Acute effects of muscle failure and training system (traditional vs. rest-pause) in resistance exercise on countermovement jump performance in trained adults

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

Traditional and rest-pause systems are commonly used during resistance training. These systems have different rest times between repetitions that might affect neuromuscular status and fatigue level.

OBJECTIVE:

This study compared the acute effects of traditional and rest-pause resistance exercise done to muscular failure on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance.

METHODS:

Twenty-nine recreationally strength-trained adults of both sexes aged from 18 to 33 years old performed four experimental resistance exercise sessions (half back-squat exercise) in a randomized order. The experimental conditions were: Traditional system to muscular failure (TR-F; 4 $\times$ 15 [15RM]) or non-failure (TR-NF; 5 $\times$ 12 [15RM]), and rest-pause system to muscular failure (RP-F; 60 reps with 30 s rest between each failure) or non-failure (RP-NF; 60 reps with 10.2 s rest between each repetition). CMJ height was measured at pre-experiment, Post-15 s, and Post-30 min. Perceived recovery was assessed at pre-experiment, lactate concentration Post-2 min, and rating of perceived exertion Post-30 min.

RESULTS:

CMJ height decrease occurred at Post-15 s and 30 min for the TR-F, TR-NF, and RP-F sessions ( $p<$ 0.05). Interaction effects ( $p<$ 0.05) showed exercise to muscle failure (TR-F and RP-F) induced greater neuromuscular decrement at Post-15 s, with RP-F leading to a higher CMJ performance impairment at Post-30 min ( $p<$ 0.001). Higher blood lactate concentrations were found following TR-F, TR-NF, and RP-F ( $p<$ 0.05) than RP-NF conditions, whereas greater internal training load perception was reported after training to muscular failure ( $p<$ 0.05) than non-failure exercise.

CONCLUSION:

Resistance exercise to muscular failure induced greater CMJ height decrement and internal training load perception than non-failure exercise, with RP-F leading to a higher acute neuromuscular performance impairment.

Keywords

Strength exercise fatigue neuromuscular performance training load

1. Introduction

Neuromuscular fatigue is a multifactorial and complex phenomenon for which etiology is not fully understood [1]. Although its concept is still the focus of wide debate in literature, fatigue might be defined as a temporary reduction of the capacity to generate force or power, which is gradually increased during a sustained exercise [1, 2]. In general, the decrease in force or power is accompanied by an increase in effort, and in case of continuity of exercise until exhaustion, muscle failure occurs [3, 4]. Thereby, a successful resistance training program requires an adequate manipulation of training variables (e.g., volume-load, rest intervals, velocity of execution) [5] and continuous monitoring of the acute effects (e.g., reduced performance and effort levels) that may influence the adaptations after repeated resistance training sessions.

Accordingly, a strategy commonly used within a resistance training (RT) routine is that the exercise is performed to muscle failure. Conceptually, muscular failure is the inability to move a load beyond a critical joint angle called “sticking point” [3] or the inability to perform a repetition over a full range of motion with a given load due to fatigue [6]. It was previously reported that exercises to muscular failure resulted in higher effort levels, metabolic stress, and neuromuscular function decrements [3, 7]. For instance, Moran-Navarro et al. [8] compared non-failure vs. failure parallel squat exercise with the equalization of total volume load (6 $\times$ 5 [10RM]; 3 $\times$ 10 [10RM], respectively). It was found that countermovement jump (CMJ) height, mean propulsive velocity at 75% 1RM for bench press and parallel squat exercises, and stress-related biochemical markers were increased after exercise done to voluntary failure. Moreover, mean propulsive velocity for bench press exercise and CMJ height only returned to near baseline value Post-24 h and 48 h after resistance exercise (RE) to muscular failure.

Countermovement jump (CMJ) height is a feasible and reliable test to monitor the neuromuscular status of the lower limbs [8, 9]. During resistance exercise sessions, loss of CMJ height (%) increased in a linear fashion as the number of repetitions in reserve approached to muscular failure [2]. Moreover, CMJ height decrement was significantly correlated with the session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) after different sets of RE [10]. Thereby, monitoring CMJ height might help us to understand the neuromuscular fatigue response following exercise, specifically the magnitude of CMJ height loss with the effort experienced during the session [2, 10]. The assessment of the neuromuscular fatigue has an important implication for exercise prescription and monitoring, as the level of effort experienced during the training session dictates the dynamics of recovery [11, 12]. However, to date, little information is available in regards the acute neuromuscular status following different resistance training configurations (i.e., interaction of different system and strategies).

During resistance training, prescribing set configurations in order to attenuate neuromuscular fatigue may be important to achieve certain physiological responses and specific neuromuscular adaptations. This is because increased fatigue compromises neuromuscular performance within a session and the volume load of training [13]. Also, high levels of neuromuscular fatigue may require longer recovery time between resistance training sessions [8, 12]. Furthermore, there is evidence that fewer fatiguing protocols can result in similar strength gains compared to more fatiguing protocols [14, 15]. Thus, resistance training systems and strategies that potentiate the increased level of neuromuscular fatigue may be counterproductive when the volume of training needs to be maintained or maximized and neuromuscular recovery intra- and inter-sessions are reduced.

Amongst the training sets, the traditional (TRD) and rest-pause (RP) systems are commonly used during resistance training [13]. These systems have different rest time between repetitions that might affect neuromuscular status and fatigue level [16]. In the TRD system, the training set is structured with a certain number of repetitions being performed in a continuous fashion without rest between repetitions [17, 18]. On the other hand, the RP set has a brief rest interval (typically 10–30 seconds) between each repetition or blocks of repetitions performed [17, 19]. Unlike the TRD system, which results in loss of force [20], power [20, 21], and movement velocity [19, 20], RP system is able to maintain neuromuscular performance and/or attenuate fatigue (loss of force, power, and movement velocity) [19, 20, 21]. Indeed, the brief rest periods of RP seems to favor the recovery of the phosphagen and glycolytic energy systems (e.g., greater intramuscular adenosine triphosphate and phosphocreatine) [7, 17] and reduce the metabolic stress [7, 21] when compared to TRD.

Accordingly, previous studies showed the distribution of rest interval typically used in set configurations in TRD and RP set configurations affects the fatigue level and results in distinct acute neuromuscular responses [13, 22, 23]. Additionally, whether or not to perform repetitions to concentric failure during RE also influences the level of neuromuscular stress and promotes different acute responses, even when the total volume-load was equalized [8, 23, 24]. Although several studies compared the acute effects of different systems (TRD vs. RP) and strategies (failure vs. non-failure) on neuromuscular performance [8, 12, 13, 22], to the authors’ knowledge, a direct comparison of these resistance training systems adopting failure training strategy is limited, especially with equalized volume-load. Of note, given the lack of volume-load equalization between RE protocols in some studies [11, 12], it is unclear whether the greater acute neuromuscular fatigue reported following RE leading to muscle failure would be caused by the training strategy or by the total number of repetitions that has been 50% higher in comparison to the non-failure protocols [11, 12].

Considering that such systems are widely used in resistance training programs, understanding the effects after performing these configurations with repetitions until muscle failure or not provides relevant practical implications, once neuromuscular status and fatigue after the training session might influence the performance of subsequent sessions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of different resistance exercise systems (TRD and RP) and strategies (muscle failure and non-failure) on neuromuscular performance. It was hypothesized that the non-failure RP exercise would result in a lower rating of perceived exertion, metabolic stress, and impairment on neuromuscular performance when compared to other systems with different strategies.

2. Method

2.1 Participants

Twenty-nine adults of both sexes (15 men and 14 women) aged from 18 to 33 years old (23.8 $\pm$ 3.8 years; 75.7 $\pm$ 15.1 kg; 1.74 $\pm$ 0.1 m; 24.9 $\pm$ 2.9 kg/m ${}^{2}$ ) participated in the study. The sampling method was non-probabilistic. A post-hoc power analysis for differences in neuromuscular performance following the experimental conditions was greater than 95%. All the participants were recreationally trained in resistance training (i.e., individuals consistently trained from 1 to 5 years) [25]. The volunteers had no history of muscular or joint injury and did not intake any nutritional ergogenic substances for strength and muscle mass in the last six months. The participants were instructed to maintain their routines, eating habits, and abstain from any exercise 48 h before each experimental session.

The study was approved by the local Ethics and Research Committee following the ethical principles contained in the Declaration of Helsinki (2008). All participants who voluntarily participated in the research signed in a Free and Informed Consent Term.

2.2 Study design

To test our hypothesis, subjects participated in a counterbalanced, randomized cross-over investigation with four experimental conditions each separated by one week. Participants performed four experimental conditions following the two baseline visits to assess the reproducibility of CMJ and 15 repetition maximum (15RM) performance. The experimental conditions were randomized (www.randomizer.org). Participants performed the TRD and RP systems with (TRD-F and RP-F) and without muscle failure (TRD-NF and RP-NF) using the same exercise (parallel squat) (Fig. 1). The total volume-load (reps $\times$ load) was the same for all experimental sessions.

Table 1
Resistance exercise conditions

	TRD-NF	TRD-F	RP-NF	RP-F
Intensity-zone	15RM	15RM	15RM	15RM
Sets $\times$ rep	5 $\times$ 12	4 $\times$ 15	1 $+$ 1 $+$ 1 $+$ 1 $\ldots$	15 $+$ RM $+$ RM $\ldots$
Total volume	60 rep	60 rep	60 rep	60 rep
Rest between sets	150-s	200-s	–	–
Rest between rep	–	–	10.2-s	–
Rest between failure	–	–	–	30-s
Total rest	600-s	600-s	600-s	300 to 600-s

Note. rep $=$ repetitions; RM $=$ repetition maximum; TRD-NF $=$ traditional system to non-muscle failure; TRD-F $=$ traditional system to muscle failure; RP-NF $=$ rest-pause system to non-muscle failure; RP-F $=$ rest-pause system to muscle failure.

Figure 1.

Experimental design. Note. TQR $=$ total quality recovery; CMJ $=$ countermovement jump; TRD-NF $=$ traditional system to non-muscle failure; TRD-F $=$ traditional system to muscle failure; RP-NF $=$ rest-pause system to non-muscle failure; RP-F $=$ rest-pause system to muscle failure; sRPE $=$ session rating of perceived exertion.

The 15RM test was performed to define the intensity load. The CMJ performance was evaluated at baseline, before (pre-experiment), Post-15 s, and Post-30 min following the experimental sessions. Perceived recovery status was measured before each experimental session. Blood lactate was measured two minutes after each experimental session. The session rating perceived exertion (sRPE) was obtained 30-min after each experimental session. All participants were familiarized with all testing procedures prior to the commencement of the study and already had experience with perceptual scales and CMJ test. Sessions were performed in the afternoon (i.e., 15:00 to 18:00), at the same time of day for each participant, since testing at different times of the experiment may affect the participants’ performance [26].

2.3 Procedures

2.3.1 Resistance exercise sessions

The study protocol included four RE sessions, one for each experimental condition investigated (TRD-F, TRD-NF, RP-F, and RP-NF). The parallel squat exercise was performed in the resistance exercise sessions. The experimental conditions were: a) TRD system leading to muscular failure (TRD-F; 4 $\times$ 15 [15RM]); or b) non-failure (TRD-NF; 5 $\times$ 12 [15RM]); and c) RP system leading to muscular failure (RP-F; 60 reps [15RM] with 30-s rest between each failure); or d) non-failure (RP-NF; 60 reps [15RM] with 10.2-s rest between each rep). Muscular failure was determined by the inability to complete the concentric phase of the movement (6, 21). The 15RM test entailed the exercise load as recommended by Haff and Triplett [27]. The half-squat was performed for 60 repetitions with a 15RM load for all experimental conditions. All details of experimental conditions are described in Table 1.

The RE sessions were preceded by a standardized parallel squat warm-up, which included two sets of 15 repetitions at 50 and 80% of 15 RM, respectively, with two minutes of rest between sets. During the execution of the parallel squat, participants’ feet were slightly wider than shoulder-width and toes pointed forward or slightly outward. The bar was placed in the upper portion of the trapezius muscle, slightly above the posterior portion of the deltoid muscle. The participants were instructed to hold the bar comfortably and slightly wider than the width of the shoulders. Finally, the participants squatted down until the thighs were parallel with the floor (90-degree angle) pushing the hips backward and flexing their knees and returned to the initial position.

Before each session, the participants were instructed to attend each experimental condition in a well-rested state (i.e., to abstain from any physical exercise and ingest alcohol 48 h prior to the sessions). In addition, caffeine was to be avoided at least 3-h before the experimental sessions. These data were self-reported before each experimental condition to check adherence to instructions and no participant reported not following the requirements.

Table 2
CMJ performance across resistance exercise sessions

	CMJ height
Conditions	Pre-experiment	Post-15 s	$\Delta$ % (IC 95%) from baseline	Post-30 min	$\Delta$ % (IC 95%) from baseline
TRD-NF	31.5 $\pm$ 4.8	30.4 $\pm$ 4.3 ${}^{*}$	$-$ 3.2 $\pm$ 5.3 ( $-$ 5.3 to $-$ 1.1)	30.3 $\pm$ 4.9 ${}^{*}$	$-$ 3.8 $\pm$ 4.9 ( $-$ 5.7 to $-$ 1.9)
TRD-F	31.3 $\pm$ 4.9	28.9 $\pm$ 4.5 ${}^{*{\dagger}}$	$-$ 7.2 $\pm$ 8.8 ( $-$ 10.6 to $-$ 3.7)	30.0 $\pm$ 4.6 ${}^{*}$	$-$ 3.9 $\pm$ 5.6 ( $-$ 6.1 to $-$ 1.7)
RP-NF	31.1 $\pm$ 5.4	31.3 $\pm$ 5.6	0.7 $\pm$ 5.7 ( $-$ 1.5 to 2.9)	30.8 $\pm$ 5.3	$-$ 0.9 $\pm$ 5.3 ( $-$ 2.9 to 1.1)
RP-F	31.1 $\pm$ 4.7	27.9 $\pm$ 5.4 ${}^{*{\dagger}}$	$-$ 10.1 $\pm$ 11.0 ( $-$ 14.4 to $-$ 5.8)	28.5 $\pm$ 4.5 ${}^{*\S}$	$-$ 7.9 $\pm$ 8.7 ( $-$ 11.3 to $-$ 4.5)

Note. CMJ $=$ countermovement jump; $\Delta$ % $=$ percentage change; TRD-NF $=$ traditional system to non-muscle failure; TRD-F $=$ traditional system to muscle failure; RP-NF $=$ rest-pause system to non-muscle failure; RP-F $=$ rest-pause system to muscle failure; ${}^{*}$ $=$ simple main time effect ( $p<$ 0.05) different from pre-experiment; ${}^{\dagger}$ $=$ interaction effect ( $p<$ 0.05) different from TRD-NF and RP-NF; ${}^{\S}$ $=$ interaction effect ( $p<$ 0.05) different from all experimental conditions.

2.3.2 Countermovement jump (CMJ)

An electronic contact jump mat (Hidrofit, Jump System, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) was used to analyze CMJ heights. Each participant performed three attempts with 30 s interval among trials. The best result was retained for analysis. The participants performed their CMJ with hands on their waist and no restrictions were placed on the knee angle during the eccentric phase of the jump. Also, participants were instructed to maintain the legs in a straight position during the flight and land at the take-off point. All participants were familiar with the test prior to the beginning of the investigation. In the present study, the intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.95 (CI 95% $=$ 0.88 to 0.98) for CMJ, indicating good reproducibility of the test.

2.3.3 Total quality recovery (TQR)

The TQR scale proposed by Laurent et al. [28] was used before each experimental condition to assess the level of perceived recovery. TQR is a scale that ranges from zero (very poorly recovered/extremely tired) to 10 (very well recovered/highly energetic).

2.3.4 Blood lactate concentration

The blood lactate concentration was collected two minutes following a RE session in each of the experimental condition (TRD-F, TRD-NF, RP-F, and RP-NF). A lactacidemic analysis was performed based on samples of $\sim$ 15 $\mu$ l of blood collected from the participant’s earlobe without hyperemia. These samples were immediately inserted to lactate tape (BM lactate, Roche ${}^{\to}$ , São Paulo, Brazil) containing sodium fluoride solution and the lactate concentration result was indicated after one minute by portable equipment (Accutrend Plus, Roche ${}^{\to}$ , São Paulo, Brazil). The coefficient of variation for this device presents satisfactory values ranged 1.8–3.3% for low, medium, and high concentrations of lactate and satisfactory agreement values were previously reported with EBIO plus ${}^{\@setsize{\scriptsize}{8pt}{\viipt}{\@viipt}{\textregistered}}$ [29].

2.3.5 Internal training load

The internal training load was quantified by session-RPE [30]. The participants answered the following question 30 min after the end of the RE session in each of the experimental conditions (TRD-F, TRD-NF, RP-F, and RP-NF): “How was your training?”. The participants were asked to demonstrate the intensity perception of the RE session from the 10-point Borg scale (0 $=$ rest to 10 $=$ maximum effort). The product of the values demonstrated by the RPE scale and the total volume-load of the session was calculated, thus expressing the internal load of the training session in arbitrary units (A.U.) [30]. Considering that the total volume-load between the experimental conditions was equalized, then differences in the internal training load was due the RPE scores. The participants were familiarized with the RPE method for a period of 15 days before beginning the investigation.

2.4 Statistical analysis

The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the distribution of data. The Levenes’ test assessed homoscedasticity. Measures of central tendency (mean) and dispersion (standard deviation) were used to describe the research variables. Repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the level of perceived recovery, blood lactate concentration and internal training load between the experimental treatments. A mixed ANOVA of repeated measurements was used to analyze the conditions (TRD-F, TRD-NF, RP-F, and RP-NF) $\times$ time (pre-experiment, 15-s, and 30-min post-experiment) interaction for CMJ. A Bonferroni post-hoc test was used to identify possible statistical differences. The partial eta-squared ( $\eta_{p}^{2}$ ) was adopted as the effect size. The following criteria were used according to the Cohen’s [31] guidelines: $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.01, small; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.06, medium; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.14, large. All data were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) adopting a significance level of 5%.

Figure 2.

Perceptual recovery and internal training load response across resistance exercise conditions. Note. TRD-NF $=$ traditional system to non-muscle failure; TRD-F $=$ traditional system to muscle failure; RP-NF $=$ rest-pause system to non-muscle failure; RP-F $=$ rest-pause system to muscle failure; ${}^{*}$ $=$ simple main condition effect ( $p<$ 0.05) different from TRD-NF and RP-NF conditions.

3. Results

3.1 CMJ performance

Table 2 presents the CMJ performance across the RE conditions. Simple main time effect was observed ( $F_{(1.5,40.2)}=$ 20.2; $p<$ 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.43) with a decrease in CMJ performance Post-15 s and 30 min following TRD-NF ( $p=$ 0.006; $p=$ 0.001, respectively), TRD-F ( $p=$ 0.02; $p=$ 0.006, respectively), and RP-F ( $p<$ 0.001; $p<$ 0.001, respectively) when compared with the pre-experiment values. No differences were found for RP-NF condition ( $p=$ 0.99; $p=$ 0.67, respectively). In addition, significant interaction (condition $\times$ time) effect was found ( $F_{(3.4,29.5)}=$ 7.3; $p<$ 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.21) for CMJ performance. Post-hoc analysis showed greater decrements on CMJ performance following TRD-F and RP-F Post-15 s ( $p<$ 0.05); whereas RP-F condition induced greater impairment on CMJ performance post 30-min.

3.2 TQR and internal training load

Perceptual recovery and internal training load are shown in Fig. 2. Similar perceptual recovery level was reported across the RE sessions ( $F_{(3,66)}=$ 0.45; $p=$ 0.72; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.02). On the other hand, perceived internal training load was higher following the TRD-F and RP-F conditions ( $F_{(3,66)}=$ 28.2; $p<$ 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.56) when compared to TRD-NF and RP-NF conditions.

Figure 3.

Blood lactate concentration following resistance exercise conditions. Note. TRD-NF $=$ traditional system to non-muscle failure; TRD-F $=$ traditional system to muscle failure; RP-NF $=$ rest-pause system to non-muscle failure; RP-F $=$ rest-pause system to muscle failure; ${}^{*}$ $=$ simple main condition effect ( $p<$ 0.05) different from all resistance exercise conditions.

3.3 Blood lactate concentration

Figure 3 presents the blood lactate concentration following the RE sessions. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that lower blood lactate concentrations were found following RP-NF condition ( $F_{(3,66)}=$ 69.1; $p<$ 0.001; $\eta_{p}^{2}=$ 0.78) in comparison to the other RE sessions.

4. Discussion

The main findings of the present study were a) RE to muscle failure, regardless the system (i.e., TRD or RP), induced greater neuromuscular performance decrements and internal training load than non-failure exercise, even when the total volume-load and the rest are both equalized across experimental conditions; b) RP-F condition (60 reps [15RM] with 30-s rest between each failure) leads to a greater CMJ performance decrement at Post-15 s and 30 min in comparison to the non-muscle failure conditions; c) RP-NF (1 $\times$ 60 reps [15RM] with 10.2 s rest between each rep) condition did not affect the neuromuscular performance and resulted in lower internal training load and metabolic stress than the other trials. Thus, these findings support the hypothesis tested. These results highlight that RE with the same volume-load but adopting different systems and training strategies induced distinct neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual training load responses.

Regarding CMJ performance, we observed that all experimental conditions decreased CMJ height at Post-15 s and 30 min, with the exception of the RP-NF condition. Specifically, both RE conditions to muscle failure (TRD-F and RP-F) induced greater CMJ performance impairment, even when the total volume-load was equalized between failure and non-failure conditions. Noteworthy, RP-F condition induced greater neuromuscular decrements. Previous studies showed that RE to muscle failure produces higher acute fatigue and mechanical/metabolic strain when compared with non-failure exercise [11, 12], even with equated-volume load [7, 8, 23, 24]. Therefore, force production is reduced and neuromuscular performance is impaired. Considering the aim of the current study, the mechanism was not assessed, but it was previously reported that impairment in neuromuscular performance was related to both central and peripheral factors [24, 32].

In line with the observed decrement in CMJ performance, we also found high-metabolic demand (i.e., blood lactate concentration [ $>$ 10 mmol/L]) and increased perceptual response (i.e., sRPE) after RE to muscle failure. Specifically, RE conditions performed to muscular failure (i.e., TRD-F and RP-F) presented higher values of internal training load regardless of the adopted RE system. This high perceived internal load may explain, in part, the greater decrement on CMJ height following TRD-F and RP-F conditions. Accordingly, it was previously reported that sRPE was related to CMJ performance decrement following RE [10], demonstrating that CMJ and sRPE are feasible and sensitive instruments to detect neuromuscular fatigue.

In the current study, we observed similar high lactate concentrations ( $>$ 10 mmol/L) between RE to muscle failure and TRD-NF condition. A possible explanation for this result may be related to the range of repetitions in reserve. For instance, when RE cessation is far from the point of muscle failure (i.e., several repetitions in reserve), a considerably lower effort is required [2, 7, 24]. Gorostiaga et al. [7] showed a reduction in the number of repetitions during sets (5 $\times$ 10 [10RM] vs. 10 $\times$ 5 [10RM]) (i.e., five repetition in reserve) with the same volume-load, induced smaller demands on the high-energy phosphates system and glycolytic energy supply, and consequently produced lower blood lactate concentrations. In the present study, the TRD-NF system was performed with only three repetitions in reserve during sets, and it has been reported that blood lactate concentration increased linearly as the number of repetitions in each set approaches the concentric muscle failure [2].

Regarding the comparison between TRD and RP systems, it was previously suggested the RP system may induce less post-exercise fatigue than TRD protocols [13, 22, 23]. Indeed, RP-NF condition presents similar CMJ performance after the RE session and lower blood lactate concentration level compared to the other RE trials. Conversely, RP-F induced greater neuromuscular fatigue when compared with the other RE conditions. Those differences may be related to the prescribed rest period between each repetition [33]. For instance, RP-NF condition adopted a 10.2-s rest period between each repetition which may allow the replenishment of intramuscular creatine phosphate, removal of glycolysis byproducts (i.e. lactate and H ${}^{+1}$ ), and lower muscle activity [34, 35]. This rest period between repetitions may delay fatigue and reduce neuromuscular stress, allowing the participants to perform greater volume during RP-NF session [13]. In previous studies, when a rest period is adopted between each repetition, it was found a lower muscle activity of pectoralis major and triceps muscles [34] and greater power output ( $\Delta=$ 21.6 to 25.1%) during the training session [36] when compared to the TRD system (i.e., continuous 6RM in bench press exercise). Thus, employing rest periods between each repetition induces lower neuromuscular fatigue and metabolic demand during the RE session, and consequently may allow participants to perform greater volume in a resistance training session.

On the other hand, RP-F was prescribed based on fixed repetitions (i.e., 60 reps) interspersed by 30-s rest period across each concentric effort. Although the volume-load was equalized in the current investigation and both protocols were performed to muscle failure, RP-F exercise induced greater CMJ height decrement than TRD-F. This result might be explained by the 30-s vs. 200-s rest period during the RP-F and TR-F exercises, respectively. For instance, after the first concentric effort, the participants in the TRD-F exercise had 200-s of recovery, whereas the RP-F had only 30-s. This shows an important application since the length of the rest interval dictates the recovery that occurs between sets. Accordingly, the rest period is one of the most important variables that acutely affect neuromuscular fatigue [37]. Consequently, the shorter rest following concentric repetitions along with increased numbers of muscle failures to achieve the training load in RP-F exercise may induce greater mechanical stress during the session decreasing the CMJ performance.

Taken together, we found the implementation of different RE configurations with the total volume-load equalized induced a distinct neuromuscular response. RE leading to muscular failure induced greater neuromuscular performance decrement than non-failure exercise, with higher impairment after RP-F condition. From a practical perspective, the findings of the current study might provide useful data to prescribe resistance training sessions in order to attenuate the neuromuscular fatigue.

Despite the novel findings in the present study, some limitation should be pointed out. First, the adherence to the recommendations before testing were self-reported. Thus, we might not directly guarantee they were followed. A prolonged time course following exercise allows a greater understanding of acute neuromuscular response following RE protocols. Future researches are warranted to consider this issue. Second, no mechanical or muscle activity was accessed during the RE sessions. Thus, data acquired by linear transduce or electromyography could provide relevant information about the dynamic of intra-session fatigue level. Although the lack of this measure limits our data interpretation, the findings of our study still provides interesting data to strength and conditioning practitioners. Also, it should be noted that the total volume-load and rest between RE session are both equalized. This equalization provides greater understanding of the acute response following different RE strategies and system than previous studies that did not equate those prescription variables [11, 12]. In addition, in the present study, a multi-joint exercise for lower limbs was used, which prevents to the extrapolation of these findings to another type of exercise (e.g., single-joint) and another body segment (e.g., upper limbs and trunk).

From a practical perspective, the implementation of different RE configurations with the total volume-load equalized induced distinct neuromuscular response. RE leading to muscular failure induced greater neuromuscular performance decrement than non-failure exercise, with higher impairment after RP-F condition. This result provides an understanding about the time course recovery of neuromuscular status following those exercise configurations, suggesting that more recovery time between session may be necessary. Thus, when the training session aims to improve the total volume-load, frequency of training for the same muscle group, and neuromuscular status intra- and inter-sessions, it seems that RP-NF should be recommended. Moreover, it is proposed that greater volume loads imply in greater muscular adaptations [38], thus, perform RE configurations that allow the volume-load maintenance or increased may be preferred. These findings may help strength and conditioning professionals make decisions about which training configuration should be adopted when the goal is to reduce recovery time between sessions, favoring an increase in the frequency of training of a muscle group.

5. Conclusion

Regardless of the RE system adopted (TRD or RP), repetitions to muscle failure induced greater decrement in CMJ height and higher values of internal training load, with high-metabolic demand compared to non-failure exercise. Importantly, RP-NF did not affect CMJ performance at Post-15 s and 30 min, and low-level of lactate concentration and internal training load was found after RE session. Thereby, if the aim is to attenuate the reduction of neuromuscular performance of lower limbs, as well as reduce metabolic demand and lower psychophysiological stress, implementation of short rest between repetitions should be encouraged (e.g., RP-NF).

Author contributions

CONCEPTION: Leonardo S. Fortes and Manoel C. Costa.

PERFORMANCE OF WORK: Petrus Gantois, Fabiano S. Fonseca and Dalton de Lima-Júnior.

INTERPRETATION OR ANALYSIS OF DATA: Petrus Gantois and Fabiano S. Fonseca.

PREPARATION OF THE MANUSCRIPT: Petrus Gantois, Fabiano S. Fonseca and Leonardo S. Fortes.

REVISION FOR IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL CONTENT: Bruna D.V. Costa and Edilson S. Cyrino.

SUPERVISION: Leonardo S. Fortes and Manoel C. Costa.

Ethical considerations

The present study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Pernambuco: Institutional Review Board approval number (2.581.474). All participants who voluntarily participated in the research signed in a Free and Informed Consent Term.

Funding

The authors report no funding.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The authors have no acknowledgments.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.

References

Barry

Enoka

. The neurobiology of muscle fatigue: 15 years later. Integr Comp Biol 2007; 47: 465–473.

Sanchez-Medina

González-Badillo

. Velocity loss as an indicator of neuromuscular fatigue during resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43: 1725–1734.

Davies

Orr

Halaki

Hackett

. Effect of training leading to repetition failure on muscular strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med 2016; 46: 487–502.

Enoka

. Muscle fatigue – from motor units to clinical symptoms. J Biomech 2012; 45: 427–433.

Lasevicius

Ugrinowitsch

Schoenfeld

Roschel

Tavares

De Souza

Laurentino

Tricoli

. Effects of different intensities of resistance training with equated volume load on muscle strength and hypertrophy. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18: 772–780.

Izquierdo

Ibañez

Calbet

JAL

, et al. Neuromuscular fatigue after resistance training. Int J Sports Med 2009; 30: 614–623.

Gorostiaga

Navarro-Amézqueta

Calbet

JAL

Hellsten

Cusso

Guerrero

Granados

González-Izal

Ibañez

Izquierdo

. Energy metabolism during repeated sets of leg press exercise leading to failure or not. PLoS One. 2012; 7: 1–9.

Morán-Navarro

Pérez

Mora-Rodríguez

de la Cruz-Sánchez

González-Badillo

Sánchez-Medina

Pallarés

. Time course of recovery following resistance training leading or not to failure. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117: 2387–2399.

Claudino

Cronin

Mezêncio

McMaster

McGuigan

Tricoli

Amadio

Serrão

. The countermovement jump to monitor neuromuscular status: A meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20: 397–402.

10.

Hiscock

Dawson

Clarke

Peeling

. Can changes in resistance exercise workload influence internal load, countermovement jump performance and the endocrine response? J Sports Sci 2018; 36: 191–197.

11.

Gonzalez-Badillo

Rodriguez-Rosell

Sanchez-Medina

Ribas

Lopez-Lopez

Mora-Custodio

Yanez-Garcia

Pareja-Blanco

. Short-term recovery following resistance exercise leading or not to failure. Int J Sports Med 2014; 37: 295–304.

12.

Pareja-Blanco

Rodríguez-Rosell

Sánchez-Medina

Ribas-Serna

López-López

Mora-Custodio

Yáñez-García

González-Badillo

. Acute and delayed response to resistance exercise leading or not leading to muscle failure. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 37: 630–639.

13.

Korak

Paquette

Brooks

Fuller

Coons

. Effect of rest-pause vs. traditional bench press training on muscle strength, electromyography, and lifting volume in randomized trial protocols. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117: 1891–1896.

14.

Iglesias-Soler

Mayo

Río-Rodríguez

Carballeira

Fariñas

Fernández-Del-Olmo

. Inter-repetition rest training and traditional set configuration produce similar strength gains without cortical adaptations. J Sports Sci 2015; 34: 1473–1484.

15.

Izquierdo

Ibañez

González-badillo

, et al. Differential effects of strength training leading to failure versus not to failure on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains on hormonal responses, strength, and muscle power gains. J Appl Physiol 2006; 1647–1656.

16.

Prestes

de Araujo Sousa

da Cunha Nascimento

Camarço

Frade de Sousa

Willardson

Tibana

de Oliveira Rocha

. Strength and muscular adaptations following 6 weeks of rest-pause versus traditional multiple-sets resistance training in trained subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33: 113–121.

17.

Haff

Hobbs

Haff

Sands

Pierce

Stone

. Cluster training: A novel method for introducing training program variation. Strength Cond J 2008; 30: 67–76.

18.

Tufano

Brown

Haff

. Theoretical and practical aspects of different cluster set structures: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31: 848–867.

19.

Oliver

Kreutzer

Jenke

Phillips

Mitchell

Jones

. Velocity drives greater power observed during back squat using cluster sets. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30: 235–243.

20.

Hardee

Travis Triplett

Utter

Zwetsloot

McBride

. Effect of interrepetition rest on power output in the power clean. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 883–889.

21.

Oliver

Kreutzer

Jenke

Phillips

Mitchell

Jones

. Acute response to cluster sets in trained and untrained men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115: 2383–2393.

22.

Marshall

PWM

Robbins

Wrightson

Siegler

. Acute neuromuscular and fatigue responses to the rest-pause method. J Sci Med Sport 2012; 15: 153–158.

23.

García-Ramos

González-Hernández

Baños-Pelegrín

Castaño-Zambudio

Capelo-Ramírez

Boullosa

Haff

Jiménez-Reyes

. Mechanical and metabolic responses to traditional and cluster set configurations in the bench press exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 34: 663–670.

24.

Gorostiaga

Navarro-Amézqueta

Calbet

JAL

Sánchez-Medina

Cusso

Guerrero

Granados

González-Izal

Ibáñez

Izquierdo

. Blood ammonia and lactate as markers of muscle metabolites during leg press exercise. J strength Cond Res 2014; 28: 2775–85.

25.

Rhea

. Determining the magnitude of treatment effects in strength training research through the use of the effect size. J strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 918–20.

26.

Chtourou

Driss

Souissi

Gam

Chaouachi

Souissi

. The effect of strength training at the same time of the day on the diurnal fluctuations of muscular anaerobic performances. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 217–225.

27.

Haff

Triplett

. Essentials of Strength and Conditioning. 4

{}^{\text{th}}

Edition. Hum Kinet. 2015.

28.

Laurent

Green

Bishop

Sjökvist

Schumacker

Richardson

Curtner-Smith

. A practical approach to monitoring recovery: Development of a perceived recovery status scale. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25: 620–628.

29.

Baldari

Bonavolontà

Emerenziani

Gallotta

Guidetti

Silva

. Accuracy, reliability, linearity of accutrend and lactate pro versus EBIO plus analyzer. Eur J Appl Physiol 2009; 107: 105–111.

30.

McGuigan

Foster

. A new approach to monitoring resistance training. Strength Cond J 2004; 26: 42–47.

31.

Cohen

. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge. 1988.

32.

Kent-Braun

Le Blanc

. Quantitation of central activation failure during maximal voluntary contractions in humans. Muscle and Nerve 1996; 19: 861–869.

33.

González-Hernádez

García-Ramos

Capelo-Ramírez

Castaño-Zambudio

Marquez

Boullosa

Jiménez-Reyes

. Mechanical, metabolic, and perceptual acute responses to different set configurations in full squat. J Strength Cond Res 2017; [Epub ahead of print].

34.

Keogh

Wilson

Weatherby

. A Cross-sectional comparison of different resistance training techniques in the squat exercise. J Strenght Cond Res 1999; 13: 247–258.

35.

Korak

Paquette

Fuller

Caputo

Coons

. Effect of a rest-pause vs. traditional squat on electromyography and lifting volume in trained women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118: 1309–1314.

36.

Lawton

Cronin

Lindsell

. Effect of interrepetition rest intervals on weight training repetition power output. J strength Cond Res 2006; 20: 172–6.

37.

Grgic

Lazinica

Mikulic

Krieger

Schoenfeld

. The effects of short versus long inter-set rest intervals in resistance training on measures of muscle hypertrophy: A systematic review. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17: 983–993.

38.

Schoenfeld

Ogborn

Krieger

. Dose-response relationship between weekly resistance training volume and increases in muscle mass: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2016; 35: 1073–1082.

Acute effects of muscle failure and training system (traditional vs. rest-pause) in resistance exercise on countermovement jump performance in trained adults

Abstract

BACKGROUND:

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSION:

Keywords

1. Introduction

2. Method

2.1 Participants

2.2 Study design

Table 1 Resistance exercise conditions

2.3.1 Resistance exercise sessions

Table 2 CMJ performance across resistance exercise sessions

2.3.3 Total quality recovery (TQR)

2.3.4 Blood lactate concentration

2.3.5 Internal training load

2.4 Statistical analysis

3.1 CMJ performance

3.2 TQR and internal training load

4. Discussion

5. Conclusion

Author contributions

Ethical considerations

Funding

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

Conflict of interest

References

Table 1
Resistance exercise conditions

Table 2
CMJ performance across resistance exercise sessions