Northward Migration of Antarctic Polar Front during the Quaternary: Planktic Foraminiferal Record from Southeast Indian Ocean

The ODP Hole 763A is influenced by the northward-flowing cold West Australian Current (WAC) and Southward flowing warm Leeuwin Current (LC). LC is a branch of the South Equatorial Current (SEC), which brings relatively warmer waters from the tropical Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean via Indonesian Throughflow (ITF). The modern planktic foraminiferal fauna thrives along the western margin of Australia. It consists mainly of warm water assemblages brought by the LC. The present study provides planktic foraminiferal census data from ODP Hole 763A, influenced by the LC and WAC, to document the history of cold water influence at the site during the quaternary. The northward migration of the Antarctic Polar Front (APF) and resultant intensification of the cold West Australian Current have been inferred based on the dramatic increase in the relative abundance of temperate water species group Globoconella at Hole 763A situated in the low latitude region. The Quaternary planktic foraminiferal census data shows several episodes of invasion of Globoconella. These intervals of high abundance of Globoconella group have been attributed to the intensification of WAC, probably due to Antarctic ice volume expansion and resultant northward migration of the APF at 0.05 Ma, 0.2 Ma, 0.45 Ma, 0.7 Ma and 1.2 Ma. We have documented that the amplitude of fluctuations in cold/warm events has increased after the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (MPT). LC is a heat supplier to the higher latitudes, its weakening during such intervals might have contributed to the ice volume expansion over Antarctica. Thus, the study proposes that the Antarctic ice cap formation creates a positive feedback mechanism by lowering sea level, reduced strength of LC due to a decrease in ITF and less heat supply towards the South Pole. All these phenomena add to further cooling.