Relationship quality,absorptive capacity and innovation performance of industry university research cooperative enterprises

Abstract

Based on the research perspective of industry university research cooperation, taking 227 industry university research cooperation enterprises as the research object, this paper studies the impact of relationship quality on absorptive capacity under the background of industry university research cooperation by using the calculation method of science and engineering SPSS. The results show that the three dimensions of relationship quality significantly improve potential absorptive capacity, potential absorptive capacity is conducive to actual absorptive capacity, the organizational learning plays a regulatory role between potential absorption capacity and actual absorptive capacity, actual absorptive capacity is conducive to the improvement of innovation performance, absorptive capacity plays a mediating role between relationship quality and innovation performance. It can be seen absorptive capacity plays a key role in industry university research cooperation, and cooperative enterprises should attach importance to the cultivation of their own absorptive capacity.

Keywords

Industry university research cooperation relationship quality absorptive capacity innovation performance

1. Introduction

Cohen and Levinthal [1] put forward the concept of absorptive capacity, and defined it as “the ability to identify, digest and commercialize the application of new external knowledge”. However, they regarded absorptive capacity as the internal learning ability of enterprises, and ignored the relationship dimension of absorptive capacity. The main contribution of Zahra and George to absorptive capacity research is that they pay attention to the relationship dimension of absorptive capacity and divided it into potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity [2]. The former emphasized the relationship dimension, which refers to the ability to acquire and digest external knowledge; The latter emphasized the internal learning ability, which refers to the ability to transform and commercialize external knowledge. With the deepening of the research, domestic scholars have begun to pay attention to the research on the relationship dimension of absorptive capacity, and agree that the different dimensions of absorptive capacity are affected by internal and external factors.

In recent years, some scholars have analyzed the relationship between relationship quality and absorptive capacity, absorptive capacity and innovation performance. Lakkala et al. [3] emphasized the role of relationship quality in knowledge acquisition and digestion, and believed that good relationship quality among organizations can effectively promote the transfer of knowledge among cooperative organizations, and had a positive effect on the improvement of absorptive capacity. Xie and Zuo [4], Liu et al. [4, 5] empirically analyzed the positive effect of absorptive capacity on innovation performance.

Under the background of industry university research cooperation, how can enterprises effectively absorb and utilize external knowledge resources to improve innovation performance? What is the mechanism of absorptive capacity between relationship quality and innovation performance? These are the problems that need to be solved urgently by the industry university research cooperative enterprises [6].

Scientific and engineering computing uses advanced computing power to solve complex scientific and engineering problems. It integrates modeling, algorithm, software development and computational simulation. It is an essential link and tool for computers to realize their application in high-tech fields. It is the main way of scientific and technological innovation in the world. This paper empirically analyzes the interaction mechanism among relationship quality, absorptive capacity and cooperation performance under the background of industry university research cooperation by using scientific and engineering calculation method SPSS.

2. Theoretical analysis and research hypothesis

Relationship quality is widely used to study the relationship between cooperative organizations. Based on the views of Song [7], relationship quality was divided into three dimensions: trust, commitment and communication; Based on the views of Zahra and George [2], absorptive capacity was divided into two dimensions: potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity; Based on the views of Yang [8], innovation efficiency and innovation activities were used to evaluate innovation performance.

2.1 Relationship between relationship quality and potential absorptive capacity

From the perspective of relationship, the relationship quality of industry university research cooperation is constantly changing, which affects the acquisition and digestion of external heterogeneous knowledge of universities and scientific research institutions.

Trust affects potential absorptive capacity from two aspects: First, because of the existence of trust between industry university research cooperation, it will inevitably lead to frequent cooperation among industry, university and research [9]. Frequent cooperation is conducive to knowledge sharing and transfer, so that enterprises can obtain the required knowledge resources and improve the level of knowledge stock. Second, trust is formed in the process of cooperation, which reduces one party’s concern about the other’s opportunistic behavior, so that the cooperative organizations can better understand and share knowledge resources, and enhance the ability of enterprises to digest knowledge.

Based on trust, commitment affects potential absorptive capacity from two levels: Firstly, the institutional level of commitment ensures the sharing and diffusion of knowledge, which is conducive to the acquisition and digestion of knowledge resources of cooperative organizations, and promotes the improvement of potential absorptive capacity. Secondly, the perceptual level of commitment helps to improve the degree of mutual trust among cooperative organizations, and the improvement of trust promotes the acquisition and absorption of knowledge resources of cooperative organizations.

Effective communication can reduce opportunistic behavior, reduce the excessive protection of knowledge between universities and scientific research institutions, improve the intimacy between cooperative organizations, ensure and assist the sharing and transmission of knowledge among cooperative organizations as much as possible, and facilitate enterprises to acquire and digest the knowledge of cooperative organizations. So, this paper assumes that:

H1: Trust has a positive effect on potential absorptive capacity. H2: Commitment has a positive effect on potential absorptive capacity. H3: Communication has a positive effect on potential absorptive capacity.

2.2 The relationship between potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity

Absorptive capacity is a kind of dynamic capacity, which can be divided into two dimensions: potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity. Potential absorptive capacity emphasizes relational dimension, which is the ability to acquire and digest external knowledge; Actual absorptive capacity emphasizes internal learning ability, which is the ability to transform and use external knowledge. Acquisition, digestion, transformation and application are continuous process of absorbing external knowledge. Although the ability of enterprises to acquire and digest external knowledge does not necessarily mean the ability of transforming and commercializing external knowledge is strong, however, the ability of acquiring and digesting external knowledge is the basis of transforming and commercializing external knowledge. So, this paper assumes that:

H4: Potential absorptive capacity is conducive to the improvement of actual absorptive capacity.

2.3 The regulatory effect of organizational learning

Potential absorptive capacity is the basis of actual absorptive capacity improvement, but its effect is not naturally generated. It is realized on the basis of extensive organizational learning. Zahra and George [2] pointed out that enterprises with strong potential absorptive capacity can improve actual absorptive capacity only through effective organizational learning mechanism. It can be seen that organizational learning is the key to the effective absorption and internalization of these acquired knowledge. So, this paper assumes that:

H5: Organizational learning plays a regulatory role between potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity.

2.4 The relationship between actual absorptive capacity and innovation performance

Nonaka and Takeuchi [10] argue that enterprises must integrate the knowledge inside and outside of the organization effectively, then transform it into the internal knowledge in order to achieve knowledge innovation. It can be seen that only by transforming potential absorptive capacity into actual absorptive capacity, innovation performance can be ultimately improved. So, this paper assumes that:

H6: Actual absorptive capacity has a positive effect on innovation performance.

2.5 The mediating effect of absorptive capacity

Maintaining good relationship quality is conducive to communication learning and knowledge integration, can effectively promote the transfer of knowledge between cooperative organizations, and has a positive role in promoting absorptive capacity, which can improve innovation performance. The good relationship quality between industry cooperative organizations helps to reduce the concerns of all parties, improve innovation performance, and thus enhance the desire of all parties to carry out long-term cooperation. At the same time, it also reduces the cost of communication, dispute conflict and bargaining. Castro-Felix and Daniels [11] argue that the quality of close relationships can increase learning activities, improve absorptive capacity of enterprises, and then improve innovation performance. So, this paper assumes that:

H7: Absorptive capacity plays a mediating role in relationship quality and innovation performance.

2.6 The proposal of conceptual model

This paper expounds the relationship among relationship quality, absorptive capacity, organizational learning and innovation performance, and puts forward relevant hypotheses. This leads to the conceptual model of this paper, as shown in Fig. 1.

3. Research design

3.1 Research samples and data collection

According to the purpose of this paper, the author mainly distributed questionnaires to the enterprises of industry university research cooperation in Shanghai, Guangdong, Beijing, Jiangsu and Jiangxi. The respondents were the middle and senior managers of the interviewed enterprises, including senior managers in charge of the overall business, managers in charge of R&D business or other major business departments, who can have a deeper understanding of absorptive capacity and innovation performance. The distribution and collection of the questionnaires is shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Distribution and collection of the questionnaires

	Field interview	Questionnaire star	Total number	Proportion
Number of distributions	110	200	310
Number of collections	110	172	282	90.97%
Number of valid collections	103	124	227	73.25%

Figure 1.

The conception model.

3.2 Measurement of variable index

The metrics in this paper are mature indicators that have been used in the existing literature, so this paper verifies the construction validity of each variable by means of validation factor analysis. The reliability of each variable is shown in Table 2. The reliability of each variable reaches an acceptable level. The average variance extraction is greater than the square of the correlation coefficient, which indicates that the discriminant validity is good. The average variance extraction is greater than 0.5, which indicates that the aggregation degree is good. The above shows that the scale has well construct validity.

Table 2
Reliability and validity of measurement items of related variables

First indicators	Secondary indicators	Measurement items	Factor loading			Cronbach’s alpha
Relationship	Trust	All parties earnestly carry out their tasks	0.834	0.148	0.220	0.885
quality		All parties have a positive attitude towards cooperation	0.917	0.027	0.197
		All parties should deal with the conflict fairly	0.890	$-$ 0.029	0.164
	Commitment	All parties will not take advantage of others’ negligence	$-$ 0.014	0.837	$-$ 0.003	0.812
		All parties have invested a lot of resources and funds	0.118	0.846	0.004
		All parties shall send competent and experienced personnel	0.025	0.866	0.160
	Communication	All parties can communicate effectively	0.180	0.048	0.903	0.801
		Cooperative conflict can be effectively solved	0.300	0.080	0.853
Absorptive capacity	Potential absorptive	Know the latest development technology	0.877	0.320		0.961
	capacity	Quickly identify valuable new knowledge from outside	0.903	0.305
		Diversified ways to acquire external new knowledge	0.924	0.254
		Quickly understand and digest new external knowledge	0.899	0.274
	Actual absorptive	It can quickly integrate new and old knowledge	0.218	0.873		0.928
	capacity	Focus on organizing and archiving new knowledge	0.287	0.891
		Be able to use new knowledge to update products	0.334	0.834
		Be able to use new products to develop new markets	0.277	0.855
Organization learning		Employees often share information with each other	0.902			0.941
		Employees pay attention to the storage of knowledge	0.946
		The enterprise helps employees master knowledge through training	0.950
		The enterprise pays attention to the promotion of successful experience of each department	0.891
Innovation performance		The number of new products developed by the enterprise is large	0.907			0.948
		New product sales accounted for a high proportion of the total sales	0.945
		The success rate of innovation projects is high	0.952
		The number of patents applied by the enterprise is large	0.924

4. Results and discussion

4.1 Correlation analysis

The correlation among the measurement variables of relationship quality, absorptive capacity, innovation performance and organizational learning is shown in Table 3. In terms of correlation, the two measurement dimensions of absorptive capacity (potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity) are independent due to the use of variance maximization axis method in the process of factor analysis, so the correlation coefficient is 0; Actual absorptive capacity is significantly correlated with innovation performance (coefficient is 0.521). The three dimensions of relationship quality (trust, commitment, communication) were significantly correlated with potential absorptive capacity (coefficients is 0.389, $P<$ 0.01; 0.197, $P<$ 0.01; 0.429, $P<$ 0.01); Organizational learning is significantly correlated with actual absorptive capacity (coefficients were 0.504, $P<$ 0.01). These related data preliminarily illustrate the rationality of the research hypothesis.

Table 3
Correlation coefficient table among variables

Correlation coefficient	1	2	3	4	5	6	7
Potential absorptive capacity	1
Actual absorptive capacity	0.000	1
Trust	0.389 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	$-$ 0.016	1
Commitment	0.197 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.096	0.000	1
Communication	0.429 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.167 ${}^{\ast}$	0.000	0.000	1
Organization learning	0.215 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.504 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.131 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	$-$ 0.030	0.264 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	1
Innovation performance	0.250 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.512 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.112	0.170 ${}^{\ast}$	0.215 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.393 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	1

Table 4

Regression analysis results and hypothesis verification

Hypothesis	Relationship between variables	Regression coefficient	$P$ value	Verification results
H1	Trust-potential absorptive capacity	0.157	0.003 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	H1 passed
H2	Commitment-potential absorptive capacity	0.105	0.026 ${}^{\ast}$	H2 partially passed
H3	Communication-potential absorptive capacity	0.273	0.00 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	H3 passed
H4	Potential absorptive capacity – actual absorptive capacity	0.594	0.00 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	H4 passed
H6	Actual absorptive capacity – innovation performance	0.563	0.00 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	H6 passed

4.2 Hypothesis test

In this paper, multiple regression is used for hypothesis test, and the results are shown in Table 4.

The three dimensions of relationship quality have a positive effect on potential absorptive capacity. In Table 4, the regression coefficient of trust to potential absorptive capacity is significant (ß $=$ 0.157, $P<$ 0.01), so H1 is supported. In Table 4, the regression coefficient of commitment to potential absorptive capacity is significant (ß $=$ 0.105, $P<$ 0.05), so H2 is partially supported. In Table 4, the regression coefficient of communication to potential absorptive capacity is significant (ß $=$ 0.273, $P<$ 0.01). So, H3 is supported.

Potential absorptive capacity has a positive effect on actual absorptive capacity. In Table 4, the regression coefficient is significant (ß $=$ 0.594, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast})$ . So, H4 is supported.

Actual absorptive capacity has a positive impact on innovation performance. In Table 4, the regression coefficient is significant (ß $=$ 0.563, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast})$ . So, H6 is supported.

4.3 The regulatory role of organizational learning

This paper will test the regulatory role of organizational learning on the relationship between potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity by using the regulatory variables test method proposed by Wen et al. [12]. The results are shown in Table 5.

Table 5
Validation results of regulatory variables

Dependent var (actual absorptive capacity)	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Enterprise age 6–10 years	$-$ 0.	060	$-$ 0.	289	$-$ 0.	379
Enterprise age 11–15 years	$-$ 0.	136	$-$ 0.	331	$-$ 0.	449
Enterprise age 16 years or above	$-$ 0.	001	$-$ 0.	173	$-$ 0.	280
Enterprise scale 101–500 employees	$-$ 0.	035	0.	287	0.	357
Enterprise scale 501–1000 employees	0.	060	0.	377	0.	468
Enterprise scale 1001 employees or above	$-$ 0.	016	0.	288	0.	400
Potential absorptive capacity			0.	445 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.	525 ${}^{\ast\ast}$
Organizational learning			0.	391 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	0.	382 ${}^{\ast\ast}$
Potential absorptive capacity ${}^{\ast}$ Organizational learning					0.	191 ${}^{\ast\ast}$
$\Delta$ R ${}^{2}$	0.	014	0.	480	0.	509
After adjustment $\Delta$ R ${}^{2}$	$-$ 0.	013	0.	460	0.	489
F	0.	511	25.	109 ${}^{\ast\ast}$	24.	983 ${}^{\ast\ast}$

$Y=$ 0.525 ${}^{\ast}$ potential absorptive capacity $+$ 0.382 ${}^{\ast}$ Organizational Learning $+$ 0.191 ${}^{\ast}$ potential absorptive capacity ${\ast}$ organizational learning $=$ (0.525 $+$ 0.191 ${}^{\ast}$ organizational learning) ${\ast}$ potential absorptive capacity $+$ 0. 382 ${}^{\ast}$ organizational learning.

From the above regulatory regression equation, we can clearly see that: (1) The influence coefficient between potential absorptive capacity and Y is: (0.525 $+$ 0.191 ${}^{\ast}$ organizational learning); (2) The value range of organizational learning is 1–5, so (0.525 $+$ 0.191 ${}^{\ast}$ organizational learning) is always $>$ 0, which means that no matter what the situation of organizational learning is, the relationship between potential absorptive capacity and Y is always positive; Further, the better the condition of organizational learning, the stronger the positive effect of potential absorptive capacity on y. So, H5 is supported.

4.4 The mediating role of absorptive capacity

Absorptive capacity is divided into two dimensions: potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity. In this paper, absorptive capacity is measured by using the average of potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity.

This paper will test the mediating role of absorptive capacity on the relationship between relationship quality and innovation performance by using the mediating variables test method proposed by Wen et al. [12].

As shown in Table 6: (1) The relationship between independent variable relationship quality and dependent variable innovation performance is significant (ß $=$ 0.284, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast}$ , Table 6); (2) The relationship between independent variable relationship quality and intermediary variable absorptive capacity is significant (ß $=$ 0.510, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast}$ , Table 6), and the relationship between mediation variable absorptive capacity and dependent variable innovation performance is significant (ß $=$ 0.542, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast}$ , Table 6); (3) We test the effect of independent variables relationship quality on dependent variables innovation performance after adding mediation variable absorptive capacity, that is, we do the regression of (4) in Table 6.

After adding mediation variable absorptive capacity, the relationship between the independent variable relationship quality and the dependent variable innovation performance changes from significant (ß $=$ 0.284, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast}$ ) to insignificant (ß $=$ 0.010, $P>$ 0.05), while the relationship between mediation variable absorptive capacity and dependent variable innovation performance is still significant (ß $=$ 0.537, $P<$ 0.01 ${}^{\ast\ast}$ ). The mediating effect between quantity and innovation performance is significant, which indicates that absorptive capacity plays a complete mediating role between independent variable relationship quality and dependent variable innovation performance. That is to say, relationship quality affects innovation performance through improving absorptive capacity. So, H7 is supported.

Table 6
Regression analysis of relationship quality, absorptive capacity and innovation performance

Number	Independent variable	Dependent variable	Regression coefficient (ß)	Significance
1	Relationship quality	Innovation performance	0.284	0.000
2	Relationship quality	Absorptive capacity	0.510	0.000
3	Absorptive capacity	Innovation performance	0.542	0.000
4	Relationship quality	Innovation performance	0.010	0.876
	Absorptive capacity		0.537	0.000

5. Conclusion

This paper takes 227 cooperative enterprises as the research objects, and the relationship among relationship quality, absorptive capacity and innovation performance is studied empirically. Under the background of open innovation economy, the above conclusions have important implications for the cooperative enterprises to improve absorptive capacity.

(1) In the cooperative relationship, enterprises should pay attention to the relationship quality with universities and scientific research institutions.

With the increasingly complex market environment of enterprises, more and more enterprises are placed in the living environment of open innovation. The single fighting or vicious competition between them is gradually eliminated by the market. Seeking different degrees and forms of cooperation inside and outside the organization, especially with universities and scientific research institutions, is recognized by most enterprises. According to the research hypothesis, the results show that relationship quality affects the potential absorptive capacity to a large extent, and the three dimensions of relationship quality, trust, commitment and communication, have a positive effect on potential absorptive capacity. In the process of improving absorptive capacity, the relationship quality with universities and scientific research institutions should be fully considered. This is because trust and commitment are the cornerstone of partners’ communication. Through mutual understanding and trust, increasing mutual communication and cooperation can improve the speed of enterprises acquiring and digesting external knowledge, thus contributing to the improvement of potential absorption capacity.

(2) The factors affecting the improvement of absorptive capacity in different dimensions are different.

Under the economic background of open innovation, scholars pay more and more attention to the relationship dimension of absorptive capacity. The relationship quality of industry university research cooperative organization is the key factor affecting the relationship dimension of absorptive capacity (potential absorptive capacity); The actual absorptive capacity is the ability at the internal level of the organization, which is mainly affected by the internal learning of the organization. Through the measurement of the above main variables, it is concluded that all the main variables have good reliability and validity. Through regression analysis of the above factors, the following conclusions are drawn:

The relationship quality between industry university research cooperation organizations has a significant impact on potential absorptive capacity, which shows that good trust, commitment and communication between industry university research cooperation parties help to improve potential absorptive capacity. In the process of industry university research cooperation, the cooperative innovation network composed of heterogeneous organizations such as “government, industry, university, research and application” helps enterprises to get in touch with rich external knowledge. Enterprises should strengthen the contact with external organizations. Frequent contact and communication will help enterprises digest and absorb external knowledge and improve their potential absorption ability. Organizational learning plays a regulatory role in the relationship between potential absorptive capacity and actual absorptive capacity. In order to transform and commercialize the digested external knowledge within the enterprise, enterprises should also pay attention to the construction of organizational learning mechanism. The coordination and matching of internal and external resources is more conducive to the improvement of absorptive capacity. The actual absorptive capacity contributes to the improvement of cooperation performance. Potential absorptive capacity is the premise and foundation for enterprises to use external knowledge, and the actual absorptive capacity is the key for enterprises to continuously use external knowledge to innovate and maintain competitive advantage. In the process of industry university research cooperation, due to the heterogeneity of knowledge resources, enterprises continuously identify and obtain knowledge resources that play an important role in innovation through communication and exchange with universities and scientific research institutions, and then carry out internal transformation and commercial application of knowledge through effective organizational learning, so as to realize knowledge innovation and improve cooperation performance.

(3) Combining the external support system with the internal support system can effectively improve absorptive capacity.

Through industry university research cooperation, enterprises can acquire and digest the knowledge in many fields required by their innovation. However, it is difficult for enterprises to realize the internal transformation and commercial application of knowledge by relying on external knowledge sources alone. Therefore, it also needs the cooperation of internal organizational learning mechanism. Through the organizational learning mechanism, the obtained external new knowledge can be exchanged and shared in the system, so as to transform the external new knowledge into internal knowledge and apply it commercially. It can be seen that in order to improve the absorptive capacity, enterprises need to match the external support system with the internal support system. We should not only strengthen the cooperation with external organizations, but also strengthen the organization’s own learning ability. If enterprises only use the external support system to obtain external knowledge sources and ignore the application of knowledge within the enterprise, they are likely to lack the application ability of knowledge and cannot further transform knowledge into new products. On the contrary, if the enterprise only pays attention to the construction of internal support system without contacting with external knowledge sources, the enterprise may fall into a “maturity trap” and cannot achieve long-term growth.

Footnotes

Acknowledgments

The work is financially supported by Project of Science and Technology Foundation of Jiangxi Education Department (No. GJJ209201); The work is financially supported by Humanities projects of Colleges and universities of Jiangxi Education Department (No. GL20155).

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