Mapping and semantic interoperability of the German RCD data model with the Europe-wide accepted CERIF

1. Introduction

Standardization of research information helps universities and non-university research organizations to aggregate, reuse and shares their research information. The demand for quality-assured and comparable research information has increased with the introduction of control mechanisms in accordance with New Public Management in the German higher education system. As a result of numerous and diverse reporting obligations, universities and non-university research institutions have begun to introduce research information systems (RIS) in recent years. An RIS is understood to mean a specialized database or federated information system that can collect, manage and provide information about research activities and their results [1]. Nowadays, the provision and exchange of research information is done via a RIS. National and international standards exist to support RIS and to allow compatibility and interoperability between different systems as well as to represent the research area. The Europe-wide accepted Common European Research Information Format (CERIF) standard is founded and maintained by the European organization euroCRIS ¹ and recommended to European member states for the administration and exchange of research information. It describes relevant object types from a wide range of research and development areas. In addition to the introduction of RIS in Germany, the German Council of Science and Humanities (in German “Wissenschaftsrat”) initiated a process for the specification of a RCD ² (in German “Kerndatensatz Forschung (KDSF)” in 2013 [6]. The offer of RCD is a voluntary standard for German universities and non-university research institutions and is recommended by the German Council of Science and Humanities in 2016. This RCD in its version 1.0 completed in 2015, provides a basis for providing and disseminating information about research activities [3,4]. The two technical standards essentially include data model specifications, Extensible Markup Language (XML) and semantics, and are publicly available on the euroCRIS and RCD websites. With their help, the data maintenance and data provision processes as well as the data quality in the context of data queries and reporting processes can be improved. Both the internal use and the distribution of comparable information on research activities can be facilitated. At the same time, this will reduce the workload for researchers and administrations in the medium to long term. Clear and standardized definitions increase the validity of the data and make it easier to use [7]. In order to support and facilitate the implementation of the core definitions for research information and their easy exchange within the framework of the German science system, the aim of this paper is to present the technical data model of the RCD and its implementing impact on data quality in RIS. Afterwards to compare it with the European CERIF standard in order to implement the RCD with compatibility of CERIF into the RIS and to enable the international connectivity of the RCD.

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Fig. 1.

RCD Entities and their relationships from the basic data model.

This chapter first introduces the RCD data model and its impact as an application case to the quality of RIS. Finally, the international CERIF data model will be presented.

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Fig. 2.

Research information quality management framework.

2.1. RCD data model

The recommendation for the development and implementation of a RCD has the goal of both the standardized recording and updating of the performance data on research activities of universities and non-university research institutions in the context of decentralized data management [7] and the best practice for a better data quality of the RCD to reach research information. In 2016, the German Council of Science and Humanities published the recommendations for the specification of the RCD. Since February 2017, a central helpdesk of the German Center for Higher Education and Science Research (DZHW) supports the interpretation of the RCD specification. RCD defines six different areas of research reporting (employees, promotion of young talent, third-party funded projects, patents and spin-offs, publications and research infrastructures) and these are divided into so-called core data and their characteristics and aggregation measures based on existing definitions and standardization (such as CERIF, FRASCATI, CASRAI). To support the interoperability and longevity of research information, a technical RCD data model will be presented compatible with the CERIF data model for in-house data provision. Therefore, the RCD extends the CERIF data model and adds further entities and attributes. The RCD data model is further divided into basic data and aggregate data. The basic data model corresponds to the objects, the description of the objects with the relationships and attributes. The aggregate data model defines only the core data, without characteristics or specializations. However, the basic data model provides person-related information, whereas the aggregation model does not. The RCD data model was created at baseline and at aggregation level using an XML Schema and in the Web Ontology Language (OWL) modeling language. Further details about the XML Schema of the RCD can be found in [5,11].

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Fig. 3.

CERIF Entities and their relationship.

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Fig. 4.

CERIF model metrics.

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Fig. 5.

RCD model metrics.

Figure 1 shows the Entity Relationship Model (ERM) of the RCD. This contains the underlying objects of the specification, their attributes and the relationships between them.

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Fig. 6.

Comparison conditions.

2.2. Impact of implementing RCD on data quality in RIS

The German approach to standardization of research information reflects the heterogeneous research landscape and federal governance structure of Germany [4]. RCD serves as orientation for institutions intending to represent the RCD in their technical systems. Implementation can feasibly take place at both institutional and RIS provider level; both instances can be observed in the German science system. The RCD’s XML Schema can be utilized as a data source before importing into RIS and/or as an export format to facilitate report creation.

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Table 1

Mapping (basis data) between RCD and CERIF

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Table 2

Extract of Mappings (semantics) between RCD and CERIF.

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While the introduction of the RCD has likely numerous effects on research information management processes and research information quality, we focus here on effects we perceive to most immediately impact the data quality dimensions addressed in this paper. First, the standard provides the basis for a common understanding and interpretation of research information through its semantic specifications, thus likely improving consistency of the data over time and across institutions, as well as correctness and completeness. Second, it structures the data acquisition process at institutional level and, especially if incorporated in RIS software, potentially reduces the need to harmonize previously heterogeneous data sources and formats. Impact on correctness and completeness of the data is expected here as well. In addition, it specifies relationships between research information entities, which in combination with RIS capabilities facilitate data integration. We expect this aspect of the RCD to impact correctness, consistency as well as timeliness of the relationships described. All the impacts described here will be mediated by existing data quality assurance procedures present in Higher Education and research institutions. Figure 2 provides an overview about the research information management process and the RCD’s impacts.

With the increasing integration of research information from various sources in RIS and their growing importance for institutional management, data quality is becoming a growing area of interest for Higher Education and research institutions. Incorrect, inconsistent, inaccurate and missing data will lead to erroneous research information and interfere with decisions within an institution. In order to avoid the most costs in the academic institutions, a holistic data quality management process is required in RIS. The framework presented in this paper provides institutions with the means to improve the quality of research information before integration into RIS. We report positive results of the application of our framework for sample publication data (detailed information can be found in the work of [2]).

The framework further sketches the impact of the German research information standard RCD on data quality. Our results show that data quality is to some extent contingent on standard adoption and that data quality will likely improve as a result. A standardized data model, such as RCD, is an essential prerequisite for achieving data governance in terms of monitoring and strengthening data management in institutions. This makes it possible to introduce and permanently guarantee quality in institutions as an overall target for research information.

3. Mapping RCD and CERIF

This section is intended to provide a meaningful mapping recommendation for the elements of the RCD data model and CERIF data model to simplify use of the RCD in existing CERIF-compliant systems. RCD and CERIF essentially include XML Schema, data model, and semantics specifications for the exchange of research information. Figure 4 and 5 below list and explain the metrics of RCD and CERIF.

RCD and CERIF are translated into classes and relationships in ontology and in elements of an XML schema. To make the implementation understandable, it is therefore necessary to record and manage the links between the content definitions and the various data models. The mapping of RCD base data to CERIF is straightforward and much of the elements mentioned in the RCD basic data model are also present in CERIF. This means that RCD extends the existing CERIF elements by further attributes but also adds missing, e.g. the aspect of promoting young talent and spin-offs. CERIF data model captures the data in full detail; the RCD aggregate data model instead focuses on an aggregated presentation of research information for reporting. Linking the RCD with the already defined concepts in CERIF appears to make sense through the investigation. These results were agreed with experts in this field at the workshop on “Using the RCD Data Model as the Standard for Processing Research Information and Comparison with CERIF” organized by RCD team.

For the conditions of the comparison for each area or objects of the RCD or tables of the CERIF we have selected two different colors to better understand them. This is illustrated as follows in Fig. 6.

Our mapping looks at two categories:

Comparison of the basic data of RCD with CERIF

The results of these categories between RCD and CERIF are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

The results of a mapping (basis data, semantics and link entities) of RCD and CERIF show that the elements of the RCD are mappable to the CERIF data model and have a common vocabulary, and that these two standards allow the exchange between different research information systems. The RCD and CERIF formats provide models to structure the research area into relevant objects and their relationships, while allowing their high-quality integration and interoperability into the RIS in a common format. These are not only beneficial for information management, but also for analyzing data and accessing data, information and knowledge. In addition, the two standards provide clarity in the collection of research information and to reduce the administrative burden and to improve the data quality of the research information and to represent sound and transparent decisions.

4. Conclusion

Summing up one can say that the two data models RCD and CERIF support the interoperability of research information in different formats, e. g. exchange, merge, sharing and mapping of data. CERIF and RCD can be considered as a basic data format and thus increase the flexibility of RIS. However, for better integration and compatibility between CERIF and RCD, the changes outlined above should be implemented in RCD version 2.0.