Abstract
More than two decades of research and policy on the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) in the public sector have solidified an understanding of the potential benefits of digital government that can now be considered canonical. These potential benefits include efficiency gains and increased productivity in public organizations, improvements in service provision, and the support to better public decision-making, as well as facilitating citizens access to information and engagement in democratic participation.
The rapidly evolving landscape of digital government naturally brings this policy and research area to be associated with the urgency and opportunity of tackling the key global challenge of sustainability. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), formulated as part of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (United Nations, 2015a, 2015b), link separate goals of sustainable development across different areas, into a unitary vision. These goals cut across key policy issues related to poverty, inequality, health, discrimination, inclusion, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.
The exponential surge of technological innovation opens for new possibilities to pursue sustainable development goals in previously unforeseen ways and in an unprecedented manner. For instance, the latest wave of Artificial Intelligence (Al) technologies have introduced new application scenarios geared towards sustainability (Pan & Nishant, 2023; Zhang et al., 2022). Generative Al (GenAl) applications, including Large Language Models (LLM), are beginning to be showcased in relation to goals of sustainable development. For example, in the area of education (SDG 4), GeoAl features the potential to provide scalable and personalized interactive learning, both from the side of educators, by supporting the creation of educational material, like designing course syllabuses (Pettinato Oltz, 2023), and from the side of learners, for example by generating prompts for formative assessment and ongoing feedback (Baidoo-Anu & Owusu Ansah, 2023). The scalability of these educational benefits can be used to bridge societal divides and reach underserved parts of the population. In the area of public healthcare (SDG 3), GenAl is beginning to be applied for the discovery and development of new drugs, as in clinical trials for cancer therapies that have been developed utilizing expansive generative and predictive engines encompassing biological, chemical, and textual data (Lorenzet al., 2023). Other technological developments that introduce new possibilities for tackling sustainable development goals include:the pervasive development of Internet of Things (loT) ecosystems to support better services to citizens in smart cities environments (Chatterjee et al., 2018); and distributed ledger technologies (DLT)/blockchain, applied to diverse areas of policy, from protecting refugees and supporting theirintegration in society, to financial inclusion and fighting corruption among public servants (UN World Food Programme, 2023). Emerging technologies that can be expected to affect the sustainability discourse include also the Metaverse (Dwivedi et al., 2022), and quantum computing (Kong et al., 2024).
This technology surge occurs amidst essential demographic, environmental, and public health challenges, where the public sector plays a pivotal role in facilitating sustainable development (Misuraca et al., 2020). For example, the recent COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted potential benefits but also challenges for digital government in tackling public health goals and managing crisis situations (Meijer & Webster, 2019; Pan & Zhang, 2020; UNDESA, 2020). Digital government policies, applications, and research can thus become instrumental in facilitating sustainability, equity, and social inclusion (Estevez & Janowski, 2013; Janowski, 2016). Digital government does not only link to SDG 16, related to building peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, ensuring access to justice for all, and establish in effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels; but it can also play a key role at the intersection of various SDGs at both sectoral and horizontal levels (Misuraca et al., 2021).
Digital government infrastructure investments can bridge divides between digital âhavesâ and âhave-notsâ (Reggi & Gil-Garcia, 2020), in line with SDG 10 (Reduced inequalities); public online participation initiatives can tackle environmental challenges, such as sustainable transportation policies (Ju et al., 2019) in line with SDG 9 (Industry innovation and infrastructure). An increasing number of countries are actively involved in the creation of smart cities, offering a variety of public services related to intelligent environmental management. These services encompass smart municipal solid waste management, smart grids and metering, smart buildings, optimized public lighting, intelligent traffic and bus services, as well as advanced water management covering distribution and sanitation (Axelsson & Granath, 2018; Corbett & Mellouli, 2017; Tomor et al., 2019; Webster & Leleux, 2019), in line with SDG 10 (Sustainable cities and communities), just to mention few examples.
An under-researched field
Despite the acknowledged relevance of digital government in relation to sustainability, research on this relationship so far has been both underwhelming and fragmented. Only a small fraction of the body of research on digital government focuses on sustainability and sustainable development (Medaglia et al., 2021; Sapraz & Han, 2019).
Some of the existing empirical studies on digital government and sustainability tend to emphasize the role of specific technologies. Digital technologies are seen as solutions for implementing digital government services aimed at strategically planning comprehensive digital transformations addressing environmental concerns for diverse stakeholders, be they organizations or citizens. For instance, blockchain is highlighted in relation to its application by local governments to mitigate the risk of corruption in the distribution of poverty alleviation assistance in rural areas (Ning et al., 2019). The Internet of Things (IoT) is recognized as a tool for governmental agencies to monitor electricity consumption (Branco et al., 2020).
Existing studies, however, predominantly concentrate on governmental strategies and policy-making (Sapraz & Han, 2019). For example, digital government initiatives play a key role in promoting the reuse, repair and recycle of manufactured products in the supply chains of relevant industries, following the model of the Circular Economy (Medaglia et al., forthcoming), in line with SDG 12 (Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns).
In addition, the comprehension of theoretical aspects related to digital governmentâs role in promoting environmental sustainability is presently limited. The existing body of research largely lacks significant contributions to theory development (Medaglia et al., 2021; Sapraz & Han, 2019).
A call for research
To tackle these shortcomings, a renewed focus on the relationship between digital government and sustainable development goals is necessary. In particular, three directions for future research can represent fruitful pathways to advance this research area.
1) Exploring the links between digital government and each of the 17 SDGs
The framework developed by the United Nations that identifies 17 Sustainable Development Goals can represent a useful tool to drive future research on the role of digital government in sustainability. The well-established framework of the UN Agenda 2030 allows to easily compare areas of digital government impact. Moreover, the familiarity of key digital government stakeholders (public agencies, businesses, and citizens) with the SDG framework represents an additional point of strength in its appropriateness.
Examples of how to potentially adopt the SDG framework in studying digital government initiatives have already started appearing. These include the analysis of information provision in governmental websites (Meschede, 2019), and the investigation of how government indicators contribute to the measurement of SDGs (Marcovecchio et al., 2019).
The UN SDG framework can also be used as a device to generate research questions on the topic of digital government and sustainability, and to assess research foci and gaps. In doing so, a future-oriented perspective should be adopted, linking this field of research to the policy developments and the international cooperation agenda, such as the Global Digital Compact proposed by the UN Secretary General (United Nations, 2023), which recognizes the cross-cutting impact of digital government on all policy areas addressed by the SDGs.
2) Expanding the theoretical depth of studies on digital government in relation to sustainability
The lack of theory application and of theory development in existing empirical research on digital government and sustainability needs to be tackled in future research. Atheoretical studies can often dominate the early stages of exploration of a new topic area. However, in the long run the absence of theoretical depth is detrimental to the development of an established stream of empirical research. Theoretical depth is necessary not only to build cumulative knowledge, but also to move beyond empirical case description, and engage in unfolding the mechanisms behind observed phenomena related to digital government and sustainability.
The multidisciplinary nature of the link between digital government and sustainability can be leveraged to enhance theory application in future empirical studies. As the topic area lies at the intersection of multiple disciplines, including public administration, management, Information Systems (IS), and Science and Technology Studies (STS), this constitutes an opportunity to adopt existing theoretical frameworks to formulate relevant research questions, interpret empirical findings, and gain theoretical insights. Moreover, inductive approaches to a topic area as rich as the one relating digital government with sustainability can provide invaluable inputs for theory development.
3) Developing benchmarking indicators of sustainability for digital government initiatives
Evaluating the effects of digital technologies on sustainable development poses a considerable challenge, often yielding unsuccessful outcomes (Nishant et al., 2020). Since the same can be said for digital government initiatives, specifically, it is imperative for policymakers and citizens to have a clear understanding of the impact of digital government strategies against established sustainability objectives.
Measurement and benchmarking tools offer analytical capabilities and serve as incentives for policy initiatives. The UN E-government Development Index (EGDI), for instance, has played a pivotal role for over a decade in steering global attention towards digital government initiatives (Misuraca et al., 2021). However, current benchmarking tools for digital government largely neglect sustainable development impacts. There is a pressing need for global and region-specific assessment tools to gauge the impacts of digital government on sustainable development goals.
Future studies should focus on developing assessment frameworks that not only hold descriptive potential but have also a normative aspect, facilitating benchmarking, incentivizing action, and informing policy decisions related to initiatives in digital government for sustainable development globally.
Contributing perspectives
The call for papers for this special section of Information Polity on digital government and sustainable development goals invited studies on the design, management and evaluation of policies and implementation of digital government strategies in relation to the UN SDGs at global, national, and local level, and encouraged multidisciplinary submissions from different social science perspectives.
The two papers selected for this special section provide contributions to start tackling the urgent need for in-depth studies in this topic area. The article âPerspectives on the twin transition: Instrumental and institutional linkages between the digital and sustainability transitionsâ by Albert Meijer provides a conceptual analysis that aims to broaden the prevailing focus on the digital and sustainable transitions and to encompass destructive connections, specifically the environmental impacts of e-government, and introduces an institutional perspective on e-governance. This approach for developing diverse perspectives on the twin transition aims to counterbalance the unquestioning belief in the power of technology for sustainable development. The article also proposes a research agenda that underscores the importance of investigating three key issues: (1) green e-governance as mitigating the environmental costs of e-governance, (2) e-governance as a barrier for the sustainability transition, and (3) the ecology logic as a basis for shaping the twin transition.
The article âDigital skills within the public sector: a missing link to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)â by Antonio Cordella, Francesco Gualdi, and Mindel van de Laar highlights a previously overlooked aspect: the digital literacy of individuals shaping policies mediated by ICTs geared towards sustainable development. Introducing a fresh conceptualization, the study defines digital skills as the proficiency to comprehend the socio-technical configurations that arise in social contexts following the implementation of ICT-mediated policies. Through an examination of the United Kingdomâs Government Digital Service as a case study, the article posits that equipping public administrators and civil servants with these digital skills is crucial for the effective design, implementation, and management of ICT-mediated policies striving to achieve Sustainable Development Goals.
Approaching the milestone of the United Nationsâ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, we are just starting to comprehend the research ramifications of digital government initiatives in the pursuit of sustainable development. With the global focus intensifying on the sustainability agenda, there is an unprecedented demand for innovative, well-founded, and theoretically informed research on the ways in which digital government can either facilitate or impede progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals. We trust that the articles in this special section of Information Polity on this topic constitute relevant contributions to advance the progress towards this objective.