t be altogether influenced by impacting vibrations. In their work from 2021, Pilecka et al. [14] involved the irregular set way to deal with lay out strength boundaries for dissecting the security of open-pit inclines impacted by slide processes. In open-cast mines, this criterion is crucial to the safety and economic viability of rocky slope stability. Unstable slopes pose significant risks, potentially leading to casualties and property damage in mining and quarry operations. The Bechatów lignite mine in central Poland served as the investigative site. Employing a random set approach, a four-stage process was implemented. This comprised site examination, sensitivity analysis, shear strength reduction (SSR) evaluations through numerical calculations, and probability analyses of factor of safety (FoS) calculation results, providing a comprehensive understanding of slope stability dynamics. Table 1 briefly presents the state of art model of the study. To evaluate the safety of three-dimensional slopes, Chen et al. [15] have presented an improved finite-element limit-equilibrium approach. As the projection direction of the resulting sliding force on the horizontal plane, the method’s fixed primary direction of sliding is incorporated. The computed factor of safety agrees with theoretical answers, as shown by the study’s theoretical derivations and validation using traditional cases. For the engineering design and reinforcement of rock or soil slopes, the suggested slope stability analysis technique works well. It provides a straightforward and different way to improve safety evaluation in geotechnical applications. The same type of research was also carried out in [16, 17, 18], and [19]. Mebrahtu et al. [20] have proposed a work. The main objectives of this work are to compare safety factors obtained using different numerical techniques and to assess slope stability. The study uses the finite element method of shear strength reduction and the limit equilibrium approach to analyze the stability of slopes that are prone to various forms of failure. Consideration is given to slopes with a variety of geological compositions, such as tuff, colluvium, porphyritic basalt, and aphanitic basalt. To model seismic occurrences, the research also includes numerical studies under static and pseudo-static loads with a horizontal seismic coefficient. To build precise numerical models, failure-prone slopes are identified, historical landslides are evaluated, and structural and geological data are gathered using satellite imagery. Similar work has been done in [21] and [22] and explained in Table 1. Asteris et al. [23] have investigated the use of tree-based models for slope stability classification under seismic stress, including decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and AdaBoost. Slope height, inclination, cohesiveness, friction angle, and peak ground acceleration are examples of input variables. Slope stability assessments are used to gather training data using typical geotechnical engineering software. Accuracy, F1-score, recall, and precision indices are used in the model evaluation process. Slope stability is efficiently categorized by all tree-based models, with AdaBoost beating the others. The suggested AdaBoost model classifies slopes according to predicted stability under seismic circumstances, making it a trustworthy screening tool for infrastructure project feasibility evaluations. The same kind of study has been done in [24, 25, 26, 27, 28]. Lian et al. [29] present a three-phase single-layer Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) model developed to predict anisotropic seepage flows through porous media. It aims to understand their impact on the mechanical behavior of the media and their transition from unsaturated to saturated states over time. The new SPH approximation approach for second derivatives is employed in the mathematical framework, which is based on Biot’s mixture theory. An adaptive two-timescale approach is developed to address coupled-flow large-deformation issues, and the soil behavior is characterized by a suction-dependent elastoplastic constitutive model. This model’s applicability is showcased across various large-scale geotechnical scenarios entailing coupled unsaturated seepage-deformation phenomena. It effectively captures the complex interactions between soil suction, deformation, and seepage, enhancing understanding and prediction capabilities in geotechnical engineering applications. Similar types of work were carried out in [30, 31, 32]. Amin et al. [33] in their study GeoStudio software was employed to assess the slope stability of the Jhika Gali landslip in Pakistan. Upon gathering samples and site data, it revealed an in-situ moisture content of 14% and a dry unit weight of 18.63 kN/m³. Experiments showed that when saturation rose, the shear strength and deformation characteristics decreased. When saturation rose from 35% to 95%, the GeoStudio limit equilibrium study showed a drop in the factor of safety from 1.854 to 0.866. The soil showed a notable reduction in shear strength over 85% saturation, indicating the possibility of sliding. After analyzing several different slope adjustments, it was discovered that the slope stays constant even at saturation levels higher than 85%. The same type of experiments was done by [34, 35, 36]. Wijesinghe et al. [37] introduced a novel numerical approach for geotechnical slope stability analysis that integrates digital image meshing with the scaled boundary finite element method. The quadtree decomposition technique automates geometry discretization from digital images, ensuring fine-scale element capture along boundaries, and enhancing accuracy and efficiency in slope stability assessments. This approach facilitates the simulation of complex site conditions, including stratigraphy and geometry evolution, robustly and straightforwardly. The pixel information from digital images is used for accurate meshing, and the color of each pixel represents the spatial distribution of soil material properties. The viability of the proposed method is validated via case study simulations conducted on an operational large Australian open-pit mine, affirming its applicability in real-world geotechnical analyses, incorporating complex features like geometry, stratigraphy, and material behavior. Similar study done by [38, 39, 40, 41]. The details are presented in Table 1.

3. Overview of research methodology for slope stability analysis using IoT

We have replicated the area in Geo5 based on the data gathered from IoT devices. We utilized the demo version of Geo5 for our research. There are two interfaces in the region. Figure 1 illustrates the stiff body and sandy clay soil. To choose the parameters to be utilized in the dataset necessary for assessing various models, a study of prior relevant works that employ AI in slope stability approaches was initially carried out.

Table 2
Data adapted for parametric study

Data	Value
Soil	Sandy clay
Slope angle	30 degree
Surcharge	100 kN/m 5 m length
Soil stabilization method	Anti-slide piles, reinforcement, nails, anchors

Figure 1.

Shows the interfaces of the region along with unstable areas.

The FOS values were then approximated utilizing intelligent algorithms. To achieve this, several stabilizing techniques were applied depending on the input factors that had the greatest influence on the slope stability performance. To evaluate the effectiveness of the various slope-stabilizing techniques, the results of the models were compared to the findings from the Geo5 program. The data selected for the analysis of slope is given in Table 2. The data consists of soil properties, soil slope, reinforcing methods, etc.

Figure 2.

Soil parameters.

In the study, the soil type is sandy clay and the parameters collected are shown in Fig. 2.

3.1 Simulation architecture

Initially the data in the form of images of different unstable slopes collected from installed IoT cameras at the open cast mines near the bank of Mahanadi. After that, images were categorized based on safe and unsafe slopes.

Figure 3.

Flow architecture of the study.

Necessary parameters to create the region in Geo5 software are identified and then the different factors for stability selected for the study. Here factors such as Anchors, Nails, Anti-Slide tiles and Reinforcements are used for stability of the slope. To analyze the FOS different methods such as Spencer Method, Bishop Method, Morgenstern-Price Method, and Janbu Method are implemented. Finally, a comparison study of different methods is performed based on FOS. The flow of the simulation is presented in Fig. 3.

Figure 4.

Constant and variable parameters for anchors.

Figure 5.

Analysis of Slope stability with anchors by implementing Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Spencer, and Bishop Method.

Figure 6.

Constant and variable parameters for reinforcements.

Figure 7.

Analysis of Slope stability with reinforcements by implementing Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Spencer, and Bishop Method.

Figure 8.

Constant and variable parameters for anti-slide tiles.

Figure 9.

Analysis of Slope stability with Anti Slide Tiles by implementing Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Spencer, and Bishop Method.

Figure 10.

Constant and variable parameters for nails.

Figure 11.

Analysis of Slope stability with Nails using by implementing Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Spencer, and Bishop Method.

Table 3

FOS comparison of various analysis methods on various stability methods

Methods	Anchor	Reinforcement	Anti-slide tiles	Nails
Morgenstern-price method	1.74	1.60	1.89	1.61
Janbu method	1.74	1.60	1.89	1.59
Spencer method	1.74	1.59	1.88	1.59
Bishop method	1.78	1.50	1.53	1.61

Table 4

Soil parameters

Soil parameters/type of soil	Sandy-slit (SS)	Clayey-slit (CS)	Firm marine clay (FMC)
Unit weight (w)	20.00 kN/m3	20.50 kN/m3	22.00 kN/m3
Stress-state	Effective	Effective	Effective
Cohesion of soil (c)	7.00 kPa	10.00 kPa	12.00 kPa
Angle of internal friction (O)	31.00^∘	29.00^∘	27.00^∘
Saturated unit weight (w_sat)	20.00 kN/m3	20.50 kN/m3	22.00 kN/m3

Table 5

FOS analysis with different slope angles

Types of soil/ angles	20 degrees	30 degrees	40 degrees	50 degrees	60 degrees
SS	1.89	1.75	1.56	1.35	1.20
CS	1.93	1.82	1.67	1.49	1.33
FMC	1.98	1.86	1.72	1.59	1.36

Figure 12.

Comparison of different slope stability analysis methods by applying different stability techniques.

4. Results and analysis

4.1 Analysis of slope stability with anchors

Two anchors each 1 m spacing with 240 kN force installed in the region to analyze slope stability. The optimum FOS is computed by implementing various analysis methods. As shown in Fig. 4, the Force and Anchor spacing are constant parameters and others are variable parameters. The simulation of slope stability analysis results via different methods is shown in Fig. 5.

4.2 Analysis of slope stability with reinforcements

Two reinforcements with 200 kN/m tensile strength and 0.8 pull out resistance were applied to the region to analyze slope stability. The optimum FOS is computed by implementing various analysis methods.

As per Fig. 6, tensile strength and pull-out resistance are constant parameters and others are variable parameters. The simulation of slope stability analysis results via different methods is shown in Fig. 7.

4.3 Analysis of slope stability with anti-slide tiles

Four rows of 0.8 m diameter anti-slide tiles installed in 1-meter spacing with 400 kN pile bearing capacity. To analyze the slope stability various analysis methods were implemented and the optimum FOS was found. Figure 8 shows Constant and variable parameters for Anti-Slide Tiles and the simulation of slope stability analysis results via different methods is shown in Fig. 9.

4.4 Analysis of slope stability with nails

Eight rows of soil nails of different lengths with 300 kN tension strength, 30 pull-out resistance, 50 kN nail head strength, and 1 m spacing were installed at variable angles of inclination, after that the slope was analyzed by using various predefined methods to obtain the optimum FOS. Figure 10 shows the constant and variable parameters, which are defined for nails. The simulation of slope stability analysis results via different methods is shown in Fig. 11.

Table 6
FOS analysis for SS for various angle vs depth

Angle of slope/depths	1 meter	2 meters	3 meters	4 meters	5 meters
20	2.23	1.98	1.72	1.57	1.38
30	1.93	1.76	1.69	1.47	1.32
40	1.94	1.81	1.71	1.52	1.29
50	1.89	1.73	1.54	1.48	1.26
60	1.90	1.71	1.55	1.41	1.33

Table 7

FOS analysis for CS for various angle vs depth

Angle of slope/depths	1 meter	2 meters	3 meters	4 meters	5 meters
20	2.13	1.92	1.81	1.53	1.34
30	1.95	1.73	1.72	1.57	1.32
40	1.92	1.84	1.74	1.53	1.35
50	1.88	1.75	1.64	1.42	1.22
60	1.89	1.76	1.58	1.36	1.28

Table 8

FOS analysis for FMC for various angle vs depth

Angle of slope/depths	1 meter	2 meters	3 meters	4 meters	5 meters
20	2.02	1.88	1.62	1.47	1.28
30	1.96	1.86	1.64	1.42	1.35
40	1.85	1.81	1.71	1.52	1.29
50	1.87	1.77	1.52	1.44	1.31
60	1.83	1.78	1.51	1.31	1.23

Figure 13.

FOS analysis with different slope angles.

Figure 14.

(a) FOS analysis for SS for various angles vs depth, (b) FOS analysis for CS for various angles vs depth, and (c) FOS analysis for FMC for various angles vs depth.

Figure 15.

Comparative analysis of (a) Anchor method on various soil types with different angles, (b) Reinforcement method on various soil types with different angles, (c) Anti-slide Tiles method on various soil types with different angles, and (d) Nails method on various soil type with different angles.

4.5 Comparison of different FOS analysis methods

Table 3 shows the comparison study of FOS slope stability of different methods applied to different techniques. From the table below it is found that the Bishop Method gives a maximum of 1.78 FOS when installed anchors for slope stabilization. Similarly, Morgenstern-Price and Janbu method gives a maximum of 1.60 FOS on Reinforcement, Morgenstern-Price, Janbu method gives a maximum of 1.89 FOS on Anti-slide Tiles, and Janbu, and Spencer Method gives a maximum of 1.59 FOS on Nails. Figure 12 shows the comparison study of FOS in slope stability of different methods as illustrated in Table 3.

4.6 Parametric analysis

The findings of parameterized research on the impact of Ground Water Table (GWT) and slope on risk factors. The collected soil data is listed in Table 4.

4.6.1 Analysis of the influence of slope angle on FOS

The influence of slope steepness on the factor of safety was investigated using a parametric analysis at different slope angles, starting from 20–60 with a variation of 10 degrees as presented in Table 5.

Table 9
Comparative analysis of slope stabilization after applying different methods on various soil types with various slope angles

Types of soil/methods	Anchor			Reinforcement			Anti-slide tiles			Nails
Angle	20	40	60	20	40	60	20	40	60	20	40	60
Sandy-slit (SS)	1.73	1.72	1.73	1.61	1.59	1.58	1.88	1.88	1.89	1.62	1.62	1.62
Clayey-slit (CS)	1.73	1.73	1.72	1.62	1.58	1.57	1.87	1.87	1.89	1.58	1.61	1.59
Firm marine clay (FMC)	1.77	1.71	1.72	1.59	1.57	1.56	1.89	1.88	1.86	1.61	1.59	1.60

4.6.2 Analysis of the influence of GWT on FOS

The influence of GWT on the factor of safety was investigated parametrically for a range of slope angles, including 20, 30, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees, as well as GWT levels from the slope’s top as presented in Tables 6–8.

4.7 Results of slope stabilization

Slope inclinations of 20, 40, and 60 degrees were stabilized utilizing different kinds of reinforcement that the GEO5 software offered as shown in Table 9. To stabilize, several soil profiles were collected. Certain parameters for the reinforcements were fixed, but others were flexible and could change depending on the slope inclination.

5. Conclusion

The present study is a Geo5 software-based stability analysis of an unstable region whose parameters were collected from installed IoT cameras at the open-cast mines near the bank of Mahanadi. With the use of different slope stability techniques such as Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, Spencer, and Bishop. Different factor affecting stability was examined by using GEO 5 software and based on observations, and the following summaries are observed.

For the analysis of slope stability with anchors, Force and Anchor spacing are constant parameters and others are variable parameters. It was found that for an increase in free length, there is an increase in slope angle. By applying different methods of stability Bishop Method gives maximum FOS.

For the analysis of slope stability with reinforcements pull-out resistance and Tensile strength are taken constant and others are variables. It was found that by applying different methods of stability Morgenstern-Price method and Janbu Method gave maximum FOS.

For the analysis of slope stability with anti-slide tiles distribution along the pile and pile bearing capacity are taken constant and others are variables. It was found that by applying different methods of stability Morgenstern-Price method and Janbu Method gave maximum FOS

For the analysis of slope stability with nails pull-out resistance and tensile strength are taken constant and others are variables. It was found that by applying different methods of stability Morgenstern-Price method and Bishop Method gave maximum FOS.

After the comparison study, using different methods it was found that the Morgenstern-Price, Janbu, and Spencer methods gave the highest FOS using Anti-Slide Tiles, and the Bishop Method gave the highest FOs using Anchor. Hence, to get results that are more accurate more fieldwork can be done in real-life case studies in the future. As it is a problem in the coastal region of Odisha, after the application of IoT cameras in different places, more analysis can be done in the future.

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