Research on the historical evolution of urban street morphology under the background of big data and Internet of Things

Abstract

With the advent of the era of Industry 4.0, big data and the Internet of Things came into being. The rise of big data and the Internet of Things has had an impact on all walks of life. The development of big data and the Internet of Things provides an opportunity for the evolution of street form. With the rapid development of smart cities, the street shape is also changing more and more towards the direction of intelligence. Taking Chunxi Road in Chengdu as an example, this paper studies the generation mechanism of street morphology. The factors influencing the generation of street form are divided into two categories: (1) legal factors. (2) Architectural design factors. By building a model, the article quantitatively analyzes the impact of these two types of factors on street form. At the same time, the article conducts an in-depth study on the evolution of ancient Chinese street morphology. The ancient Chinese street form is divided into four stages, namely the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Late Qing Dynasty, and the founding of New China. The influencing factors of street shape are divided into four categories, namely, the influence of commodity economy, the influence of foreign culture, the influence of building materials, and the influence of traffic. This paper elaborates the influence mechanism of these four factors on the street form in China. The article finally puts forward the development trend of my country’s future street form, and points out that the evolution of my country’s street form will develop in the direction of intelligence, and intelligent transportation, intelligent garbage classification system, etc. will be applied. The number of brick-and-mortar stores in my country’s street layout may decrease.

Keywords

Big data internet of things urban street form historical evolution

1. Introduction

As a special urban public space, the street has a close relationship with the main body of social activities. Streets are noticeably more dynamic and pyrotechnic than other urban public spaces. The development of streets is a reflection of the political, economic and cultural conditions of a city. Studying the changes of street forms can strengthen our understanding of urban development, and study the inherent laws of urban development, which can promote better urban development in the future. At the same time, the study of urban streets is of great significance to improve the urban road system and maintain the cultural characteristics of the city.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the streets not only carried the heavy responsibility of traffic, but also the space for market transactions. In the era of no transportation facilities, the street is a space for entertainment, carrying people’s laughter and laughter. After the appearance of transportation equipment such as horse-drawn carriages, the contradiction between people and vehicles was exposed. Vehicles crowded the space of pedestrians and people’s activities were reduced. But the real paradox is that after the birth of the car, a large number of vehicles poured into the streets, and the loud noise and pungent exhaust produced by the car made people increasingly reluctant to move on the streets. On the street, people can only walk with some narrow pedestrian passages. The nature of the street has changed, from the original entertainment street to now carrying the heavy responsibility of traffic.

The city is dynamic and constantly evolving. The city street is the core soul of the city, the public activity area of the main body of urban activities, and the most dynamic place in a city. The streets show the subculture of the city, highlight the regional characteristics of the city, and are the recorders of the city’s splendor. The street is like the skeleton of the city, and it is the interactive gathering place between urban subjects and urban space [1, 2]. With the development of cities, the shape of city streets is also changing. The old street space is gradually forgotten, and the new street space is gradually generated. Urban street form is a collection of street space and social activities. It mainly includes subject person, object event and space. From the spatial perspective of the material of urban streets, we can define urban street form as street function, street scale and street buildings. The historical evolution of the form evolution of urban streets is based on natural changes as the background, political power as the lead, economic development as the support, social changes as the main driving force and complex activities. Natural disasters, dynasties changes, economic development, and changes in customs Affect the changes in the form of urban streets. The specific impact is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Factors influencing the development of street morphology.

With the advent of the era of Industry 4.0, big data and the Internet of Things came into being. Big data has four value attributes, namely large amount, high speed, variety, and value. The explosive growth of data volume in the era of Industry 4.0 has led to a large amount of data in big data [3]. Data sources such as IoT sensors continue to explain that data leads to the rapid generation of big data. The types of data are expanded from structured data to structured data, semi-structured, and unstructured data, resulting in many types of big data. Data describes massive amounts of data, but what is really useful is often a very small amount of data that results in a low value density of big data. Big data technology can store, analyze, and process massive amounts of data, and has a wide range of applications in many fields. The Internet of Things is the Internet of things connected. The concept of the Internet of Things is developed on the basis of the Internet. The Internet of Things is to connect the sensing devices such as the Internet of Things sensors with the Internet, so as to realize the connection between people and people at any time and any place. Information communication between things, things and things, people and people. IoT workers must first rely on IoT sensors. IoT sensors are like the five senses of IoT, which can sense various information. IoT sensors constantly perceive external information, and at the same time transmit external information to the internal processing system. The internal processing system is based on certain logic to process. Nowadays, the application fields of the Internet of Things and big data are very wide, and they are widely used in the media industry, medical field, financial field, intelligent manufacturing, and multi-disciplinary teaching fields.

With the development of big data Internet of things, big data and Internet of things provide technology for the evolution of street form. With the rapid development of smart cities, the street shape is also changing more and more towards the direction of intelligence. Big data and the Internet of Things build a smart transportation system and improve the congestion of urban streets. Big data and the Internet of Things build smart lighting and smart waste management systems to make our street layout more beautiful. In short, big data and the Internet of Things are changing the shape of our streets in every way.

2. Research on the formation mechanism of urban street morphology

The formation mechanism of street form in my country is mainly affected by two aspects. One is the control of laws and regulations. In order to maintain the shape of streets, relevant urban departments often formulate certain laws, regulations and systems, as well as certain industry norms, to ensure the rationality and standardization of urban streets. The second is the design concept of the building. Under certain industry norms, architects are free to express their creativity, and various styles of buildings may be manufactured. The design concept of the building has a more refined impact on the city street.

2.1 Research objects

The generation of street form is mainly affected by the control of laws and regulations and the design concept of buildings.

Control of laws and regulations. In my country, streets with different functions are subject to different levels of legal control [4]. China’s urban streets and roads are mainly divided into four categories: expressways, trunk roads, secondary trunk roads, and branch roads. The main legal provisions include the following points. First, the buildings lining the street must be implemented outside the red line of the road. The setting of the red line is generally determined by the type of road and the function of the street. Secondly, the entrances and exits of buildings on both sides of the street must be determined according to the type of road and the type of buildings. Finally, the construction height of the building must meet the sunshine distance and fire separation distance stipulated by the city. The above are the laws and regulations that must be followed in the generation of street morphology in my country.

Architectural design concept. The design of urban street form must meet the requirements of laws and regulations. Under the condition of compliance, architects and building owners can design different types of buildings according to different economic and residential needs. For example, the square beside the road can replace the sidewalk when the road is congested and play the role of safe evacuation. Large shopping malls on the main roads of the city tend to be more economical.

The main research object of this paper is that street form is the generation mechanism. The content of the research is divided into two parts. First, the control of laws and regulations on the setting of urban road red lines, plot boundaries, minimum safe sunshine distance, and minimum safe fire distance of streets with different grades, different widths and different orientations. Secondly, the shape of the street under the design concept is studied, including the spatial layout of the street, the width of the street and the height of the building [5, 6].

2.2 Research process

This research conducted an investigation around the neighborhood of Chunxi Road Street in Chengdu, and conducted an in-depth analysis of the street form near Chunxi Road, the street network of Chunxi Road, and the architectural form of public buildings. Through a detailed investigation of the characteristic elements of the street shape near Chunxi Road, the street space index is quantified to provide a method for the modeling of the street shape. Sort out the laws and regulations related to urban street form, comprehensively analyze the impact of laws and regulations on the evolution of urban street form, and build a model of the impact of laws and regulations on urban street form.

As shown in Table 1, the impact of laws on street form can be divided into four types of factors, namely boundary, width, distribution plaza, and reward building area.

Table 1
The weight of the influence of laws on street shape

Control factor	Street shape influence weight
Boundary	$\alpha$
Interface width	$\beta$
Distribution square	$\gamma$
Incentive building area	$\varphi$

Boundary. The red lines of urban roads for building concessions in my country are subject to relevant national regulations and local laws and regulations on urban planning. Local regulations will clearly stipulate the minimum distance of the street red line. In theory, the layout of the buildings on both sides of the street can be arranged according to the minimum distance of the street red line, which can achieve the maximum urban line sticking rate. A high discount rate goes a long way towards improving the livability of a city and maximizing the use of street space.

Width. The interface width is an important parameter of the street layout. The street form is a reflection of the cultural heritage of a city. The unique interface width can reflect the history and culture of the city. The design of the interface width must follow a certain proportion, and the design of the interface width must also follow the policies and regulations of the country and the regulations of each city. According to local laws, the width of the urban street interface must not meet the requirements for the setting of fire lanes and the fire distances in accordance with the corresponding city regulations. Most cities in my country adopt the minimum value stipulated by law in terms of street width. In theory, according to the minimum value, the interface density of the city can be maximized. It has a great effect on improving the space utilization rate of the city.

Distribution plaza. According to national regulations and local regulations at all levels, large shopping malls and buildings in my country must have a certain area of distribution site at the entrance. The area of this distribution site is determined by the flow of people [7, 8].

Reward area. Both national and local regulations stipulate that after fulfilling their own functions, important urban buildings can provide a certain public space for the society, such as people’s squares, green passages, parking lots, etc. It can facilitate the life of residents.

Figure 2 is a specific analysis of the influencing factors of street shape.

Figure 2.

Influence of legal factors on street form.

The above explains in detail the influence of this law on the constituent factors of street form, and this influence can be expressed intuitively using Eq. (1).

$\displaystyle\nu=\alpha(\beta^{\frac{1}{3}}/\varphi)^{\gamma}$ (1)

Equation (1) indicates that the street shape index value of Chunxi Road is affected by the reward area, the distribution area, the width, and the boundary, which indicates the generation mechanism of the street shape.

The street shape is affected by architectural design and policies. This paper first introduces the impact of the policy on the street shape of Chunxi Road in detail, and obtains the Eq. (1). Based on this, we can obtain the influence of the architectural design on the Eq. (2).

$\displaystyle f=1-\alpha(\beta^{\frac{1}{3}}/\Phi)^{-r}$ (2)

3. The four stages of the evolution of urban street morphology in my country

3.1 Tang and song dynasties

Before the Tang and Song dynasties, the streets of China presented the “lifang system”. The lifang system divided the city into a continuous network structure through the continuous square system walls, and under such conditions formed a road that was divided. Before the Tang and Song Dynasties, there was only the concept of “dao”, but there was no concept of “street”. Therefore, we believe that the Tang and Song Dynasties were the period when Chinese streets were formed. The Tang Dynasty was a period when the commodity economy was prosperous, and the development of the commodity economy led to the formation of streets. The development of streets in Tang and Song Dynasties can be divided into three parts in detail.

One, the Tang Dynasty. One of the features of street development in the Tang Dynasty was the separation of Fangshi, curfews, and the closing of Fangshi on time. In the ancient capital of Chang’an, the imperial palace resides in the square market in the north of Chang’an with Zhuque Street as the center, passing through 11 streets in the north-south direction and 14 streets in the east-west direction. Divide Chang’an City into 108 squares, and at the same time divide these 108 squares into two cities, east and west. Walls are set up between the squares and between the cities, and the roads running through the 108 squares are straight and smooth. The curfew and the timed closure of Fang City are commodity economic transaction norms formulated to facilitate city management [9, 10].

Second, the Five Dynasties period. The Five Dynasties period was the period when the Lifang system was on the verge of disbanding. Street construction in the Five Dynasties period gave the people a lot of autonomy. After the government drew the red line for the building, the people could use their own land for construction.

Third, the Song Dynasty. The Lifang system disintegrated in the Song Dynasty, and the concept of street was officially born. The streets of the Song Dynasty were not as straight as the streets of the Tang Dynasty. The people’s occupation of public territories was serious, the streets became narrower, and the streets were uneven in cities and counties.

Table 2 is a summary of the development of street morphology in Tang and Song Dynasties. In short, the process of street development in the Tang and Song Dynasties was the process of the gradual disintegration of imitations, and the streets gradually changed from straight to curved. From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the curfew was gradually lifted, the government’s control of the streets became more and more relaxed, and the streets were in a state of prosperity and development.

Table 2
The development of street form in Tang and Song Dynasties

Period	Policy	Street form	Lifang system
Tang dynasty	Strict	Straight	Prosperous
Five generations	Moderate	Gradually bend	Start to disintegrate
Lifang	Loose	Narrow and curved	Full excavator

3.2 Yuan ming and Qing Dynasties

The Yuan Dynasty continued the system of the square market, but there was no longer a wall between the squares, but the road was used as the boundary. At the same time, the Yuan Dynasty encouraged the development of the commodity economy and shortened the curfew time from one to three o’clock. In the early days of the Yuan Dynasty, the planning and control of urban streets were strictly controlled, and the streets presented a regular shape. However, with the increase of the population, some uneven layers appear in the hutongs.

During the Qing Dynasty, due to the increase in the population, the urban area could not accommodate all the population, so “guan compartments” were set up. in the city. The streets are uniform, and the hutongs are still uneven. In the “closed box”, the streets are criss-crossed due to lack of management. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the maturity of brick and tile technology and the improvement of government’s requirements for fire protection, a large number of wooden houses were replaced by brick and tile houses. At the same time, due to the increase of urban density, the development of commercial buildings is developing in a vertical direction [11, 12].

To sum up, during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the street form in my country was relatively regular in the early stage, but with the development of the commodity economy and the extensive use of bricks and tiles, the street interface developed tortuously and the shops and buildings developed vertically.

3.3 Late Qing Dynasty to republic of China

In the late Qing Dynasty, with the invasion of Western powers, Western culture quickly poured into our country. Western architectural styles also influenced the styles of buildings in the late Qing Dynasty. Most of the buildings that were burnt down during the war were rebuilt in the style of Western-style single-family buildings. The buildings in our country gradually transitioned to the Western-style architectural style, and the streets showed the coexistence of Western-style buildings and traditional Chinese buildings.

Republic of China. After the Revolution of 1911, the government promulgated the use of arcades to replace traditional street buildings, and enforced the implementation of “demolition and building roads”.

To sum up, from the late Qing Dynasty to the period of the Republic of my country, the architectural style of our country showed great changes. The introduction of Western architectural culture has changed my country’s traditional square market model. The promotion of “demolition of cities and building roads” and the promotion of arcade models has made buildings in our country appear flat, which is very different from the traditional bumpy street shape in my country.

3.4 After the founding of New China

After the founding of New China, under the influence of Soviet culture, our country emphasized axis symmetry in urban planning and comprehensively expanded urban trunk roads. The unit system and the street dwelling system were implemented in community organizations. During this period, the traditional street interface gradually disintegrated due to the loss of street function.

After the reform and opening up, the traditional street form has almost disappeared, and the urban form of the main road-small road network-Kuanma Road has gradually formed. Due to the discontinuity of urban construction land, the street form presents a discontinuous state.

2,000 years, with the country’s emphasis on traditional culture, traditional Chinese streets and alleys reappeared on this land, and the street forms in this period showed a state of diversified development [13, 14].

To sum up, after the founding of New China, the buildings in our country were influenced by the Soviet culture, the traditional street form disappeared, and the urban form gradually formed. However, with the increasing emphasis on traditional culture in our country, traditional Chinese streets and alleys reappeared. The street form in China presents a trend of diversified development.

The development of urban street form in China, from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the present, has gone through the following stages from birth to development, change, and integration. The specific content is shown in Fig. 3.

Figure 3.

Evolution of street morphology in China.

4. The evolution law of urban street morphology in my country

The evolution trend of street morphology in China. The shape of Chinese streets was born in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and continued in the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. The architectural styles of China during the late Qing Dynasty and the founding of New China changed a lot. Today, the street shapes in my country show a trend of diversified development. In general, the evolution of street morphology in my country presents a trend of “generation-development-change-integration”.

4.1 Evolution law

Factors influencing the evolution of street morphology in China. From the Tang and Song Dynasties to the 21st century, the main factors affecting the street form in our country can be divided into the following categories: (1) The development of commodity economy. The prosperity and development of the economy broke the traditional square market system, and the street form in the true sense was born. (2) Development of building materials. The introduction of bricks and tiles has transformed our country from traditional wooden houses into brick houses. (3) The development of transportation. With the advancement of transportation, the demand for roads in cities is increasing, and the traditional street form has been unable to meet the needs of development, resulting in the transformation of the traditional street form to the urban street form. (4) The influence of foreign culture. The introduction of Western culture has led to changes in the shape of traditional Chinese streets. After the founding of New China, our country learned from the Soviet model, and the urban street form was formally formed. In the 21st century, under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, the pattern of streets in our country presents a situation where ancient buildings and modern buildings are intertwined, and the pattern of streets in our country presents a trend of diversified development.

Using big data technology and Internet of Things technology to analyze the influencing factors of street morphology in my country, the specific content is shown in Table 3.

Table 3
The proportion of influencing factors of street shape in my country

Project	The development of commodity economy	Development of building materials	The introduction of foreign culture	Development of transportation
Proportion	0.29	0.13	0.32	0.26
Cumulative share	0.29	0.42	0.74	1

Figure 4.

Factors influencing street shape in my country.

As shown in Fig. 4, among the influencing factors of street morphology in my country, cultural factors and commodity economic factors account for the largest proportions, while building materials and traffic have less influence. Economy and culture play a driving role in the development of street form, and the factors of traffic and building materials are the turning factors in the development of street form in my country.

4.2 The current situation of street form in China

With the development of street form in our country, the community system in our country is very perfect at present, and the streets are divided into districts, but there are still some problems.

(1)
Difficulty in transmitting information. The notice from the urban area can only reach the grassroots after being forwarded layer by layer. Due to too many links, the implementation rate of the grassroots is low. At the same time, the problems of the grassroots people cannot be effectively reflected to the higher-level departments.
(2)
Sub-district office work is cumbersome. Most materials in community service are in paper form. Due to the complex work content and cumbersome work flow of the community work office, there are too many paper materials left, and management is difficult.
(3)
Command decision-making is difficult. It is difficult for community service centers to perceive social facts, lack of understanding of the situation of the people, and no basis for decision-making.
(4)
Organization and management are difficult. There is too much population flow in the community, and the personnel structure is complex, which gives the management work of the community. cause some difficulty. Because community managers do not understand big data and Internet technology, they cannot apply them to community management, resulting in difficulties in community management and low management efficiency.

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and big data technology, all walks of life are developing in the direction of intelligence. In the future , the smart garbage classification platform and smart transportation platform built through big technology, Internet of Things technology, artificial intelligence technology, data visualization technology, etc. will greatly change the shape of urban streets. At the same time, the rapid development of e-commerce may lead to a decrease in the number of offline brick-and-mortar stores.
4.3 The development trend of urban street form in China in the future

The emergence of a smart waste sorting system. Garbage will seriously affect the street form. In the future, the smart garbage classification system constructed by using big data and Internet of Things technology will become an indispensable part of the street form structure. The smart waste classification platform adopts the Internet of Things technology to intelligently monitor the status of the trash can, including the overflow of the trash can, exposed garbage, the rot of kitchen waste, and the status of supervisors on duty [15, 16]. By supervising these situations, intelligent identification, intelligent analysis, and intelligent classification of garbage can be realized. Using RFID technology to connect various equipment in the waste transportation process, the real-time monitoring of each process of waste classification is realized.

The emergence of intelligent transportation. With the growth of people’s demand for rides and the rapid development of big data technology of the Internet of Things, the traditional mode of transportation will be transformed into intelligent transportation. Smart transportation is to use big data technology, Internet of Things technology, and data visualization technology to integrate system data with various operation scenarios of smart transportation to realize the visual perception of vehicles. The development of smart transportation is right, and it will play a major role in improving transportation efficiency and solving the problem of difficult transportation.

The number of brick-and-mortar stores will be drastically reduced. In the era of big data, e-commerce has developed rapidly, and more and more people choose to shop online. Online shopping is favored by more and more people because of its favorable price. In the future, some shops in the street may be replaced by online shopping, and the street shape will change again [17, 18].

With the development of cultural diversity, the layout of Chinese streets has also incorporated various cultural elements, such as traditional Chinese culture, two-dimensional culture, and Western culture. In the future, the street form in China will show a trend of diversification and complexity.

5. Conclusion

With the development of social culture, people pay more and more attention to the evolution of street form. The rise of big data and the Internet of Things provides a new technical method for the temporary evolution of urban streets. In the experiment of this paper, the author analyzes the evolution process of street morphology from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the present through big data technology. Taking Chunxi Road in Chengdu as an example, this paper studies the generation mechanism of street morphology. The article divides the influencing factors of street form into two categories: (1) legal factors. (2) Architectural design factors. By building a model, the article quantitatively analyzes the impact of these two types of factors on street form. At the same time, the article conducts an in-depth study on the evolution of ancient Chinese street morphology. The ancient Chinese street form is divided into four stages, namely the Tang and Song Dynasties, the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Late Qing Dynasty, and the founding of New China. The influencing factors of street shape are divided into four categories, namely, the influence of commodity economy, the influence of foreign culture, the influence of building materials, and the influence of traffic. This paper elaborates the influence mechanism of these four factors on the street form in China. The article finally puts forward the development trend of my country’s future street form, and points out that the evolution of my country’s street form will develop in the direction of intelligence, and intelligent transportation, intelligent garbage classification system, etc. will be applied. The number of brick-and-mortar stores in my country’s street layout may decrease [19].

This article is carried out on the basis of the previous one and has certain innovations. Taking specific locations as examples, the article systematically expounds the evolution history of street forms from the Tang and Song Dynasties to the present. In the process of research, I use big data analysis as a research tool, which is one of the innovations of the article. In addition, this article divides the factors affecting the evolution of Chinese street morphology into two categories: legal factors and architectural design factors, and analyzes the evolution process of Chinese street morphology from the inside out, which is another innovation of the article. However, the article also has shortcomings, such as the lack of data support for the article. Future research can integrate data into the research process to improve the credibility of the research.

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