The effect of high-impulse- electromyostimulation on adipokine profiles,body composition and strength: A pilot study

Abstract

BACKGROUND

: Although whole body electromyostimulation (WB-EMS) has been shown to improve body composition and muscle strength in several research studies, it has not been confirmed whether a dose-response effect using various impulse-intensities exists and how they affect adipose tissue-derived adipokines (APK), body composition, and strength.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the dose-response effect of wearing a WB-EMS suit in conjunction with isometric exercise on adipokines (APK), body composition including thigh circumference, and thigh muscle strength in normal healthy men for 6 weeks.

METHOD:

Fifty-two male subjects were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control group (CON, $n=$ 13), low impulse-intensity (LII) group ( $n=$ 12), mid impulse-intensity (MII) group ( $n=$ 14), and high impulse-intensity (HII) group ( $n=$ 13). Low-, mid- and high-impulse intensities were set at 50%, 60% and 80% of maximum tolerance (1MT). Subjects in CON group wore WB-EMS suits, but did not receive any impulses. The WB-EMS suits used in this study enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups with selectable intensities. Stimulation frequency was selected at 85 Hz, impulse-width at 350 microsecond, and impulse-rise as a rectangular application. Impulse duration was 6 s with a 4 s break between impulses. The 20-minute WB-EMS sessions were combined with isometric exercises 3 times a week for 6 weeks. APK, body composition including thigh circumference, and isokinetic peak moment (PT) and work per repetition (WR) of the knee extensors and flexors were measured on Week 0, Week 2, Week 4, and Week 6.

RESULTS:

Compared with the CON group, 1) there was a significant group by time interaction difference in Resistin ( $P=$ 0.016). That is, Resistin increased in the CON and LII groups, but decreased in the MII and HII groups. These changes in Resistin for both groups began to appear at Week 4. 2) Body weight ( $P=$ 0.024) and muscle mass ( $P=$ 0.037) were significantly different in group by time interaction. The decrease of body weight in the HII group began to appear at Week 4. In particular, the level of muscle mass increased only in the HII group at Week 6. 3) There were significant group by time interaction differences in the circumferences of thigh subcutaneous fat (TSF) and thigh total fat (TTF) on right and left sides. The right TSF ( $P=$ 0.045) and TTF ( $P=$ 0.019) decreased from baseline to Week 6 in the HII group. These changes were similar to the left TSF ( $P=$ 0.038) and TTF ( $P=$ 0.011). The changes in the HII group showed a marked decrease at Week 6. 4) There were significant group by time interaction effects in the PT of the left knee extensor ( $P=$ 0.037) and PT of the right knee flexor ( $P=$ 0.012). These results were similar with the WR of the right knee flexor ( $P=$ 0.002) and the WR of the left knee flexor ( $P=$ 0.019) in the HII group, which were significantly higher than those of the other three groups at Week 4 and 6.

CONCLUSIONS:

WB-EMS administered at high impulse intensity can improve Resistin, body composition including thigh circumference, and isokinetic strength in healthy men after approximately 4 to 6 weeks.

Keywords

Whole body-electromyostimulation adipokines thigh circumference isokinetic strength

1. Introduction

In the 1960s, electromyostimulation (EMS) was often used to prevent the atrophy of skeletal muscles or to rehabilitate muscles after injury or surgery. Since the 1980s, researchers have developed units with an improved ability to modulate a variety of electrical wave forms resulting in an electrical current that can be effectively used to stimulate innervated muscles [1]. EMS is very gentle on the joints and reduces the risk of injury due to the absence of weights or excessive loading [2]. During EMS, impulses are transmitted through electrodes on the skin close to the dermis tissue for stimulation [3]. The major difference between the mechanisms of involuntary and voluntary contractions induced by EMS is in muscle fiber mobilization. In the case of spontaneous muscle contraction, a small motor unit with low threshold is first activated. In the case of muscle contraction due to EMS, the motor units under the control of the larger nerves are activated and muscle fibers with high threshold are easily mobilized resulting in positive effects on muscle strength [4, 5]. Moreover, although voluntary contraction may result in selective motor unit mobilization from slow to fast muscle fibers, non-selective contraction occurs when both fibers are mobilized simultaneously during involuntary contraction through EMS.

Recent whole body WB-EMS suits have advanced functions and capabilities, unlike older systems that had many limitations and inconveniences. For example, the cumbersome process of spraying water or wearing wet clothes to allow electrical currents to pass through the body has been replaced by inserting a silicone conductive pad into the garment. In addition, wires connecting the electrodes to the WB-EMS device have been replaced with wireless sensors via Bluetooth technology to enable a wider range of activity that can be adjusted within 40 meters [6]. This advanced WB-EMS system allows for more comfort, ease of use, and potentially faster results in rehabilitating patients with musculoskeletal diseases as well as improving body composition and muscle strength as shown in previous studies [2, 7, 8, 9]. In fact, WB-EMS is time-efficient and less debilitating, thus producing higher acceptance among non-athletes [7]. Gondin et al. provided an overview of the main training studies in which neuromuscular electrical stimulation was applied to healthy subjects, including competitive athletes with the objective of improving muscle function [10]. Other researchers also suggested that electrical stimulation can promote maximal strength gains in human subjects [11, 12, 13].

Table 1
Physical characteristics of participants at baseline

Items	Groups				One way ANOVA
	CON ( $n=$ 13)	LII ( $n=$ 12)	MII ( $n=$ 14)	HII ( $n=$ 13)	$F$	$P$
Age (y)	28.33 $\pm$ 2.52	24.00 $\pm$ 3.00	23.25 $\pm$ 2.22	25.00 $\pm$ 0.82	3.415	0.061
Height (cm)	171.67 $\pm$ 2.89	176.67 $\pm$ 2.52	174.00 $\pm$ 2.58	178.50 $\pm$ 4.12	3.086	0.077
Weight (kg)	71.37 $\pm$ 5.71	75.27 $\pm$ 11.57	76.13 $\pm$ 8.97	80.78 $\pm$ 8.33	0.666	0.592
WHR	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.04	0.87 $\pm$ 0.03	0.283	0.836
Percent fat (%)	18.87 $\pm$ 4.65	19.07 $\pm$ 2.02	17.88 $\pm$ 4.91	20.38 $\pm$ 4.33	0.234	0.871
Muscle mass (kg)	32.93 $\pm$ 0.95	34.67 $\pm$ 4.76	35.68 $\pm$ 4.68	36.65 $\pm$ 5.30	0.432	0.735
Fat mass (kg)	13.60 $\pm$ 4.41	14.47 $\pm$ 3.69	13.65 $\pm$ 4.66	16.30 $\pm$ 3.13	0.378	0.771
BMI (kg/m ${}^{2}$ )	22.27 $\pm$ 2.10	22.10 $\pm$ 2.38	21.68 $\pm$ 1.70	22.30 $\pm$ 2.11	0.110	0.952
BMR (kcal)	1617.33 $\pm$ 33.26	1683.00 $\pm$ 172.68	1719.25 $\pm$ 161.98	1762.50 $\pm$ 191.75	0.511	0.684

All values are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. WHR, BMI, BMR mean waist/hip ratio, body mass index, and basal metabolic rate, respectively. CON, LII, MII, and HII represent control group, low-, mid-, and high-impulse intensity groups, respectively.

Figure 1.

Flow diagram participants (assessed for eligibility; $n=$ 57).

However, even though there is some evidence that WB-EMS suit favorably improves body composition and increases muscle mass and strength, few studies clearly address these issues or investigate the practicality of using WB-EMS. In particular, no studies have investigated if a dose-response effect exists between different impulse intensities and how WB-EMS affects body composition and adipose tissue-derived factors in men with normal levels of fat. Since the effects of EMS have already been shown to be effective on subjects with obesity, this study investigated the effectiveness of WB-EMS suit on subjects with normal levels of fat. The reason for selecting these participants reflected not only the dearth of studies on WB-EMS on but to also find what kind of benefits people with various body compositions can gain, in particular, those with normal levels of fat. Additionally, by applying WB-EMS on normal subjects, it may be possible to gain a better understanding of how electrical impulses react to various body compositions. In other words, analyzing subjects with normal levels of fat would provide more insight into whether EMS is more or less effective due to the electrical impulses stimulating the outer fat layer, skeletal muscle, or blood content. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the dose-response effect of wearing a WB-EMS suit in conjunction with isometric exercise on adipokines (APK), body composition including thigh circumference, and thigh muscle strength in normal healthy men for 6 weeks.

2. Methods

2.1 Participants

This study was performed from July 7 to August 18, 2017. Healthy collegiate men aged between 20 and 29 years old were recruited on a voluntary basis. They were motivated by the wish to improve their body shape and were examined by a specialist using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) method. The subjects who took part in this study did not exercise regularly for a duration of 6 months. Additionally, the subjects did not take any treatment for weight loss or any medication known to affect body composition and had not undergone any major surgery during the one year prior to the start of the study. Exclusion criteria included subjects who were overweight or obese according to waist/hip ratio (WHR, $\geqslant$ 0.95), percent fat, or body mass index (BMI), and any history of heart or brain disease. This study also excluded subjects with impairment of a major organ system, cancer, psychiatric diseases, musculoskeletal dysfunction, or pain. The demographic and anthropometric characteristics of the participants are outlined in Table 1.

Figure 2.

Experimental design for group classification, test periods, measurement variables, and intervention methods.

As shown in Fig. 1, of the 57 participants who completed the survey, three subjects were disqualified. Two of them took part in an exercise program for over 6 months and another refused to participate. In the follow-up phase, there were also two subjects who dropped out due to personal reasons. Finally, 52 male subjects took part in this study. After taking baseline measurements, the participants were randomly assigned to one of four groups: control group (CON, $n=$ 13), low impulse-intensity group (LII, $n=$ 12), mid impulse-intensity group (MII, $n=$ 14), or high impulse-intensity group (HII, $n=$ 13).

All participants wore the WB-EMS suits that fit their individual size. Although all groups underwent 20-minute WB-EMS sessions combined with isometric exercises 3 times a week for 6 weeks, the participants of CON group did not receive any electrical stimuli. The three experimental groups received one of three types of electrical stimuli at different intensities according to maximum tolerance (1MT).

2.2 Experimental design

Prior to the study, the principal investigator explained all the procedures to the subjects in detail. All participants read and signed an informed consent form approved by the Hanseo University College of Health Science Human Studies Committee and was completed in accordance with the guidelines of the Korean Academy of Medical Sciences. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Sahmyook University (2-1040781-AB-N-01-2017083HR). All participants arrived at the research center to complete a self-reported questionnaire about their health status, calorie intake, and physical activity level, which was included in the physical examination. The first assessment was conducted in Seoul Song-Do Hospital from July 7 to 8, 2017, and the second and third assessments were conducted in the same hospital from July 21 to 22 and from August 4 to 5, respectively. The program lasted for 6 weeks, similar to the duration of previous studies [2, 10, 41, 42, 43, 44]. However, the assessments were performed every 2 weeks for 6 weeks. The experimental design for group classification, test periods, measurement variables, and intervention methods are presented in Fig. 2.

Table 2
Definition and degrees of category scores by international physical activity questionnaire

Category		Criteria
#	Degree
1	Low activity	No activity is reported OR Some activity is reported but not enough to meet categories 2 or 3.
2	Moderate activity	Either of the following 3 criteria 3 or more days of vigorous activity of at least 20 minutes per day OR 5 or more days of moderate-intensity activity and/or walking of at least 30 minutes per day OR 5 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate-intensity or vigorous-intensity.
3	High activity	Any one of the following 2 criteria vigorous-intensity activity on at least 3 days and accumulating at least 1,500 MET-minutes/week OR 7 or more days of any combination of walking, moderate-or vigorous-intensity activities accumulating at least 3,000 MET-minutes/week.

Equations for calculating physical activity degree as follows; Walking MET-min/week $=$ 3.3 $\times$ min of activity/day $\times$ days per week. Moderate-intensity physical activity MET-min/week $=$ 4.0 $\times$ min of activity/day $\times$ days per week. Vigorous-intensity physical activity MET-min/week $=$ 8.0 $\times$ min of activity/day $\times$ days per week. Total MET-minutes/week $=$ Walking MET-min/week $+$ Moderate-intensity physical activity MET-min/week $+$ Vigorous-intensity physical activity MET-min/week.

2.3 Outcome measures

2.3.1 Measurement of calorie intake, calorie output, and physical activity

This study investigated the calorie intake, calorie output, and physical activity in order to control and minimize the extrinsic variables that may affect the results of the experiment. At the pre-experiment session, the participants were provided a diary to record what they consumed for breakfast, lunch, and dinner throughout the 6-week experimental period. During this time, an expert calculated their daily caloric intake volume using CAN-Pro 5.0 (Korean Nutrition Society, Korea) every days for 6 weeks. The daily amount of physical activity that was performed outside the experiment was recorded and calculated using the shortened Korean version of the self-reported international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) as shown in Table 2. In order to increase the accuracy of the responses, an expert provided a diary to record the contents of the questionnaire on a daily basis. The participants answered the questionnaires based on the recordings of physical activity for the past 7 days for 6 weeks. The total score was obtained through the summation of the duration (in minutes) and frequency (days) of walking, moderate-intensity activity, and vigorous-intensity activity. Then, the data were used to calculate the amount of physical activity based on the IPAQ score conversion method using the metabolic equivalent (MET)-minutes score. Finally, the calorie intake, calorie output, and physical activity were recorded from Week 1 to Week 6.

2.3.2 Isometric exercise with WB-EMS suit

Participants were given variously sized WB-EMS suits made by Miracle ${}^{{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}\textregistered}}$ (Seoul, Korea) according to their size. Their garments were composed of a silicone conductive pad and wireless materials. The electrical strength of the suit was controlled via Bluetooth. WB-EMS suits used in this study enabled the simultaneous activation of eight muscle groups (both upper legs, both upper arms, buttocks, abdomen, chest, lower back, upper back, and latissimus dorsi) with selectable intensities for each region.

Based on recommendations from available literature, the stimulation frequency was selected at 85 Hz, the impulse-width at 350 microseconds, the impulse-rise as a rectangular application, and variable electrostimulation intensities relative to the maximum peak voltage (160 V). Impulse duration was 6 s with a 4-s break between impulses [2, 8, 41, 43, 44]. For each group, a qualified instructor conducted 20-minute WB-EMS sessions 3 times a week on two non-consecutive days to allow for a rest interval of 48 hours between each session. In order to generate effective muscular contractions, isometric movements composed of crunches, bridges, leg raises, side planks on right and left sides, superman back raises, front planks, lunges on right and left sides, and squats were performed for 12 repetitions during the impulse phase as per the instructor’s directions.

This study used 1MT as the maximum peak voltage, similar to calculating the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) as one maximal repetition. Recently, Gondin et al. reported that the maximal toleration, expressed in this study as the corresponding incomplete muscle activation, is the inability to produce an electrically-evoked force equal to 100% of MVC [5]. 1MT was determined by progressively administering electrical intensity until the subjects expressed their maximum tolerance [6, 49]. Several researchers have described exercise intensity based on the concept of MVC in the recommendation for resistance exercise in which under 50% of MVC is considered light intensity, 60% as moderate intensity, and over 80% as vigorous intensity [50, 51]. In this experiment, 1MT was measured as follows. Each participant in the WB-EMS group stood still while wearing WB-EMS suits. Starting from 10% of 1MT, the intensity was gradually increased according to the response of the participant and the electric stimulation was stopped at the request of the participant when reaching an unbearable level, at which point the intensity was set as 1MT. The participants were assigned to 0% of 1MT in CON group, 50% (81.15 $\pm$ 5.47 V) of 1MT in LII group, 60% (94.26 $\pm$ 2.43 V) of 1MT in MII group, and 80% (124.36 $\pm$ 4.25 V) of 1MT in HII group, respectively.

2.3.3 Measurement of APK

Blood samples were taken after fasting for 10 hours before assessment. Five ml of blood was collected from the antecubital vein of the subjects with a disposable syringe by a medical laboratory technologist on Week 0 (before the experiment), Week 2, Week 4, and Week 6. 2 ml from the 5 ml of venous blood was added to an anticoagulant tube (EDTA bottle), shaken, and centrifuged at 3,000 rpm for 5 minutes. The remaining 3 ml was left at room temperature for 1 hour and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 15 minutes. Isolated plasma and serum were kept frozen until the test.

APK was measured using Spectra-Max190 (molecular device). The color development stop solution for each APK was added and the absorbance was recorded, respectively. These were quantitative tests using the principle of sandwich enzyme immunoassay. Three analysis methods were used as follows. First, a sample of the standard solution for visfatine was added to a microplate coated with a specific Nampt monoclonal antibody and bound to Nampt (#AG-45A-0006YEK-KI01; Adipogen/Switzerland) to form an immobilized antibody. Subsequently, unbound material was removed by washing and a biotinylated polyclonal antibody specific for Nampt was added to each well. Second, the standard solution and sample for Resistin was added to a microplate coated with a specific Resistin monoclonal antibody and bound to Resistin (#AG-45A-0023YEK-KI01; Adipogen/Switzerland) to form immobilized antibodies. Afterwards, unbound material was removed by washing and biotinylated polyclonal antibody specific for Resistin was added to each well. Third, the standard solution and sample for adiponectin was added to a microplate coated with a specific monoclonal antibody, which was immobilized by binding with adiponectin (#AG-45A-0001YEK-KI01; Adipogen/Switzerland). Afterwards, unbound material was removed by washing and adiponectin specific biotinylated polyclonal antibody was added to each well. Unbound antibody-enzymes for visfatin, Resistin, and adiponectin were removed by washing and HRPs were added to each well, respectively. Nampt, Resistin, and adiponectin binding substances were developed after the washing process and addition of TMB.

Table 3
Differences of controlled variables among four groups

Items	Week	Groups				One way ANOVA
		CON	LII	MII	HII	$F$	$P$
Calorie	1	8883.00 $\pm$ 1193.50	10946.00 $\pm$ 1069.03	11371.25 $\pm$ 1698.41	9629.00 $\pm$ 3800.90	0.795	0.524
intake	2	10008.67 $\pm$ 2265.05	10673.67 $\pm$ 3200.66	10648.50 $\pm$ 1264.76	10939.75 $\pm$ 2702.28	0.089	0.964
(kcal)	3	9278.33 $\pm$ 2497.60	12028.00 $\pm$ 1882.46	10443.50 $\pm$ 2497.10	11096.50 $\pm$ 3028.79	0.620	0.618
	4	9694.67 $\pm$ 1925.59	9504.00 $\pm$ 1944.12	9689.25 $\pm$ 1216.56	11453.50 $\pm$ 5084.25	0.327	0.806
	5	9910.00 $\pm$ 1652.35	9976.00 $\pm$ 412.54	10148.25 $\pm$ 1902.74	11010.50 $\pm$ 2842.47	0.235	0.870
	6	9709.33 $\pm$ 2283.88	9140.33 $\pm$ 1226.70	10953.00 $\pm$ 1883.54	9806.75 $\pm$ 3685.31	0.664	0.593
Calorie	1	2310.00 $\pm$ 800.21	715.00 $\pm$ 645.26	2570.25 $\pm$ 2205.87	3257.63 $\pm$ 2814.11	0.947	0.454
output	2	2310.00 $\pm$ 800.21	616.00 $\pm$ 522.12	2438.25 $\pm$ 1899.70	3247.50 $\pm$ 2098.98	1.565	0.259
(kcal) ${}^{*}$	3	3830.00 $\pm$ 3110.99	726.00 $\pm$ 636.48	2105.25 $\pm$ 1628.31	2787.00 $\pm$ 1802.33	1.363	0.310
	4	2808.00 $\pm$ 1440.34	1741.50 $\pm$ 2167.75	1617.00 $\pm$ 1190.34	2924.25 $\pm$ 2310.22	0.505	0.687
	5	1928.00 $\pm$ 1093.26	1334.00 $\pm$ 1535.18	2804.25 $\pm$ 4114.66	2384.25 $\pm$ 2272.59	0.185	0.904
	6	1928.00 $\pm$ 1093.26	1334.00 $\pm$ 1535.18	1122.75 $\pm$ 793.95	1504.50 $\pm$ 2366.09	0.151	0.927
PAC	1	2.00 $\pm$ 0.00	1.67 $\pm$ 0.58	2.50 $\pm$ 0.58	2.50 $\pm$ 0.58	2.113	0.162
scores ${}^{**}$	2	2.00 $\pm$ 0.00	1.67 $\pm$ 0.58	2.25 $\pm$ 0.50	2.50 $\pm$ 0.58	1.790	0.213
	3	2.33 $\pm$ 0.58	1.67 $\pm$ 0.58	2.25 $\pm$ 0.50	2.00 $\pm$ 0.82	0.690	0.579
	4	2.33 $\pm$ 0.58	2.00 $\pm$ 1.00	2.00 $\pm$ 0.00	2.25 $\pm$ 0.96	0.183	0.905
	5	2.00 $\pm$ 0.00	2.00 $\pm$ 1.00	2.00 $\pm$ 0.82	2.25 $\pm$ 0.96	0.088	0.965
	6	2.00 $\pm$ 0.00	2.00 $\pm$ 1.00	1.75 $\pm$ 0.50	1.75 $\pm$ 0.96	0.130	0.940

All values are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. CON, LII, MII, and HII represent control group, and low-, mid-and high-impulse intensity groups, respectively. ${}^{*}$ : Calorie output was calculated by MET-Minutes (kcal/kg/min). ${}^{**}$ : PAC mean physical activity category and scored by 1 (low), 2 (moderate), and 3 (high) activity levels.

2.3.4 Measurement of body composition

Body weight, muscle mass, fat mass, BMI, percent fat, and WHR were measured using the BIA method using InBody 230 Body Composition Analyzer (BioSpace, Seoul, Korea) and height was measured using BMS 330 Anthropometer (BioSpace, Seoul, Korea). The body composition analyzer is a segmental impedance device in which the electrodes are made of stainless steel interfaces. The subjects stood upright by placing their bare feet on the foot electrodes and gripping the hand electrodes. Eight tactile electrodes were attached to the surfaces of both hands and feet: palms, fingers, front soles, and rear soles [45]. Analysis of body composition was measured before dinner and after voiding [46, 47].

2.3.5 Measurement of thigh circumference

Participants of the study visited Songdo Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The subjects lied horizontally with the face and torso facing up with both arms raised overhead. A radiologist performed a computer tomography (CT) scan of the thighs four times (before the experiment, Week 2, Week 4, and Week 6). The CT scan (Toshiba Scanner Aquilion Prime Model TSX-303A, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) was performed on the thickest part of both thighs. Visceral and total fat of both thighs were estimated by delineating the regions and calculating an attenuation range of $-$ 190 to $-$ 30 Hounsfield units. Subcutaneous fat area was calculated by subtracting the visceral fat area from the total fat value. The unit of all area values was cm ${}^{2}$ . All measurements were taken by a radiologist throughout the study in order to minimize measurement errors. Moreover, this study tried to secure the safety of the subjects by measuring the thigh circumference in the shortest time while minimizing the radiation dose of CT scan [52, 53]. In addition, the exposure dose of the subjects was measured. An average value of 1.787 mSv was measured simultaneously with body fat CT scan while an average value of about 14.294 mSv was obtained when the result was assumed to be four times. These results were somewhat higher than natural radiation (about 3 mSv) and radiation dose (about 3–7 mSv) to which airplane crews are typically exposed over a year. However, it was lower than the annual radiation dose of radiation workers (20 mSv per year) or the average radiation dose (about 1,000 $\sim$ 2,000 mSv) received during radiation therapy for cancer treatment. In other words, we considered this dose as not being dangerous or harmful to the participants’ health.

2.3.6 Measurement of isokinetic strength

All subjects were submitted to a stretching program and a warm up program before the tests. An isokinetic dynamometer (HUMAC ${}^{{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}\textregistered}}$ /NORM ${}^{\rm TM}$ Testing & Rehabilitation System, CSMI, MA, US) was used for this study. The isokinetic moments test for the thighs was performed by knee extension/flexion. All of the subjects performed four maximal warm-up repetitions and five maximal test repetitions at 60 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec and 180 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec. The measured results of isokinetic moments at 60 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec and 180 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec were analyzed by peak moment (PM) and work per repetition (WR) on the right and left sides in the assessed body parts, respectively. All subjects were seated on the equipment’s adjustable seat. The tested limb was placed and fixed with a Velcro strap on a support over the quadriceps and the knee joint was positioned at 90 ${}^{\circ}$ flexion. Testing was performed in the seated position for knee extension/flexion. The testing apparatus was set up and the subjects were positioned and stabilized uniformly. The legs of the subjects were statically weighed to provide for gravity compensation of the test data. Each subject was concentrically tested at 60 and 180 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec, as recommended by Park et al. [48]. Testing was performed on the right side first and then performed on the left side. The range of motion of extension/flexion were 0 ${}^{\circ}$ and 90 ${}^{\circ}$ respectively. All tests were supervised by one trained researcher in order to minimize measurement errors.

Table 4
Changes and differences of adipokine profiles

Items	Week	Groups				$P$ values of repeated ANOVA
		CON	LII	MII	HII	G	T	G $\times$ T
Visfatin	0	0.61 $\pm$ 0.43	1.26 $\pm$ 1.10	0.98 $\pm$ 0.47	1.56 $\pm$ 1.19	0.466	0.194	0.458
(ng/mL)	2	0.55 $\pm$ 0.10	1.49 $\pm$ 1.83	0.94 $\pm$ 0.24	2.52 $\pm$ 2.52
	4	0.75 $\pm$ 0.57	1.46 $\pm$ 1.72	1.17 $\pm$ 0.56	2.17 $\pm$ 2.07
	6	0.72 $\pm$ 0.37	1.74 $\pm$ 0.78	0.74 $\pm$ 0.38	1.98 $\pm$ 1.99
Resistin	0	16.96 $\pm$ 6.69 ${}^{\rm bc}$	14.74 $\pm$ 8.57	15.33 $\pm$ 6.19 ${}^{\rm a}$	14.78 $\pm$ 6.10 ${}^{\rm b}$	0.433	0.195	0.016
(ng/mL)	2	17.03 $\pm$ 7.41 ${}^{\rm b}$	15.83 $\pm$ 9.49	15.38 $\pm$ 9.49 ${}^{\rm a}$	15.36 $\pm$ 8.66 ${}^{\rm a}$
	4	17.75 $\pm$ 8.04 ${}^{\rm b}$	16.47 $\pm$ 9.75	14.28 $\pm$ 6.44 ${}^{\rm b}$	14.32 $\pm$ 8.44 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	18.69 $\pm$ 8.35 ${}^{\rm a}$	15.11 $\pm$ 8.92	13.52 $\pm$ 7.30 ${}^{\rm b}$	11.81 $\pm$ 5.04 ${}^{\rm c}$
Adiponectin	0	3.513 $\pm$ 0.951	3.636 $\pm$ 1.081	4.289 $\pm$ 1.345	2.576 $\pm$ 1.093	0.256	0.705	0.968
(10 ${}^{3}$ $\cdot$ ng/mL)	2	3.301 $\pm$ 0.947	3.760 $\pm$ 1.117	4.236 $\pm$ 1.284	2.617 $\pm$ 0.959
	4	3.096 $\pm$ 0.907	4.544 $\pm$ 2.431	4.188 $\pm$ 1.501	2.642 $\pm$ 0.922
	6	3.469 $\pm$ 1.223	3.855 $\pm$ 0.748	4.464 $\pm$ 1.695	2.674 $\pm$ 0.969

All values are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. CON, LII, MII, HII, G, and T represent control group, low-impulse intensity group, mid-impulse intensity group, high-impulse intensity group, group, and time, respectively. ${}^{\rm a,b,c}$ mean Scheffe post hoc symbols.

Table 5

Changes and differences of body composition profile analyzed by bioelectrical impedance

Items	Week	Groups				$P$ values of repeated ANOVA
		CON	LII	MII	HII	G	T	G $\times$ T
Body weight (kg)	0	71.37 $\pm$ 5.71 ${}^{\rm a}$	75.27 $\pm$ 11.57	76.13 $\pm$ 8.97	80.78 $\pm$ 8.33 ${}^{\rm a}$	0.525	0.142	0.024
	2	69.23 $\pm$ 4.54 ${}^{\rm ab}$	74.40 $\pm$ 10.21	75.60 $\pm$ 8.71	79.40 $\pm$ 8.00 ${}^{\rm ab}$
	4	68.80 $\pm$ 4.22 ${}^{\rm b}$	75.13 $\pm$ 11.15	75.65 $\pm$ 8.57	78.73 $\pm$ 7.92 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	68.80 $\pm$ 4.49 ${}^{\rm b}$	75.23 $\pm$ 12.14	75.85 $\pm$ 8.17	78.53 $\pm$ 6.99 ${}^{\rm bc}$
Muscle mass (kg)	0	32.93 $\pm$ 0.95	34.67 $\pm$ 4.76	35.68 $\pm$ 4.68	36.65 $\pm$ 5.30 ${}^{\rm b}$	0.615	0.307	0.037
	2	32.23 $\pm$ 0.78	34.17 $\pm$ 4.25	35.83 $\pm$ 4.97	36.98 $\pm$ 5.72 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	31.73 $\pm$ 1.07	35.23 $\pm$ 4.82	35.90 $\pm$ 4.59	36.30 $\pm$ 6.40 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	31.77 $\pm$ 0.90	33.93 $\pm$ 4.84	35.68 $\pm$ 5.32	37.48 $\pm$ 4.99 ${}^{\rm a}$
Fat mass (kg)	0	13.60 $\pm$ 4.41	14.47 $\pm$ 3.69	13.65 $\pm$ 4.66	16.30 $\pm$ 3.13	0.898	0.304	0.119
	2	12.77 $\pm$ 3.70	14.30 $\pm$ 2.95	13.03 $\pm$ 5.32	14.70 $\pm$ 3.76
	4	12.97 $\pm$ 2.95	13.20 $\pm$ 3.91	12.88 $\pm$ 4.88	14.33 $\pm$ 4.61
	6	13.00 $\pm$ 3.28	15.63 $\pm$ 4.01	13.58 $\pm$ 5.22	15.03 $\pm$ 3.66
BMI (kg/m ${}^{2}$ )	0	22.27 $\pm$ 2.10	22.10 $\pm$ 2.38	21.68 $\pm$ 1.70	25.30 $\pm$ 2.19	0.890	0.169	0.217
	2	22.53 $\pm$ 2.20	22.73 $\pm$ 2.86	22.00 $\pm$ 2.99	24.90 $\pm$ 2.19
	4	22.40 $\pm$ 2.01	22.93 $\pm$ 3.19	22.03 $\pm$ 2.91	24.68 $\pm$ 2.13
	6	22.40 $\pm$ 2.10	22.93 $\pm$ 3.30	22.05 $\pm$ 2.76	24.63 $\pm$ 1.96
Percent fat (%)	0	18.87 $\pm$ 4.65	19.07 $\pm$ 2.02	17.88 $\pm$ 4.91	20.38 $\pm$ 4.33	0.951	0.825	0.208
	2	18.27 $\pm$ 4.21	19.10 $\pm$ 1.31	17.13 $\pm$ 6.15	19.30 $\pm$ 5.15
	4	18.73 $\pm$ 3.17	17.43 $\pm$ 3.10	16.90 $\pm$ 5.42	18.78 $\pm$ 5.42
	6	18.70 $\pm$ 3.50	20.57 $\pm$ 1.93	17.93 $\pm$ 6.38	18.38 $\pm$ 6.00
Waist hip ratio	0	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.04	0.87 $\pm$ 0.03	0.777	0.881	0.381
	2	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.87 $\pm$ 0.04	0.88 $\pm$ 0.02
	4	0.85 $\pm$ 0.03	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.87 $\pm$ 0.03	0.87 $\pm$ 0.03
	6	0.85 $\pm$ 0.02	0.87 $\pm$ 0.02	0.86 $\pm$ 0.02	0.87 $\pm$ 0.02

2.4 Statistical analyses

All data were reported as mean $\pm$ standard deviation and were checked for normality using Shapiro-Wilk’s W-test in SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for Windows. The effects of the interventions were assessed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures (group, time, and group by time interaction). The between-group factor was the study groups (i.e. CON vs LII vs MII vs HII) and the within-group factor was time (i.e. Week 0 vs Week 2 vs Week 4 vs Week 6). Next, the Scheffe post hoc test was implemented if there were significant differences in group, time, and group by time interaction. The level of statistical significance chosen was $P\leqslant$ 0.05.

Table 6
Changes and differences of thigh circumferences analyzed by computer tomography

Items	Week	Groups				$P$ values of repeated ANOVA
		CON	LII	MII	HII	G	T	G $\times$ T
Right TVF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	3.26 $\pm$ 1.69	2.21 $\pm$ 0.78	1.73 $\pm$ 0.62	2.47 $\pm$ 1.60	0.726	0.027	0.717
	2	4.46 $\pm$ 2.72	3.08 $\pm$ 0.94	3.28 $\pm$ 1.80	4.93 $\pm$ 3.14
	4	3.19 $\pm$ 2.19	3.82 $\pm$ 3.49	2.28 $\pm$ 1.12	3.62 $\pm$ 1.69
	6	5.96 $\pm$ 3.05	4.97 $\pm$ 3.72	3.77 $\pm$ 1.85	3.57 $\pm$ 1.89
Right TSF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	62.39 $\pm$ 21.80	108.00 $\pm$ 28.07	75.29 $\pm$ 28.04 ${}^{\rm b}$	96.47 $\pm$ 13.48 ${}^{\rm a}$	0.102	0.141	0.045
	2	59.06 $\pm$ 11.15	108.32 $\pm$ 20.86	83.81 $\pm$ 25.85 ${}^{\rm ab}$	86.57 $\pm$ 13.56 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	60.16 $\pm$ 19.64	106.98 $\pm$ 18.51	84.03 $\pm$ 25.63 ${}^{\rm a}$	87.16 $\pm$ 15.71 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	64.74 $\pm$ 20.51	109.96 $\pm$ 18.22	86.64 $\pm$ 27.87 ${}^{\rm a}$	80.23 $\pm$ 13.01 ${}^{\rm c}$
Right TTF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	65.65 $\pm$ 23.31	110.20 $\pm$ 28.40	77.02 $\pm$ 28.04 ${}^{\rm c}$	98.94 $\pm$ 13.86 ${}^{\rm a}$	0.134	0.276	0.019
	2	63.52 $\pm$ 13.72	111.39 $\pm$ 19.98	87.09 $\pm$ 26.43 ${}^{\rm ab}$	91.50 $\pm$ 15.44 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	63.36 $\pm$ 21.48	110.80 $\pm$ 21.99	86.31 $\pm$ 26.51 ${}^{\rm ab}$	90.77 $\pm$ 17.15 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	65.70 $\pm$ 22.59	114.94 $\pm$ 21.90	90.41 $\pm$ 27.77 ${}^{\rm a}$	83.80 $\pm$ 14.76 ${}^{\rm c}$
Left TVF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	3.16 $\pm$ 0.49	2.25 $\pm$ 0.78	1.70 $\pm$ 0.56	3.05 $\pm$ 2.02	0.705	0.006	0.139
	2	5.16 $\pm$ 4.39	2.80 $\pm$ 0.51	2.25 $\pm$ 1.08	4.29 $\pm$ 3.18
	4	3.00 $\pm$ 0.72	4.20 $\pm$ 3.21	2.21 $\pm$ 1.28	3.65 $\pm$ 1.92
	6	5.23 $\pm$ 1.68	3.57 $\pm$ 1.42	5.25 $\pm$ 1.80	3.43 $\pm$ 1.81
Left TSF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	60.13 $\pm$ 17.41	108.60 $\pm$ 29.93	75.43 $\pm$ 26.76 ${}^{\rm b}$	97.97 $\pm$ 10.50 ${}^{\rm a}$	0.082	0.108	0.038
	2	56.78 $\pm$ 9.48	106.67 $\pm$ 20.90	84.28 $\pm$ 25.50 ${}^{\rm a}$	87.68 $\pm$ 12.38 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	57.62 $\pm$ 16.71	104.75 $\pm$ 20.59	82.89 $\pm$ 27.63 ${}^{\rm a}$	87.54 $\pm$ 14.24 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	63.99 $\pm$ 18.59	109.15 $\pm$ 24.37	85.60 $\pm$ 28.33 ${}^{\rm a}$	83.58 $\pm$ 9.57 ${}^{\rm c}$
Left TTF (cm ${}^{2}$ )	0	63.29 $\pm$ 17.76	110.86 $\pm$ 30.32	77.13 $\pm$ 26.81 ${}^{\rm c}$	101.02 $\pm$ 11.61 ${}^{\rm a}$	0.106	0.246	0.011
	2	61.94 $\pm$ 13.83	109.47 $\pm$ 20.96	86.53 $\pm$ 26.21 ${}^{\rm b}$	91.96 $\pm$ 12.92 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	60.62 $\pm$ 17.42	108.95 $\pm$ 23.80	85.09 $\pm$ 28.53 ${}^{\rm b}$	91.18 $\pm$ 15.65 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	64.22 $\pm$ 19.21	114.73 $\pm$ 25.47	90.85 $\pm$ 27.85 ${}^{\rm a}$	87.01 $\pm$ 11.31 ${}^{\rm c}$

3. Results

3.1 Comparison of demographic factors, calorie intake and output, and physical activity

As shown in Table 1, there were no significant differences among the four groups for all variables. In particular, WHR, percent fat and BMI, which are indicators of obesity, were not significantly different among groups. As shown in Table 3, there were no significant differences among groups in calorie intake, calorie output, and physical activity level for every recorded week during the 6-week experimental period. To summarize, the above controlled variables showed no significant differences in all four groups, indicating group homogeneity.

3.2 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on APK

As shown in Table 4, no significant effect of the WB-EMS intervention was found in visfatin and adipo- nectin when comparing the intervention groups and the control group. However, the Resistin level was significantly different in group by time interaction ( $F=$ 8.354; $P=$ 0.016). In other words, it was found that the concentrations of Resistin decreased from 14.78 $\pm$ 6.10 ng/mL to 11.81 $\pm$ 5.04 ng/mL in the HII group. The decrease observed in Resistin of the HII group was found to be lower in Week 4.

3.3 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on body composition

As shown in Table 5, no significant effect of the WB-EMS intervention was found in fat mass, BMI, percent fat, and WHR when comparing the intervention and the control groups. However, body weight ( $F=$ 7.058; $P=$ 0.024) and muscle mass ( $F=$ 5.792; $P=$ 0.037) were significantly different in group by time interaction. Although body weight showed a decrease in the CON group, the decrease observed in body weight of the HII group was found to be lower in Week 4. Additionally, muscle mass showed an increase only in the HII group in Week 6.

3.4 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on thigh circumference

As shown in Table 6, there were significant differences in the circumference of thigh subcutaneous fat (TSF) and thigh total fat (TTF) on right and left sides in interaction. In detail, the right TSF ( $F=$ 3.866; $P=$ 0.045) decreased from 96.47 $\pm$ 13.48 cm ${}^{2}$ to 80.23 $\pm$ 13.01 cm ${}^{2}$ and the right TTF ( $F=$ 5.356; $P=$ 0.019) decreased from 98.94 $\pm$ 13.86 cm ${}^{2}$ to 83.80 $\pm$ 14.76 cm ${}^{2}$ in the HII group. This decreasing tendency in the HII group began to appear from Week 2 and there was no change in Week 4, but a marked decrease in Week 6. These changes were similar to the circumferences of left TSF ( $F=$ 4.126; $P=$ 0.038) and TTF ( $F=$ 6.375; $P$ $=$ 0.011).

3.5 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on thigh strength

No significant effects of the WB-EMS intervention were found in the PM of the right extensor and left flexor when comparing the intervention groups and the control group (Table 7). However, there were significant interactions in the PM of the left extensor ( $F=$ 4.187; $P=$ 0.037) and right flexor ( $F=$ 6.108; $P=$ 0.012). These increases in the PM of the left extensor and right flexor began to appear at Week 6 and at Week 4, respectively. As shown in Table 8, the above results were similar with WR. In other words, the WR of the right flexor ( $F=$ 10.071; $P=$ 0.002) and left flexor ( $F=$ 2.584; $P=$ 0.019) in the HII group was significantly higher than those of the other three groups. The WR of the right and left flexor increased from 95.00 $\pm$ 21.01 Nm to 111.00 $\pm$ 18.17 Nm and from 102.00 $\pm$ 26.99 Nm to 115.75 $\pm$ 14.24 Nm in the HII group. These increases in the WR of the right and left flexor began to appear at Week 4 and Week 6, respectively.

Table 7
Changes and differences of PT in isokinetic knee extensor and flexor at 60 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec

Items	Week	Groups								$P$ values of repeated ANOVA
		CON		LII		MII		HII		G	T	G $\times$ T
Right PT of	0	140.33	$\pm$ 9.45	121.00	$\pm$ 25.53	163.50	$\pm$ 39.82	173.75	$\pm$ 41.58	0.089	0.527	0.314
extensor (Nm)	2	139.33	$\pm$ 5.03	121.67	$\pm$ 37.43	139.75	$\pm$ 22.69	169.25	$\pm$ 30.12
	4	129.33	$\pm$ 3.06	128.67	$\pm$ 54.52	140.00	$\pm$ 27.65	170.00	$\pm$ 16.63
	6	130.36	$\pm$ 12.5	114.00	$\pm$ 12.17	152.00	$\pm$ 36.27	180.25	$\pm$ 34.47
Left PT of	0	136.10	$\pm$ 10.82 ${}^{\rm a}$	106.67	$\pm$ 12.90	156.75	$\pm$ 32.75 ${}^{\rm a}$	163.75	$\pm$ 32.53 ${}^{\rm b}$	0.778	0.707	0.037
extensor (Nm)	2	122.12	$\pm$ 7.55 ${}^{\rm b}$	109.33	$\pm$ 33.56	151.75	$\pm$ 37.26 ${}^{\rm a}$	160.25	$\pm$ 31.43 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	120.08	$\pm$ 6.56 ${}^{\rm b}$	103.67	$\pm$ 6.66	130.25	$\pm$ 41.56 ${}^{\rm b}$	163.25	$\pm$ 28.48 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	123.07	$\pm$ 6.24 ${}^{\rm b}$	117.33	$\pm$ 19.66	154.75	$\pm$ 28.84 ${}^{\rm a}$	176.75	$\pm$ 28.94 ${}^{\rm a}$
Right PT of	0	89.00	$\pm$ 11.27 ${}^{\rm a}$	63.00	$\pm$ 7.21 ${}^{\rm c}$	107.75	$\pm$ 9.91 ${}^{\rm a}$	107.00	$\pm$ 18.71 ${}^{\rm b}$	0.164	0.381	0.012
flexor (Nm)	2	90.67	$\pm$ 9.45 ${}^{\rm a}$	83.67	$\pm$ 12.50 ${}^{\rm ab}$	97.00	$\pm$ 1.83 ${}^{\rm b}$	114.25	$\pm$ 19.05 ${}^{\rm ab}$
	4	90.30	$\pm$ 25.24 ${}^{\rm a}$	89.00	$\pm$ 31.75 ${}^{\rm a}$	98.50	$\pm$ 14.29 ${}^{\rm b}$	120.00	$\pm$ 18.71 ${}^{\rm a}$
	6	71.33	$\pm$ 0.60 ${}^{\rm b}$	76.00	$\pm$ 11.53 ${}^{\rm b}$	99.25	$\pm$ 8.06 ${}^{\rm b}$	119.25	$\pm$ 23.04 ${}^{\rm a}$
Left PT of	0	78.33	$\pm$ 15.01	68.00	$\pm$ 8.89	107.25	$\pm$ 15.84	104.50	$\pm$ 21.73	0.064	0.256	0.337
flexor (Nm)	2	76.00	$\pm$ 11.53	73.67	$\pm$ 20.55	94.00	$\pm$ 23.80	99.25	$\pm$ 17.40
	4	73.33	$\pm$ 15.31	76.67	$\pm$ 9.58	88.00	$\pm$ 28.44	109.50	$\pm$ 30.53
	6	87.00	$\pm$ 13.00	87.33	$\pm$ 2.08	97.75	$\pm$ 9.22	115.00	$\pm$ 22.88

All values are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. PT measured by 60 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec represent peak moment. CON, LII, MII, HII, G, and T represent control group, low-impulse intensity group, mid-impulse intensity group, high-impulse intensity group, group, and time, respectively. ${}^{\rm a,b,c}$ mean Scheffe post hoc symbols.

Table 8

Changes and differences of WR in isokinetic knee extensor and flexor at 180 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec

Items	Week	Groups								$P$ values of repeated ANOVA
		CON		LII		MII		HII		G	T	G $\times$ T
Right WR of	0	113.33	$\pm$ 16.65	58.00	$\pm$ 35.09	119.00	$\pm$ 33.12	128.25	$\pm$ 40.80	0.076	0.011	0.215
extensor (Nm)	2	109.33	$\pm$ 12.66	83.67	$\pm$ 14.01	116.25	$\pm$ 16.74	130.75	$\pm$ 26.63
	4	107.33	$\pm$ 4.04	98.67	$\pm$ 40.67	118.50	$\pm$ 18.66	137.25	$\pm$ 21.98
	6	133.33	$\pm$ 10.50	98.00	$\pm$ 12.29	119.25	$\pm$ 34.69	144.50	$\pm$ 26.31
Left WR of	0	115.67	$\pm$ 12.66	58.67	$\pm$ 27.23	123.50	$\pm$ 27.91	119.75	$\pm$ 32.44	0.115	0.046	0.272
extensor (Nm)	2	101.67	$\pm$ 18.18	90.00	$\pm$ 18.73	120.25	$\pm$ 18.75	122.75	$\pm$ 31.23
	4	107.33	$\pm$ 9.07	94.67	$\pm$ 22.19	104.50	$\pm$ 20.34	127.75	$\pm$ 35.75
	6	102.33	$\pm$ 13.28	99.33	$\pm$ 21.20	124.75	$\pm$ 29.78	134.75	$\pm$ 16.50
Right WR of	0	91.67	$\pm$ 4.51 ${}^{\rm a}$	37.00	$\pm$ 18.73 ${}^{\rm c}$	100.00	$\pm$ 11.63 ${}^{\rm a}$	95.00	$\pm$ 21.01 ${}^{\rm c}$	0.147	0.146	0.002
flexor (Nm)	2	85.33	$\pm$ 17.50 ${}^{\rm b}$	78.33	$\pm$ 11.02 ${}^{\rm a}$	93.50	$\pm$ 5.80 ${}^{\rm bc}$	101.50	$\pm$ 9.57 ${}^{\rm b}$
	4	87.00	$\pm$ 11.09 ${}^{\rm b}$	78.67	$\pm$ 20.31 ${}^{\rm a}$	97.00	$\pm$ 7.07 ${}^{\rm b}$	108.00	$\pm$ 15.38 ${}^{\rm a}$
	6	76.67	$\pm$ 20.79 ${}^{\rm c}$	67.00	$\pm$ 5.57 ${}^{\rm b}$	95.00	$\pm$ 9.49 ${}^{\rm b}$	111.00	$\pm$ 18.17 ${}^{\rm a}$
Left WR of	0	86.33	$\pm$ 10.69 ${}^{\rm a}$	54.67	$\pm$ 24.13 ${}^{\rm c}$	106.75	$\pm$ 16.44 ${}^{\rm a}$	102.00	$\pm$ 26.99 ${}^{\rm b}$	0.173	0.069	0.019
flexor (Nm)	2	84.67	$\pm$ 13.01 ${}^{\rm a}$	68.67	$\pm$ 9.45 ${}^{\rm b}$	96.75	$\pm$ 17.80 ${}^{\rm b}$	97.00	$\pm$ 14.17 ${}^{\rm c}$
	4	72.67	$\pm$ 5.77 ${}^{\rm b}$	70.67	$\pm$ 2.52 ${}^{\rm b}$	91.00	$\pm$ 22.64 ${}^{\rm b}$	102.50	$\pm$ 27.54 ${}^{\rm b}$
	6	71.33	$\pm$ 10.97 ${}^{\rm b}$	82.33	$\pm$ 4.16 ${}^{\rm a}$	96.75	$\pm$ 8.46 ${}^{\rm b}$	115.75	$\pm$ 14.24 ${}^{\rm a}$

All values are expressed as mean $\pm$ standard deviation. WR measured by 180 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec mean work per repetition. CON, LII, MII, HII, G, and T represent control group, low-impulse intensity group, mid-impulse intensity group, high-impulse intensity group, group, and time, respectively. ${}^{\rm a,b,c}$ mean Scheffe post hoc symbols.

4. Discussion

This study provides preliminary evidence that the HII group which received 80% intensity of 1MT improved Resistin levels, body weight and muscle mass, the circumferences of TSF and TTF, and the PT and WR of isokinetic moments compared with the other groups. However, it is important to note that the findings will need to be tested in larger studies as the sample size in the present study was limited.

The WB-EMS suit used in this study can provide electrical stimulation to wide areas where several muscle groups can be trained simultaneously through wearing a simple garment with electrical connectors [34]. This present study combined isometric training with WB-EMS, which used three impulse intensities. The use of WB-EMS has been reported as an effective complementary method to conventional exercise programs [5, 17, 18, 20]. Although the favorable effect of local EMS on neuromuscular parameters has been previously determined in athletes [5, 14, 15, 16, 17] and elderly subjects [18, 19, 20, 21], studies on the dose-response effect of WB-EMS on APK and body composition in healthy men with normal levels of fat are scarce. In fact, since the electrical current threshold is reported to be higher in obese subjects than in normal subjects [21], there may be some differences between obese men and normal men.

This study found that although the various impulse-intensities of WB-EMS showed improved tendencies in APK profiles, there was increased effectiveness when using high electrical impulse intensities in healthy men with normal levels of fat after 6 weeks. Visfatin and adiponectin of APK in the LII and MII groups fluctuated irregularly during the experimental period, however the Resistin of the HII group decreased regularly and sequentially from Week 4 to Week 6. The results of this study were similar with the results of other research studies that showed an increase in adiponectin and a decrease in Resistin due to exercise [23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. In other words, the high-intensity EMS stimulation applied in this study can be regarded as an exercise stimulus for the activation of lipid metabolism reported by other researchers [28, 29]. Previous researchers have reported that a higher level of physical activity is associated with improved lipoprotein profile and increased fat oxidation [29]. Considering the results of this study, the effects of WB-EMS performed for 20 minutes per session with high impulse intensity provided benefits similar to engaging in aerobic exercise. Specifically, the impulses from WB-EMS stimulated Type I and Type II muscle fibers simultaneously. Moreover, higher electrical impulses correlated to higher energy consumption. Therefore, WB-EMS set at high impulse intensity may affect APK if applied for long periods. Although the fat variables of LII and MII groups were not significantly different, body weight in the HII group significantly decreased from Week 2 to Week 6. In an 8-week study, the improvement on anthropometric measures was greater for the walking $+$ EMS group compared with walking only and control groups in sedentary adult women [30]. Specifically, they reported that the walking $+$ EMS group had significantly greater reductions in hip and thigh circumferences than the control group. In addition, they also reported that the walking $+$ EMS group had a greater effect on anthropometric measures than walking only, providing support that combining exercise with EMS leads to more significant results than walking only. This finding adds support to another previous EMS research that showed significant decreases in body size compared to the control group [31].

In summary, WB-EMS significantly increases the effect of isolated endurance and resistance type exercise in terms of fitness and fat parameters. Furthermore, this study concluded that WB-EMS with isometric exercise may be an effective alternative to conventional exercise for increasing muscle strength and improving body composition. Also, a high degree of fat is associated with APK profile [32, 33] so if the biomarkers are changed by WB-EMS, fat-related indices will improve. The effects of the high impulse WB-EMS in this study were similar to the results of a research [35] published in endurance exercise training that showed increased lipid oxidation leading to positive effects on APK, inflammatory substances, and metabolic indicators as well as body composition in obese men. This study shared a similar opinion that electrical current thresholds are higher in obese than in non-obese subjects and that stimulation tolerance of obese subjects appears to diminish within one stimulation session [22]. In other words, high-intensity WB-EMS stimulation was less effective in subjects with high levels of fat, less muscle mass and thicker fat layers, while muscle-rich and thinner fat layers provided a greater reduction effect over a 6-week period. Similar to the results of that study, the present study observed significant decreases in the circumference of the right TSF and TTF in the HII group only. In addition, the circumference of the left TSF and TTF in the HII group significantly decreased from Week 2 to Week 6. In addition, this study confirmed that the PM of the left extensor and right flexor in the HII group were significantly higher compared with the other three groups at Week 6. Noteworthy, most of the variables mainly increased in the HII group while the variables in the other groups were high already at baseline and therefore they did not show significant differences. Similarly, the WR of the right and left flexor in the HII group were significantly higher than those of the other three groups at Week 6.

Banerjee et al. suggested that EMS is capable of eliciting a cardiovascular exercise response without loading the limbs or joints and inducing rapid, rhythmical contractions in the large leg muscles [36]. They demonstrated significant improvements in peak oxygen consumption, walking distance, and quadriceps strength, except for BMI after 6 weeks. These findings, along with the fact that the average baseline BMI was in the overweight range, suggest that the general physical fitness and body mass profile of the subjects in their study was consistent with that of a sedentary, untrained adult population. Moreover, the EMS device was attached only to specific parts of the body and the tolerance strength was only about 50%, decreasing any potential effect on BMI. In other words, the majority of the subjects in their study selected an impulse intensity that was consistent with the lower end of the training intensity zone [36]. This indicates that exercise intensity must be high enough to receive the effects of body composition and metabolism-related exercises [37, 38].

Although the design of this study has long been conceived and deemed to be in-depth, the lack of subjects suggests that it is somewhat difficult to generalize the results of this study. Therefore, future studies will lead to better research results when more research subjects are secured.

5. Conclusion

This study provides preliminary evidence that high-impulse intensity WB-EMS training for 6 weeks is appropriate to obtain the effect of conventional exercise training. Moreover, in order to increase effective muscular contraction, this study combined WB-EMS with isometric movements during the impulse phase while ensuring the effectiveness and safety of applying electrical stimulation on the human body [6, 39, 40]. The high electrical impulse of WB-EMS for 6 weeks can improve Resistin of APK, body composition, and isokinetic strength in normal healthy men.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2017R1D1A1B03034766).

Conflict of interest

The author declares no conflicts of interest.

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The effect of high-impulse- electromyostimulation on adipokine profiles,body composition and strength: A pilot study

Abstract

BACKGROUND

OBJECTIVE:

METHOD:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Keywords

1. Introduction

Table 1 Physical characteristics of participants at baseline

2.1 Participants

Table 2 Definition and degrees of category scores by international physical activity questionnaire

2.3.1 Measurement of calorie intake, calorie output, and physical activity

2.3.2 Isometric exercise with WB-EMS suit

2.3.3 Measurement of APK

Table 3 Differences of controlled variables among four groups

2.3.5 Measurement of thigh circumference

2.3.6 Measurement of isokinetic strength

Table 4 Changes and differences of adipokine profiles

Table 6 Changes and differences of thigh circumferences analyzed by computer tomography

3.1 Comparison of demographic factors, calorie intake and output, and physical activity

3.2 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on APK

3.3 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on body composition

3.4 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on thigh circumference

3.5 Dose-response effect of WB-EMS with isometric exercise on thigh strength

Table 7 Changes and differences of PT in isokinetic knee extensor and flexor at 60 ∘ /sec

5. Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Table 1
Physical characteristics of participants at baseline

Table 2
Definition and degrees of category scores by international physical activity questionnaire

Table 3
Differences of controlled variables among four groups

Table 4
Changes and differences of adipokine profiles

Table 6
Changes and differences of thigh circumferences analyzed by computer tomography

Table 7
Changes and differences of PT in isokinetic knee extensor and flexor at 60 ${}^{\circ}$ /sec