A comprehensive review on persuading employees in creative industries

Abstract

Employees are the main and invaluable resources of any organization to provide useful ideas and solutions to renew the organization’s goods, services, and processes. Besides, employees are a valuable resource for organizations, especially creative organizations, due to their role in solving problems. In this matter, one of the important management skills is the ability to influence people and channel organizational communication processes to achieve optimal and creative productivity. Therefore, this paper aims to demonstrate the persuasion model in creative industries by reviewing the relevant literature. To do so, the library approach and systematic review were applied. First, research studies related to persuasion of employees inside and outside are identified during 2001–2022. The conducted investigations showed that 148 articles related to the persuasion of employees were identified inside and outside the country. Following the initial results, relevant articles were identified and evaluated based on various factors such as title, abstract, and content to select appropriate studies. Through searching databases and using relevant keywords, 38 articles was finally determined. Moreover, some components and indicators are described to persuade employees in creative industries. The findings reveal that the components of motivation, psychological characteristics, mental patterns, structural support, personality characteristics, ability, customer orientation, and social skills play a decisive role in forming employees’ persuasion.

Keywords

Persuasion employee persuasion model creative industries creative organizations

1. Introduction

Persuasion is an activity in which one party (persuader) tries to persuade another party (convinced) to believe (or not believe) certain information or to perform (or not perform) an action [1]. Persuasion is one of the important characteristics of the growth and development of organizations and is always considered an important characteristic of effective organizations [2]. Today’s, businesses frequently witness changes and downsizing in their organizational structure. Therefore, improving and increasing job security depends on a good work ethic, cooperative attitude, and above all self-motivation to fulfill organizational challenges [3–5].

Creativity and production of new thoughts and ideas by organizational managers and employees is of special importance and this has a high status in the organization, therefore successful organizations are those that can survive in a highly competitive world. In recent years, extensive developments in the field of technology and communication and the emergence of creative industries that are the result of changes in the policies, have increased the importance of these industries and the role of their creative talents in creating a competitive advantage and providing diverse cultural-economic products. Persuasion is the basic and final goal of all types of communication behavior. Successful and effective communication is the kind of communication that leads to the desired result, i.e. persuasion. In this case, it can also be called transcendental communication. When a message comes and the recipients receive this message, they can have three types of reactions: rejection and negation, indifference and neutrality, acceptance and satisfaction. When acceptance occurs, it can be said that the recipient and the audience are persuaded. Persuasion is defined as a communication process in which a source expresses evidence and results, and his/her goal is to prevail over the recipient and bring about a change in him/her [6].

Persuasion in creative industries can be seen as the level of employees’ confidence in their ability to convince others to accept and learn their (or others’) new ideas [7]. After developing or hearing about a new idea, employees must spread the idea to their colleagues and convince them of its value. The purpose of this persuasion process is to increase the acceptance of an idea for others. Therefore, persuasion that includes the use of arguments or evidence in favor of a subject will generally be successful in changing the attitude of the intended targets. In this regard, persuasion researchers use communication models to evaluate how changing variables in a communication process affect influencing variables such as attitude and behavior. Communication models of persuasion generally consider the process of persuasion as dependent on the number of communication variables [1].

Until recently, several models have been designed for persuasion, among which the persuasion model of Hovland and his colleagues is the oldest model of persuasion and attitude change. They published their findings in 1953 in a work entitled “Communication and persuasion’’ [8]. According to Howland’s persuasion model, persuasion takes place during six basic stages (exposure to the message, paying attention to the message, understanding the message, accepting the conclusion related to the message, stability of the new attitude, and converting the attitude into behavior). Also, the model of probability of scrutiny or probability of analysis was formulated by Petty and Cacioppo (1986) which mainly deals with the analysis of the message analysis process by the audience. The Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) is a dual analytical approach to consumer behavior change developed by Richard Petty E. and John T. Cacioppo. The ELM model describes how attitudes and persuasion are formed depending on whether the subject’s motivation and degree of involvement is high or low. Depending on the level of involvement with the product and/or its consumption, communication can take two separate paths. That is, whether or not a person will engage in persuasive action depends largely on the nature of the persuasion [9].

This research explains the importance of reviewing persuasion in guiding the clinical method, providing information for future research and influencing decision-making, considering that persuasion is a process that, by resorting to reasoning and feeling in the form of verbal and non-verbal and media skills, influences the mentality of people often to change their behavior and force them to take a certain action. He feels that he fulfills the set goals and guidelines according to his will, but in fact, it involves some kind of psychological pressure, which appeals to emotions in the path of motivation, between logic and logical reasoning. Persuasion is intermediate between logic and reasoning and threat and punishment.

Another important model that has been used to explain the process of persuasion and attitude change is the cognitive dissonance model. This model, which was first presented by Festinger [10], assumes that a person naturally has a desire for harmony and moderation. For this reason, any factor that disrupts this coordination can provide the basis for some elements of recognizable construction. In the 1980 s, the intuitive-systematic model was also proposed; one of the principles of this model is the principle of least effort and the principle of sufficiency, and based on this, a person tends to navigate the shortest and fastest way to reach a conclusion and make a decision with the least amount of information and energy. The Nicosia model [11, 12] focuses on the relationship between the company and its potential consumers and is a persuasive marketing model, and in design, an interactive model in which the company tries to influence customers and in turn, they affect the company with their actions or reactions. Bateman’s model also provides a detailed view of information and cognitive processing regarding consumer choice. In this view, the consumer is considered as a person who has a limited capacity to process information and there is no need to provide details to convince him.

1.1. Main contribution

It can be said that persuasion is the level of employees’ confidence in their ability to convince others to accept and learn their (or others’) new ideas. After the development by hearing the new idea, the employees must present this idea to their colleagues and convince them about its value. The purpose of this process of persuasion is to increase the acceptance of an idea from others [7]. Persuasion, which involves the use of arguments or evidence in favor of an issue, will generally be successful in changing the attitudes of the intended target. Expanding on this point, we can see that in creative industries, the lack of employee persuasion leads to organizational silence, organizational passivity, killing the spirit of innovation and individual and organizational creativity [3].

For this purpose, to maximally increase efficiency and productivity, one should know the effective psychological factors to increase efficiency in the organization and plan programs for the growth and excellence of employees and managers along with their creativity in the company took steps. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a model of employee persuasion in creative industries.

1.2. Theoretical foundations and research background

Persuasion is a process that aims to use information (true or false) to change people’s attitudes toward a particular issue, which is usually considered a precursor to behavior change. The use of persuasion is common in democratic societies, because it does not allow the censorship of information or the use of force to establish power. The transfer of information from/to the Internet and the emergence of social media, along with the capacity to record, store and process big data and advances in machine learning, have transformed the methods of persuasion. [13]. Persuasion is an attempt to change and challenge people’s current preferences or creates a new collective meaning. Indeed, persuasion is considered an important central mechanism for constructing and reconstructing social truths. Persuasion can be seen as a process in which the agent’s actions are transformed into social structure, ideas into norms, and subjective into inter-subjective. Therefore, it can be said that persuasion is one of the important components of social interactions that covers a wide range, from commercial organizations to governmental and non-profit organizations [14].

The effectiveness of persuasive efforts can be influenced by a wide range of variables. Much of the research on persuasive effectiveness focuses on three broad groups: source effects, message effects, and receiver characteristics [15]. The creative industry is seen as an important economic sector by governments around the world. Countries such as France, Germany, Singapore, and Hong Kong use creative industries to improve their economy. The growth of the creative industries sector relies on the growth of creative people as individual competencies. Therefore, a company will be successful in the future that focuses not only on the development of technology and market, but also on the development of human resources [16].

Studies and research on persuasion evolved when personal influence became associated with expert and authority power. In this regard, Lukashevsky [17] argued that “the biggest weakness in management performance is the human dimension”. Therefore, bridging the communication gap between managers and employees with people’s understanding of the bigger organizational picture should be a priority for managers. With the passage of time, most researchers have developed and applied the concepts of persuasion in their own ways according to their research framework. For example, they supported the importance of internal communication within the organization and considered it as an area neglected by managers. Kitchen and Daly [18] tried to capture the nuances of employees’ perceptions of their workplace. Their observations confirmed that there is no uniform definition of any measurement tool on persuasion for the workplace Pradhan & Jena [14]. The term persuasion in the organization is largely used by communication professionals as educational and a development intervention in various forms such as communication and employee interactions.

Sparrow and Cooper [19] emphasized the role of communication as a harbinger of Organizational Development while emphasizing the fact that trust and cooperation are the enablers for persuasion. [14] highlighted the fact that responsiveness to persuasive communication is largely based on personality traits.

Za et al. [20] examined the increase of competence acquisition in the workplace through a persuasive system and believed that the continuous development of individual competences is an essential tool for organizations that aim to achieve a long-term competitive advantage. In a study entitled “A Framework for the Study of Persuasion”, Druckman [21] stated that persuasion is a vital part of any country’s politics and winning elections and political disputes often depends on each side being able to persuade more people.

Eisend & Tarrahi [22] in the article “Knowledge of persuasion in the market: a meta-analysis” stated that the effects of knowledge of persuasion can be considered significant compared to the efforts of persuasion, and therefore the effect of knowledge of persuasion depends on the characteristics of the persuasion process. Wang et al. [23] also found in a research entitled “Signaling persuasion in crowdfunding entrepreneurial narratives: the debate of subjectivity versus objectivity” that persuasion in the form of subjective and objective elements can help attract capital and has a direct impact on finances. In a research, Stavraki et al. [24] studied the effect of emotions on information processing and persuasion through a differential evaluation perspective. They showed that emotions can affect information processing and persuasion depending on the evaluation of the degree of emotion (its salience).

In the article “Fun in the workplace and creative performance of employees”, Santhose and Lawrence [25] stated that to produce productive results and creative performance, organizations should focus on techniques to attract more people. Afzal et al. [26] in a research entitled “Use of persuasion and representation of conflicts in newspapers” found that Aghab Newspaper portrays events persuasively. Teeny et al. [27], in an article “A review and conceptual framework for understanding personalized matching effects in persuasion”, stated that one of the most reliable and effective ways to increase a persuader’s attractiveness is to match the given aspect of the proposal (i.e. content, source, or environment) with its recipient.

Sharifee & Salim [28] discussed persuasive communication based on multidimensional recognition of the audience. This research introduced and examined seven characteristics (motivations, psychological characteristics, previous beliefs, moral judgments, mood, mental patterns, and media literacy) with the method of systematic review of sources, which are among the most important known factors of the diverse personality of the audience. In a research, Ziaei et al. [29] discussed the theory of media persuasion and its representation in the information function of libraries. They found media persuasion useful both in shaping and encoding as well as decoding information. Barati & Abdoli [30], stated that the methods of persuasion in disclosing financial reports of companies have a positive and significant relationship with three types of motivations, including managers’ job ownership, i.e., power-seeking motivation, self-infatuation motivation, and group and political motivation. Also, [31], in a research, analyzed the content of the most visited Iranian sites in the field of health from the perspective of methods of persuading the audience to change smoking behavior. They found that the media and virtual space as one of the intervening factors in changing behavior can play a role in persuading people to quit smoking. Karampooret al. [32] investigated audience persuasion in Nahj al-Balagha. According to the investigations, it is found that Imam Ali (AS) has used all kinds of techniques and methods of persuasion in his speeches, such as preaching, wisdom, and preaching to convince the audience.

2. Methods

This research is based on the method of meta-synthesis. Meta-synthesis is a qualitative method based on a systematic review of library studies for a deep understanding of the studied phenomenon. Data collection was performed using library studies and research background checks. The present study is based on the nature of the interpretative paradigm. Based on the library method, the researcher will try to review the past studies regarding the persuasion of employees. To extract suitable articles based on the relevant keywords, some specific criteria are taken into account. In this research, the criteria for accepting or rejecting articles are according to the following table:

Table 1.

Acceptance or rejection criteria of articles.

Rejection criteria	Acceptance criteria	Criteria
Non-English and non-Persian studies	English and Farsi studies	The language of research
Research before 2001	Research published from 2002 to 2023	The language of English studies
Research before 1380	Researches published from 1380 to 1401	The language of Persian studies
Personal comments, personal databases	Articles published in reliable publications and databases	Validity of studies
Other than those mentioned	Dimensions, definitions, models and factors related to employee persuasion	Subject of study

In the qualitative findings analysis and synthesis section, first, all the components extracted from the study are considered as codes. Then, considering the meaning of each of these codes, they are classified under similar concepts. The process of refinement and review is mentioned according to the entry and exit criteria, for example, Persian articles before 2000 and English articles before 2001 were rejected. The selection of articles published in 2 languages, Farsi and English, was considered as the entry criteria from the beginning. The validity of the studies depends on the articles published in reliable journals and databases. Personal comments, and personal databases were not accepted criteria.

Throughout the meta-synthesis process, the selected and finalized articles were continuously re-read to obtain their findings. In the analysis and synthesis of qualitative findings, first all the extracted components were considered as codes. Then, considering the concept of each of these codes, they were categorized under a similar concept. Following the initial results, relevant articles were identified and evaluated based on various factors such as title, abstract, and content to select appropriate studies. Based on this, an effort was made to identify research studies related to persuasion and creative industries during and outside the years 2001 to 2022. Totally, 148 articles related to the employees’ persuasion were identified inside and outside of Iran. After relevant investigations and removal of unrelated articles, 38 articles were finally determined. The description of the selection process of the articles is described in the Chart 1.

Chart 1.

Selection process of selected and finalized articles (Resource: Research findings).

In total, the number of frequencies for domestic and foreign studies is 11 (chart 3) and 27 (chart 2), respectively. In total, there were 38 articles (Table 3).

Chart 2.

Foreign studies (Resource: Research findings).

Chart 3.

Internal studies (Resource: Research findings).

3. Results

According to Table 1, 38 articles were selected for review. According to Table 2, 11 articles in the internal studies section and 27 articles in the foreign studies section were prepared for analysis. Also, the trend of the number of internal and foreign studies in the field of employee persuasion in creative industries is described in Table 4 and chart 4. Table 5 and chart 5 shows the percentage of concepts used in the studied years in the number of related foreign articles.

Table 2.

A comprehensive review of the research conducted on persuasion of employees in creative industries.

Number of articles	Researcher	Year	Title	Name of the journal	Country	Method	Result	Components	Indicator
1	Sharifee & Salim [28]	2020	Persuasive Communication Based on Multi-Dimensional Cognition of Audience	Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies in Communication and Media	Iran	Systematic review	Motivations, psychological characteristics, previous beliefs, moral judgments, mood, mental patterns and, media literacy which is one of the most important known factors of the diverse personality of the audience.	Persuasion and recognition of the audience, empowerment	Approaches to persuasion as a type of cognition, promotion of cognition through persuasion, approaches to understanding the audience, persuasive communication, individual and group audience theory, media effectiveness in persuading the audience, knowing the audience and its characteristics, segmentation of the audience and approaches to persuasion, game-based interaction
2	Ziaei et al. [29]	2020	Media persuasion theory And its representation in the library’s information performance	Interdisciplinary Studies in Media and Culture	Iran	Description, explanation and analysis of information	Media persuasion is important both in using the semantic theory of information, in the stage of shaping and encoding, and in the stage of receiving the message.	Media and library persuasion, psychological characteristics, empowerment	Persuasive communication, creating a library platform for persuading the audience, persuasive information in the library, attracting the audience to work in the library, superior communication and persuading the audience, informational education of the library audience, public opinion and media persuasion, stating the facts and persuading the audience, previous beliefs, positive emotions, communication models
3	Barati & Abdoli [30]	2019	Designing a model and explaining persuasion techniques in disclosure financial reports by companies with job acquisition incentives bias CEO	Journal of Value & Behavioral Accounting	Iran	Descriptive-analytical	The methods of persuasion in disclosing financial reports of companies have a positive and meaningful relationship with the three motivations of managers’ job acquisition, i.e. power-seeking motive, self-infatuation motive, and group and political motive, while between persuasion and disclosure of company financial reports, there is a negative and significant relationship with professional motives.	Persuasion in financial reporting, psychological characteristics, ability	Focusing on managers’ career acquisition in reporting, managers’ power-seeking motivation, narcissistic motivation, organizational managers’ intra-group motivations, investigating the reasons for bias in financial reports, paying attention to managers’ professional motivations, motivation in acquiring management positions, approaches to persuading managers in preparing reports, Compilation of the principles of preparing financial reports, the motivation of managers for tax evasion, identifying the motivations of acquiring employees at all levels, using persuasion techniques, creative performance
4	Mohsenian & ghadiry [33]	2019	Media Persuasion and a Case Study of the Media Campaign on “Opt-Out from Subsidy Plan” in Iran	Global Media Journal-Persian Edition	Iran	Content analysis and theme analysis	The results of the research show that there was no consensus among the studied media on the topic of “subsidy withdrawal” and there was a significant difference between them.	Media and public opinion persuasion, psychological characteristics, ability	Persuasive techniques in content production, supporting targeted media content, directing the thoughts of general audiences, developing the principles of persuading public opinion, analyzing the content of programs, persuasion techniques and elements of communication, elements of communication and audience persuasion, the role of media type in persuading public opinion, the use of media in biasing public opinion, morale, labor productivity
5	Ojagh & Ramezanali, [31]	2019	Qualitative Content Analysis of the most visited websites in Health: Persuasive Content for Changing Smoking Behavior	New Media Studies	Iran	Qualitative approach and directed content analysis method	The results of this research showed that the health-oriented information of the analyzed sites do not have much capacity to create intention/behavior change in the audience of smokers.	Media content and persuasion, psychological characteristics, ability	Analysis of media content, investigation of ways of persuading the audience, persuading the audience to quit harmful habits, media intervention factors, health-oriented communication, the effect of persuasion in choosing the type of media content, the role of the Internet in producing media content, mental elements, employee empowerment
6	Karimi & GhafariGhadir [34]	2019	The Model of influencing on public-opinion in Cyberspace with the help of Gamification Capabilities	New Media Studies	Iran	Documents	Gamification can be defined as a concept including pseudo-game, game-based interaction, or game design with a specific purpose.	The game of persuasion and persuasion, empowerment	Persuading the audience through simulation games, development of simulation game tactics in persuading the audience, computer games, persuading the audience of computer games, the role of simulation games in persuading the audience, the role of various types of computer games in targeting the audience, the effect on the mind of the audience, cooperation
7	Waiguny et al. [35]	2014	The relationship of persuasion knowledge, identification of commercial intent and persuasion outcomes in advergames—the role of media context and presence	Journal of Consumer Policy	Iran	Explanation of the cognitive model	In this regard, the explanation and analysis of concepts and terms in the field of persuasive communication is relevant, which is done with the aim of examining persuasion and changing the audience’s attitude, based on persuasion criteria and communication models. Also, the recognition of the media audience is analyzed as the main element in the direction of audience building. Moreover, how to persuade the audience’s perception and recognition through the media is discussed and investigated.	The influence of media in persuading the audience, empowerment	Cognitive model of audience persuasion, influencing the mentality of media audiences, the role of media in the mental and physical persuasion of audiences, perceptual persuasion of media audiences, understanding media culture in persuading the audience, executive persuasion of media, media content persuasion foundation, enhancing the persuasive richness of media content, promoting media literacy through audience persuasion, methods of media content production, enhancing the power of audience’s media thinking, cultural industries
8	Karampoor et al. [32]	2015	The persuasion of audiences in Nahjolbalaghe	Journal of Nahj al-Balagha Research	Iran	Descriptive-analytical	In his speeches, Imam Ali (AS) used various techniques and methods of persuasion, such as propaganda, wisdom, and preaching, to convince the audience, and they had the greatest impact on the audience.	Persuasion of the audience	Using persuasion to direct the audience’s thoughts, convincing the audience, using verbal tools for persuasion, promoting persuasion among the audience, strengthening persuasion in general and special audiences, persuading the purpose of communication, cognitive and emotional persuasion of the audience, building trust in the audience’s type of persuasion.
9	Sepahmansour et al. [36]	2013	The relationship between self-esteem and self-efficacy with persuasion in educational managers	Social cognition [internet]	Iran	Descriptive-analytical	The results showed that there is a significantly positive correlation between persuasion with self-esteem as well as persuasion with self-efficacy	Self-esteem and persuasion of educational managers	Managers’ self-efficacy, the role of persuasion in improving self-esteem, improving employees’ management skills, improving the ability to persuade managers, developing self-esteem through educational tools, teaching how to improve self-esteem, building a persuasion-based platform to increase self-esteem, believing in self-esteem in individual and group context, linking persuasion and self-esteem to excellence of management ability
10	Eliyasi et al. [37]	2009	The relationship between persuasion techniques with the morale of great tehran swat personnel to deal with crises	Police management studies quarterly (pmsq) [internet]	Iran	Descriptive-analytical	The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the use of persuasion techniques and morale, the lack of psychological vulnerability of the personnel, and the job satisfaction of the Special Unit of Greater Tehran. There is a significant relationship between the level of job satisfaction, participation in the mission, lack of psychological vulnerability and the morale of personnel especially in Greater Tehran.	Persuasion in the military	Utilizing appropriate persuasion techniques for the morale of military personnel, paying attention to the psychological vulnerability of personnel through persuasion, psychological operations based on persuasion, job satisfaction of military personnel, persuading them to participate in difficult missions, using psychological tactics to boost morale, orienting the content of orders for persuading employees, working on the mentality of personnel, transforming beliefs, persuading personnel, persuading them to fully accept commanders’ orders, using persuasive psychological tools, instilling courage and fearlessness among military personnel
11	Sarukhani [38]	2004	Persuasion is the goal of communication	Sociological Review	Iran	Library	Persuasion is one of the under-the-skin works in the field of communication that takes place beyond the appearance of power or even authority. If the audience reaches persuasion, internal motivations will be appeared and they will become messengers of thought or any communication message.	Persuasion and communication	Persuasion and development of communication, persuasion format ideas, communication capital, mental absence of the audience, social and individual persuasion, evangelization of the audience in persuasion
12	Druckman [21]	2022	A framework for the study of persuasion	Annual Review of Political Science	America	Systematic review	A framework was presented focusing on actors (speakers and receivers), treatments (topics, content, media), outcomes (attitudes, behaviors, emotions, identities) and settings (competition, place, time, process, culture). This generalizable persuasion framework organizes the distinct findings and provides researchers with a structure to situate their work.	Persuasion framework, psychological characteristics, motivations, mental patterns, customer orientation, social skills	Designing a framework for implementing persuasion, persuading people and surrounding groups, the role of the audience and speaker in persuasion, the role of communication platforms in persuading people, focusing on individual and group identity for persuasion, using specific time and place to persuade the audience, political and social persuasion, motivations, psychological characteristics, behavioral effect measurement, algorithmic audience data analysis, job satisfaction, results, social parameters
13	Za et al. [20]	2022	Enhancing workplace competence acquisition through a persuasive system	Information Systems and e-Business Management	Italy	Trial	The results improve users’ learning process as well as their ability to apply the competency.	Workplace competence and persuasion, psychological characteristics, ability, customer orientation, social skills	Competence development through persuasion of colleagues, acquisition of job competence, employee recruitment approach and persuasion of managers, acquisition of satisfaction characteristics in the work environment, instrumental use of persuasion techniques by employees, organizational progress through competence acquisition, promotion of cooperative approach in the workplace, persuasive managers in all categories, emotional, media literacy, objective, knowledge of persuasion, cultural
14	Eisend & Tarrahi [22]	2022	Persuasion knowledge in the marketplace: A meta-analysis	Journal of Consumer Psychology	German	Meta-analysis	Knowledge of persuasion cannot suppress or eliminate the effects of persuasion in the market because it only accounts for about 50% of the explanatory power of persuasion. The effect of persuasion knowledge depends on the characteristics of the persuasion process.	Knowledge of persuasion in the market, motivation, mental patterns, personality traits	Knowledge model of market persuasion, tactics of persuasion in the market, acquiring knowledge of persuasion in the market environment, gradual improvement of individual knowledge in the market, familiarity with methods of persuasion in the market, influencing customers through a targeted persuasion approach, better understanding of knowledge of market persuasion, meta-analysis of environmental persuasion, individual and group persuasion of market customers, power-seeking motivation, self-confidence, creative
15	Rose & MacGregor [13]	2021	The architecture of algorithm-driven persuasion	Journal of Information Architecture	Sweden	Systematic review	Six architectural components based on the persuasion algorithm are presented: target audience information collection, algorithmic audience data analysis, personalized content generation, algorithmic delivery logistics, message amplification, and behavioral effect measurement.	Algorithmic persuasion architecture, motivation, mental patterns, customer orientation	Information based persuasion, people’s attitude towards persuasion, structure of persuasion architecture, technology-based persuasion, human-centered persuasive communication, algorithm-based persuasion, persuasion-based platform architecture, digital algorithmic persuasion, narcissistic motivation, common reference frame, personal content production
16	Wang et al. [23]	2021	Signaling persuasion in crowdfunding entrepreneurial narratives: the subjectivity vs objectivity debate	Computers in Human Behavior	China	Machine learningText mining and Bayesian inference	Persuasion in the form of mental and objective elements can have a direct effect on attracting capital and financial aid.	Persuasion in providing entrepreneurial capital, motivation, mental models	The role of persuasion in capital provision, entrepreneurial capital positioning, entrepreneurial capital provision, persuasion approaches to attract capital, entrepreneurial persuasion in capital, objectivity and persuasion-oriented subjectivity, objectivity in persuasion in capital provision, persuasion of investors for an entrepreneurial approach, persuasion of capital owners, prophetic persuasion of capitalists, group motivation, conflict avoidance
17	Stavraki et al. [24]	2021	The influence of emotions on information processing and persuasion: A differential appraisals perspective	Journal of experimental social psychology	Spain	Quantitative approach	The results of the research showed that anger, surprise, and other emotions can lead to a higher or lower level of persuasion and information processing depending on the evaluation of the level of desirability or the evaluation of self-confidence.	The role of emotions in persuasion, motivation, mental patterns	The impact of emotions on the approach of persuading employees, the direction of emotions to persuade different levels of the organization, the instrumental use of employees’ surrounding emotions, the continuous evaluation of employees’ emotions, the use of targeted emotion persuasion tactics, the allocation of rewards for the promotion of positive emotions in employees, the attention of managers on emotional and emotional persuasion subordinates, avoiding anger and eliminating violent emotions, persuading employees to align with the emotions of others, the effects of emotions on the persuasion approach, defining a framework for the communication of emotions and persuasion, determining the type of evaluation of emotions in the organization, injecting the method of persuasion and directing employees’ emotions, motivations for lifelong professional learning
18	Sumayya et al. [39]	2021	Workplace fun and creative performance of employees	Reviews of Management sciences	Pakistan	Descriptive-analytical	The results showed that three hypotheses were accepted and one hypothesis was rejected. It can be concluded that to produce productive results and creative performance, organizations should focus on the techniques of attracting people. These simple, low-cost strategies can benefit banks in the long run.	Fun-based creative performance, structured support	Fun in the workplace, employees’ freedom of action in carrying out tasks, defining the place of fun in the organizational structure, managers’ focus on the role of fun in improving performance, creating fun based on the development of creative performance, the relationship between employee socialization and creative performance, creating a suitable platform for fun with the purpose of development performance, understanding the benefits of entertainment for the excellence of creativity, familiarizing employees with the relationship between entertainment and creativity
19	Afzal et al. [26]	2021	Use of persuasion and newspapers’ representations of conflicts	Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies	Saudi Arabia	Systematic review	The findings confirm the contribution of the media in representing conflicts in different societies under social, cultural, political and national parameters using specific persuasion tools.	The role of newspapers in persuasion, structural support	Persuasion in written media, selection of persuasive headlines to direct audience’s thoughts, logical appeal of news content, dominant media discourse, persuasive newspaper articles, selection of tone and persuasive writing in news, images based on audience’s interests, directing news content based on media’s thoughts, using new news features to persuade the audience
20	Teeny et al. [27]	2021	A review and conceptual framework for understanding personalized matching effects in persuasion	Journal of Consumer Psychology	America	Review	Most research on personal matching has concluded that matching is good for persuasion, but there are also negative results in this area.	Understanding the adaptive effects of persuasion, structural support	Adaptation of persuasion effects, individual and group adaptation of persuasion, customization and targeting of persuasion, primary and secondary characteristics of organizational persuasion, adaptive personality of people, persuasion communication, persuasion adaptations, key psychological mechanisms in persuasion, logistics
21	Kekezi [40]	2021	Diversity of experience and labor productivity in creative industries	Journal for Labour Market Research	Sweden	Systematic review	Estimates show that the diversity of job experiences is positive for labor productivity, but the diversity of experience in the industry is not.	Diversity of productivity in creative industries, structural support	The role of experience in productivity, the effect of experience on work creativity, creative industries and empiricism, previous job experiences, labor transfer, continuous circulation of knowledge in creative industries, skilling of employees in creative industries, creativity of employees
22	Savitri et al. [41]	2021	Employee Work Behavior in Creative Industries	Open Access Indonesia Journal of Social Sciences	Indonesia	Survey	This study shows that there is a reverse behavior in creative industry, in a way that employees who have a more open mental pattern, show more honesty and work meaning in the work.	Employee behavior in creative industries, structural support	The impact of employees’ thinking style, constructive behavior in creative industries, the meaning of work activity among employees, constructive behavior within the organization, creativity in creative industries, creating a platform for the development of creativity, organizational integration in creative industries, the need for creative workforce, national
23	Utomo et al. [42]	2021	Empowerment of employees in creative economic business: Case study of the developing economy	Journal of Governance and Regulation/Volume	Indonesia	Qualitative with a case study approach	Based on the results about employee empowerment, it can be concluded that overall empowerment is good for employees. The most dominant employee empowerment is responsibility. Mill dimensions are generally good. However, the lack of creative encouragement for employees to think about work strategies is because work strategies are still made by leaders.	Empowering employees in creative business, structural support	Creating an internal platform for employee promotion, providing the necessary opportunities for employee excellence, defining new organizational roles for creative employees, creating new departments for internal creativity, changing internal organizational culture, valuing entrepreneurship and creativity, assigning special benefits for employee creativity, assigning separate capital for the development of entrepreneurship, increasing attention to the obligations of creative employees
24	Zonnenberg [43]	2020	The influence of the persuasiveness of the board of directors on the performance of the board of directors, by displaying positive and negative emotions	Radboud University	Netherlands	Descriptive-analytical	The empirical results indicate that the decision-making of the board of directors in the supervisory role and top management of the group is not completely convincing because the display of more positive or negative emotions by the board of directors does not affect the performance of the board of directors.	Persuasion and board, mental models, structural support	Persuasion of the board of directors, functional persuasion of the board members, emotional and perceptual persuasion of the board members, perceptual empowerment of the board members, improving the understanding of the individual performance of the management members, the effect of persuasion on the performance of the board of directors, the display of positive and negative emotions by the board of directors, differences in persuasion power of board members, ethical judgments, algorithmic delivery, leaders
25	Slattery et al. [44]	2020	Persuasion: an analysis and common frame of reference for IS research	Communications of the Association for Information Systems	Australia	Review	In this study, researchers are helped to understand and apply persuasion theory in information systems research. To do this, a common frame of reference was developed to help information systems researchers conceptualize persuasion and conceptually distinguish it from related concepts.	Authority of persuasion, mental models, structural support	The role of information technology in changing attitudes, persuading people in changing attitudes, understanding the theory of persuasion in scientific studies, developing the study persuasion framework, behavioral and informational change, conceptualizing persuasion, mental patterns, lack of awareness
26	Jena & Pradhan [3]	2020	Workplace persuasion: Conceptual model, development and validation. Global Business Review	Global Business Review	India	Quantitative and qualitative approach	Workplace persuasion includes three distinct dimensions: confrontation, cooperation, and consensus.	Workplace persuasion, mental models, structural support	Accreditation of persuasion, development of work persuasion, development of persuasion in the individual and group workplace, conceptual and cognitive definition of work persuasion, cooperation in the development of persuasion, employee empowerment in the development of persuasion, workplace persuasion, group persuasion of employees, self-esteem, access to benefits
27	Almagsosi & Alghezzy [45]	2020	Persuasion in media	International Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities	Iraq	Review	This study aims to investigate persuasive strategies in English and to show how people are influenced by persuasive strategies.	Persuasion in the media, psychological characteristics, mental patterns, structural support, customer orientation, social skills	The dominant strategies of persuasion in the media, the platform of persuasion in the media, news and show tactics for persuading the audience, focusing on the interests of the audience to increase the persuasive power of the content, increasing the rhetorical and verbal power of persuasion tools, persuasive visualization of programs, the logical appeal of media programs, rhetorical strategies of persuasion, reducing decision-making power among the audience, improving the ability to accept persuasive content, displaying persuasive behaviors in media programs, psychological collectivism, self-efficacy, support, trustworthiness, criteria of persuasion
28	Sánchez-Jofras, & Kuri-Alonso [46]	2020	Employment distribution in the cultural and creative industries of Baja California, Mexico	Problemas del desarrollo	Mexico	Quantitative approach	The results show scattered employment in cultural and creative industries throughout the territory of the state according to the characteristics of each municipality.	Job distribution and persuasion, psychological characteristics, mental patterns, structural support, clientelism	The role of persuasion in job distribution of employees, creative industries and persuasion, distribution of employees based on capabilities, persuasion of employees to attend designated positions, distribution of employees, individual persuasion of employees for organizational roles, self-efficacy beliefs, lack of psychological vulnerability of personnel, innovative behavior, customer orientation
29	Miller & Levine [15]	2019	InAn integrated approach to communication theory and research	InAn integrated approach to communication theory and research	America	Review	Persuasion involves an intentional act of communication that eliminates coercion and achieves private acceptance. At the very least, a successful persuasive effort produces some sort of cognitive, emotional, or behavioral change in the target.	Concepts of persuasion, personality traits, social skills	Making the content believable, intentional and conscious communication with the audience, individual and group acceptance of messages, behavioral and emotional modification of the audience, justifying rhetorical points to the audience, focusing on factors affecting persuasion, improving the effectiveness of spoken content, targeted persuasion of the audience, visual and auditory appeal of the content, types of messages in persuasion, mood, pseudo-game
30	Nkwo & Orji [47]	2019	Personalized persuasion to promote positive work attitudes in public workplaces	InAdjunct Publication of the 27th Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization	Nigeria	Building a persuasive system called PAULApp	In this research, a persuasive system prototype called “PAULApp” was designed to motivate workplace behaviors and evaluation programs. The PAULApp system was developed using an iterative design process. Finally, comprehensive results were provided to researchers.	Individual persuasion in the work environment, personality traits	Individual persuasion to improve work ability, advancement of individual ability in the workplace, personalization of job capabilities, social impact in the workplace, employee’s work attitude, persuasion technology in the workplace, assessment of work persuasion approach, intra-organizational persuasive technology, job attitude of employees, audience attitude
31	Zhang et al. [48]	2020	Understanding managerial response to employee voice: a social persuasion perspective	International Journal of Manpower	China	Descriptive-analytical	The results indicate that leaders respond more to encouraging voice than to inhibiting voice.	Persuasion of manager and employees, personality traits	The manager’s role in persuading employees, social and organizational persuasion of employees, individual and organizational influence of the manager on subordinates, the role of the supervisor in the organizational chart, relying on persuasive speech for managers, the response of employees to managers’ messages, the hierarchy of persuasion, the role of employee expertise in content acceptance management, acceptance and mutual persuasion in the organization, anger
32	Laamarti [49]	2019	Persuasion tactics: The impact of social media on the consumer’s decision to purchase	Master’s thesis, University of Stavanger, Norway	Norway	Quantitative approach	Social media users are exposed to dozens of products daily, which can ultimately persuade them to buy goods; therefore, persuasion tactics are effective.	Social media and consumer purchase decision, personality traits	Social media persuasion in audience attraction, social media persuasion tactics, social media reliance on audience persuasion, persuasion for targeted purchase, promotion of targeted media purchasing approaches, production of a persuasion-oriented roadmap for purchase decision, the role of novelty in persuading consumers, promoting social media and consumer interaction, strategic marketing in social media, advancing persuasion tactics in social media, increasing the likelihood of online purchases, surprise
33	Khantimirov & Karande [50]	2018	Complaint as a persuasion attempt: Front line employees’ perceptions of complaint legitimacy	Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services	America	Descriptive-analytical	Customer characteristics (customer trustworthiness and attractiveness), situation (severity of service problems) and employee (customer orientation and conflict avoidance) influence target perception.	Complaining and persuasion, personality traits, ability, customer orientation	Complaints about the inability to provide services, persuasive behavior of employees, efforts of employees to persuade consumers, creating a platform for persuading consumers with the aim of not complaining, organizational legal complaints, strategies for persuading dissatisfied consumers, avoiding illegal persuasion of consumers, emotions, severity of the problem in service
34	Madžarević	2017	Exploring Attitudes as Complex Psychological Constructs: Attitude Change through the Process of Persuasion	Journal of Social Sciences	Serbia	Review	This study focuses on the process of persuasion as one of the mechanisms responsible for attitude change.	Attitude and persuasion, personality traits, ability, customer orientation	Attitude change through audience persuasion, the role of persuasion in attitude change, psychological structure of attitude, direction of persuasion approach to change attitude, structure of individual and group attitudes, emotional and behavioral component of attitude, persuasion techniques to direct people’s attitude, productive results, business skills, confrontation
35	Nennekam & Bennett [52]	2017	Creative industries work across multiple contexts: common themes and challenges	Personnel Review	Australia, Canada and the Netherlands	A qualitative approach (in-depth survey)	Survey data identified common themes, including the rise of non-standard forms of employment and the persistence of precarious work throughout the working life. Criticism of basic education with reference to business skills; the need and challenges of lifelong professional learning; and lack of awareness and access to benefits and support. Respondents also reported multiple roles across and beyond the creative industries.	Job components of creative industries, personality traits, customer orientation	Job security, preliminary training, in-service training, access to job benefits, job protection, providing job security for creative jobs, the platform for implementing job training, thinking style, gathering information from target audiences, consensus
36	Liubakka [53]	2017	Persuasion Methods for Making Organizational Change Stick	Doctoral dissertation, The College of St. Scholastica	America	Quantitative approach	This study examines how different leadership styles and change models affect employee engagement. It also studies the relationship between human decision making and persuasion and recognizes that human behavior is irrational. This article explains a popular persuasion model, the persuasion slide, by reframing its marketing concepts in terms of organizational change.	Organizational change based on persuasion, personality traits	Involvement of employees in the survival of the organization, development of the role of employees in promoting competitive advantage, gaining the trust and belief of employees towards the nature and structure of the organization, setting the stage for changes by satisfying employees, changing the type of organizational leadership to persuade employees, entrusting macro-organizational decisions to employees, the relation between employees and managers in the process of changing the nature of the organization, honesty
37	Ng TW Lucianetti [7]	2016	Within-individual increases in innovative behavior and creative, persuasion, and change self-efficacy over time: A social–cognitive theory perspective	Journal of applied psychology	Italy	Quantitative approach	Psychological collectivism (an interpersonal variable) is a moderator, and a higher level of psychological collectivism weakens the positive relationship between intra-individual increase in self-efficacy beliefs and intra-individual increase in innovative behavior.	Development of creative behavior of employees of creative industries, personality traits	Social-perceptual knowledge of employees, promotion of employee interaction at all levels, instilling self-confidence among employees, development of creative work platforms, gradual and targeted induction of creative behavior among employees, respect for creative ideas of employees, targeted orientation of innovative ideas of employees, providing financial and non-financial incentives for the development of creative behavior, responsibility
38	Fisher & Gonzalez [54]	2013	The Art of Influencing and Persuasion: How Managers Can Put’Square Pegs’ into’Round Holes’	Journal of Management Research	Cuba	Descriptive-analytical	The results show that managers’ performance is positively influenced by how they influence and persuade people at work.	Persuasion and persuasion of managers, personality traits	Techniques of persuading employees, improving the competitive environment of the organization, managing employees’ job behaviors, promoting motivational tools among employees, relying on the morals and ethics of employees, taking advantage of close relations between managers and employees, using environmental knowledge in communication with employees, injecting organizational incentives for career persuasion, creative encouragement

Table 3.

Frequency of domestic and foreign articles related to the studied years in selected researches.

Internal studies		Foreign studies
Year	Number of related articles	Year	Number of related articles
2004	1	2013	1
2008	1	2016	1
2012	1	2017	3
2015	2	2018	1
2018	4	2019	4
2020	2	2020	5
Sum	11	2021	9
		2022	3
		Sum	27

Table 4.

Conceptualization of employee persuasion in creative industries in internal research.

Component	2004	Percent	2008	Percent	2012	Percent	2015	Percent	2018	Percent	2020	Percent	Total
Motives	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0
Psychological characteristics	–	–	1	1.6	–	–	1	1.7	3	4.1	1	1.6	6
Mental patterns	1	1.3	1	1.7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2
Structural support	–	–	–		–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	0
personality traits	–	–	–	–	1	1.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Capabilities	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	1.9	7	3.8	2	2.5	7
Customer orientation	–	–	1	1.4	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Social skills	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–		–	–	0
Total	1		3		1		2		7		3		17

Table 5.

Conceptualization of employee persuasion in creative industries in foreign researches.

Component	2013	Percent	2016	Percent	2017	Percent	2018	Percent	2019	Percent	2020	Percent	2021	Percent	2022	Percent	Total
Motives	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	2.4	2	1.1	5
Psychological characteristic	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	2.3	–	–	2	1.7	4
Mental patterns	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	6	4.6	3	2.3	2	1.1	11
Structural support	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5	4.1	6	4.8	–	–	11
Personality traits	1	1.7	1	2	2	2.4	1	1.3	4	3.6	–	–	–	–	–	–	9
Capabilities	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	1.1	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	1.3	2
Customer orientation	–	–	–	–	2	3.2	1	1.4	–	–	2	2.1	1	1.3	2	2.1	8
Social skills	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	1.1	1	1.3	–	–	5	3.8	7
Total	1		1		4		3		4		16		13		14		57

Chart 4.

Conceptualization of employee persuasion in creative industries in internal research (Resource: Research findings).

Chart 5.

Conceptualization of employee persuasion in creative industries in foreign researches (Resource: Research findings).

Table 6 shows the percentage of concepts used in the studied years in the number of relevant foreign articles. The investigations carried out in the previous studies finally led to the identification of the components that play a decisive role in the formation of employee persuasion in organizations. The result obtained is presented as described in Table 6 and chart 6.

Table 6.

Indicators and components of employee persuasion.

Component	Indicator
Motivation	Motivations
	Motivation to seek power
	Self-infatuation motivation
	Group motivation
Psychological characteristics	Psychological characteristics
	Previous beliefs
	Using persuasion techniques
	Spirit
	Mental elements
	Positive emotions
	Emotional
	Psychological collectivism
	Self-efficacy beliefs
Mental patterns	Moral judgments
	Mental patterns
	Self-esteem
	Efficacy
	Lack of psychological vulnerability of personnel
	Algorithmic delivery
	Measurement of behavioral effect
	Self confidence
	Common reference frame
	Avoiding conflict
	Lifelong professional learning
Structural support	Political
	Settings
	Logistic
	Political
	National
	Behavioral
	Leaders
	Lack of knowledge
	Access to benefits
	Protection
	Innovative behavior
Personality traits	Mood
	Attitude of the audience
	Anger
	Surprise
	Feelings
	Productive results
	Thinking style
	Honesty
	Responsibility
	Creative encouragement
	Creative
Ability	Media literacy
	Game-based interaction
	Communication models
	Creative performance
	Labor productivity
	Empowering employees
	Cooperation
	Cultural industries
	The severity of the problem in the service
	Business skills
Customer orientation	Gathering information about the target audience
	Algorithmic audience data analysis
	Personal content production
	Objective
	The meaning of work
	Confrontation
	Consensus
	Reliability
	Customer orientation
Social skills	Pseudo game
	Criteria of persuasion
	Job satisfaction
	Results
	Knowledge of persuasion
	Social parameters
	Cultural

Chart 6.

Indicators and components of employee persuasion (Resource: Research findings).

As shown in Table 6, the analysis of the studied sources showed that the components of motivation, psychological characteristics, mental patterns, structural support, personality characteristics, ability, customer orientation, and social skills play a decisive role in the formation of employees’ persuasion.

4. Discussion and conclusion

Creative industries have various types, all of which use creativity and culture. Like other industries, the issue of innovation in products, services, and processes is inevitable in these industries as well. But finding a way to measure innovation in this field requires knowing different patterns of innovation in the mentioned industries. Innovation in creative industries, in addition to common innovations that are known at the product and process level, includes soft innovation that is also aesthetic and hidden. Due to the increasing competition in creative industries, the need for innovation in industries that are mostly managed in a traditional and common way is felt more than before, because innovations help to make cheaper and quality products. In this way, knowing the main indicators of innovation in creative industries helps the sustainability of the products and services of this field [55].

In research about creative industries, it is necessary to deepen the understanding of the special characteristics of creative industries from the point of view of intangible value creation and their manifestations in different fields [56]. The creative organization is a new cultural company that seeks economic benefits through using creativity, knowledge, and innovation of its employees [57].

In recent years, interest in using behavioral insights and choice architectures to create more prosperous societies by changing attitudes and behavior has increased [58]. In a 2010 report by a government think tank in England, Dolan and colleagues argue that “many of the biggest policy challenges we face now will be solved only if we succeed in persuading people to change their existing behavior, lifestyle, or habits.” Fortunately, our understanding of the effects on the behavior of others has increased significantly, and this shows the way for new approaches and new solutions.

We live in a work-dependent world where we are expected to connect with the system and motivate others to do the work. In this regard, persuasion is one of the influencing skills to gain the trust of others and accept the message with their full satisfaction, without the need for material and spiritual encouragement or intimidation and threats, to achieve a specific goal [28]. In this regard, creative people often have well-developed persuasive skills, which often encourage and promote positive response to new ideas and change management in any place. Therefore, creativity is related to personality traits, processes, products, as well as persuasion and potential Rose & MacGregor [13].

According to the investigations carried out in this research, no research has focused on the persuasion of employees in creative industries; therefore, there is a large scientific and practical gap in this issue. Findings showed that the components of motivation, psychological characteristics, mental patterns, structural support, personality characteristics, ability, customer orientation, and social skills play a decisive role in the formation of employees’ persuasion. These results show that the effective components in the occurrence of persuasion of employees can be classified at the individual, organizational, and external levels, just like customers.

In the individual section, when people have different personalities and attitudes, this will undoubtedly be effective in forming the level of persuasiveness of employees by managers. Some people cannot easily accept any new thing; as a result, the amount of persuasion undoubtedly depends on the personality characteristics of people. On the other hand, the results of this study showed that the support of managers and the provision of conditions can help people to perform their work activities with a more favorable level and achieve better job results. People can perform new activities when they feel they have good conditions and have favorable support from their managers and leaders.

Also, the present study has shown that the customer dimension itself has a decisive role in this field. The behavioral approaches of customers and the efforts that managers and organizational policy makers will make to recognize and classify their customers have made people aware of their managers’ decisions by relying on correct and practical information. This way, employees can accept managers’ decisions with higher logic and understanding. In the long run, this has made many of the managers’ decisions to be digestible for the employees, and finally, they deal with organizational events with a higher openness.

The result of all these cases makes the persuasion of employees within the organization to occur with a higher quality. As a result, it is these people who, by creating a commonality between their individual and personality characteristics, organizational characteristics, as well as the views and characteristics of their customers, ultimately express a certain level of persuasion. In this regard, researchers in various fields are looking to investigate the issue of what inner motivations convince a person, what kind of persuasive message is effective and why most people in organizations and in the heart of society turn their attention to powerful persuaders. Persuasive communication influences creative organizations to engage their employees [59]. Experts express this issue as an important process in the organizational communication channel [60]. Research on persuasion in creative industries evolved when personal influence became associated with expert power and organizational authority in industries.

Heilman ME, Hornstein [61] recommended reliance on persuasion in creative organizational settings. On the other hand, filling the communication gap between managers and employees in creative industries with the help of people’s understanding of the organizational image should be a priority for managers [62]. According to their research framework, most researchers have developed the concepts of persuasion in creative industries in a unique way. Benoit and Benoit [63] believe that understanding how persuasion works is very useful for people working in creative industries because people both send messages as sources and receive persuasive messages as audiences or targets for both situations [64].

The idea of persuasion refers to the fact that people seek to effectively convey their goals to the audience [65, 66]. The effects of persuasive knowledge on communication variables are different in creative industries. Research has shown that increasing persuasion knowledge improves consumers’ skills in identifying their benefits from marketers’ persuasion efforts [67]. Based on results, the following suggestions are presented for the use of managers and organizational policy makers:

- Efforts to develop teamwork spirit and also improve the motivation level of cooperation among people in organizations

- Creating a positive mentality in people through holding training courses to fully familiarize people with managers’ decisions

- Creating complete and necessary equipment and facilities for employees to perform work so that working conditions are easier for people.

- Creating an organizational atmosphere in which managers and policy makers provide special support to their employees and as a result, employees feel more comfortable.

- Trying to evaluate the personality characteristics of employees so that these people have more compliance with their job activities and as a result, managers and policy makers create a better understanding of the existing conditions.

- Creating a customer behavior analysis unit so that the outputs of these analyzes are used by managers to justify their decisions.

Undoubtedly, researchers face limitations in the way of conducting their research that may affect the results of the research. Knowing these limitations makes it possible to better interpret the research results as well as improving the quality level of future research. As the creative ideas and achievements of employees increasingly become the cornerstone of organizations’ competitiveness in today’s knowledge-based economy, more research is needed in this area to improve our understanding of what, how, and why certain contextual factors and individual differences affect employees. As another limitation, it should be acknowledged that the case study approach limits the generalization of the findings to other domains. Despite this limitation, this research plan provides the possibility of in-depth examination of the role of employee participation in promoting persuasion in the creative industry. Depending on the type of research method, low-quality studies may be included, which increases the risk of bias. Another limitation is related to the research methodology, and there is an ambiguity whether using other methods will give similar results or not. Considering that there was a limitation related to the research methodology in this research, it is suggested that future researchers use other interview-based qualitative analysis methods such as thematic qualitative analysis or the grounded theory method to identify components and indicators in order to persuade employees in creative industries. Also, it is recommended to take advantage of different methods and techniques such as Fuzzy Delphi, DEMATEL, ANP, and Smart PLS, and design and explain persuasion models. Although the use of the meta synthesis method plays a significant role in acquiring common knowledge in the field of employee persuasion, the evaluation and quantification of the proposed models helps the validity of the results. Since the results of the current research were conducted with a qualitative research approach and derived from scientific research, caution should be exercised in generalizing the results to creative industries. It is also possible to improve the validity of the results by using statistical tools for this purpose. Therefore, it could be noted that creative industries identify their own employees’ persuasion indicators and establish a unit to evaluate the indicators in their industry.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Not applicable.

Author contributions

Conception: Mehran Ebrahiminejad

Methodology: Mehran Ebrahiminejad

Data Collection: Mehran Ebrahiminejad

Interpretation Or Analysis Of Data: Fereshteh Amin

Preparation Of The Manuscript: Fereshteh Amin

Revision For Important Intellectual Content: Seyed Mehdi Sharifi

Supervision: Seyed Mehdi Sharifi

All authors acknowledged and confirmed the authorship.

Conflict of interest

The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

There is no funding.

Data availability

Requests for access to data can be directed to the corresponding author.

Author Biographies

Dr. Mehran Ebrahiminejad is a Ph.D. graduate in Media Management from the University of Tehran. His research, consultancy and teaching interests include language management, creative Industries, political economy, film studies and persuasion and teaching media and management subjects. And also he is the author of some books, publications and presentation.

Dr. Fereshteh Amin is an associate professor in the University of Tehran. Her research, consultancy and teaching interests include electronic human resource management, competency management, strategic human resource management, organizational behavior, and especially application of technology and social network analytics in human resource management (IOT, cloud technology). She is the author of some books, publications and presentations and the head of state management training center of Iran.

Dr. Seyed Mehdi Sharifi graduated his Ph.D., in human resource management, University of Tehran. He received his Master’s and BA degrees in communication sciences from Tehran Azad University. He is the Dean of media management Department in Universtiy of Tehran.

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