Abstract
Port city is the result of interactive development of city and port, and international port city is the advanced stage of port city development. Firstly, the evaluation index system of international port city is constructed, which includes openness and internationalization of the city, economic development and technological innovation, port radiation and influence, balanced development and ecological environment, residents’ life and social development. Taking Ningbo as an example, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method is used to evaluate the international port city. The results show that Ningbo port has strong radiation and influence, the urban development is not balanced, and the level of urban openness and internationalization needs to be improved.
Introduction
Port city is the product of the organic combination and interactive development of port and city [1]. Port development and urban development have different characteristics in different stages, and there are interactive characteristics from spatial relationship to industrial structure [2]. The prosperity of the port promotes the evolution of the city, and the development of the city becomes the strong backing for the sustainable development of the port. The relationship between port and city goes through four stages: (1) Initial contact stage of port city. The transport function of port promotes the distribution of goods, the concentration of population and the management of Port Affairs. In the stage, the city highly depends on the port, and the urban development is centered on the port. (2) Port driven city stage. When the port develops to be able to gather production factors at home and abroad, the land area of the port becomes the advantageous location of the port industry, and the port economy, especially the port industry, becomes the most powerful driving force for urban development. (3) Stage of mutual drive of port and city. With the development of port related industries, the urban infrastructure is gradually improved and the spatial agglomeration gravity is generated to attract the agglomeration of industries not directly related to ports. With the enhancement of urban economic strength and the diversification of industrial system, the port infrastructure is constantly improved and the distribution function is constantly enhanced. (4) Urban leading development stage. With the expansion of urban scale, the completion of industrial system and the improvement of comprehensive functions, the endogenous power of urban development has been continuously enhanced, which makes the contribution of port to the city gradually decline, and urban economy has become the main economic form of port city.
The international port city is the advanced stage of port city interaction. International port city is a port city with international influence, popularity and reputation. Its basic elements are international city and world-class port [3].
Looking at the development path and evolution law of international port cities, such as Singapore, London, New York, etc., it has the following characteristics: (1) the international strong port status, the port is the development carrier of the international port city, the international port city has the world-class strong port, and plays an important role in the global port; (2) the international influence is great, the international The famous port city is an international metropolis with high degree of opening to the outside world and high international popularity, which can attract foreign investment and tourists; (3) it has strong economic strength, developed international port city economy and strong innovation driving ability, which is one of the centers of global economy and trade; (4) it has strong core function, it has strong distribution function and high-end It has a strong ability to allocate port elements and has a strong influence and radiation in economy and culture; (5) the city has a high quality of soft power, and the international port city has a profound port culture, high level of government service, and good quality of life for residents.
Literature review
The relationship between port and city
The research on the relationship between port and city mainly focuses on two aspects: First, it focuses on the economic level, explore the influence and function of ports on urban economic development. The research results show that the evolution of urban industrial structure, port function and regional port competition are the main causes of the evolution of port city relationship [4–6]. Second, it focuses on spatial layout, discusses the relationship between the change of port location and the expansion of urban space and the formation of core location. Some researchers have analyzed the spatial interaction of port city industrialization, land use, collection and distribution, and ecological environment from the aspects of port system; port city spatial structure and port city interface [7–9].
Evaluation of port city
Around the theoretical research and planning practice of international port city, the evaluation of international port city has been paid attention to. Many cities have constructed port city evaluation index system from the aspects of port, economy, society, environment and people’s livelihood, but each has its own emphasis [10]. These evaluation index systems are widely used in the case studies of Ningbo, Tianjin, Qingdao and other cities [11, 12]. Ningbo proposes an international port city evaluation index system composed of economic development, people’s livelihood service, international level, urban and rural development, port development, ecological environment etc. Tianjin evaluates the modern international port city from the modernization and internationalization of port and city. Qingdao evaluates modern international port cities from the perspectives of economic modernization, social modernization, urban modernization and internationalization.
The international port city is a stage of deep integration of port and city. There is only a word difference between the international port city and the port city; they are far from each other in terms of the city’s energy level, influence, competitiveness, openness, etc. The existing evaluation index system still has room for improvement, such as emphasizing the influence of ports, the contribution of scientific and technological innovation to urban development, and the balanced development of cities.
Therefore, in the process of building international port cities, it is of great practical significance to study the evaluation index system of the international port city.
Evaluation index system of international port city
Construction principles of evaluation index system
Evaluation index system follows the following principles: (1) Systematic principle. Famous international port city is an all-round and multilevel City, which must be evaluated systematically. (2) Combination principle of dynamic index and static index. The construction of a famous international port city is a long-term and phased construction process, which requires a combination of static and dynamic indicators for scientific evaluation. (3) Scientific principle. The source data of indicators should be true and effective to avoid repetition, omission and error. (4) Operational principle [13].
Construction of evaluation index system
The index system of international port cities must reflect the characteristics of international ports and famous cities, which should not only highlight the internationalization of ports, but also highlight the influence of cities. Based on the connotation of the famous international port city, five first-class indexes and 22 second-class indexes are constructed, including urban openness and internationalization, economic development and technological innovation, port radiation and influence, balanced development and ecological environment, residents’ life and social development [14], as shown in Table 1.
First level and second level indexes of famous international port cities
First level and second level indexes of famous international port cities
Index system description:
(1) Economic development and technological innovation. The economic development is the basic condition of the famous international port city. The famous international port city not only needs strong economic strength, but also needs high-quality economic development. Four indicators, such as GDP per capital and the proportion of added value of tertiary industry in GDP, are selected to measure the economic development level and technological innovation level of international port cities.
(2) Urban openness and internationalization. Internationalization is an important index to measure the famous international port city. Four indicators are selected to measure the openness and internationalization of the city, including the import and export volume of the port, the total amount of foreign capital actually utilized, and the passenger throughput of the airport.
(3) Port radiation and influence. Port economy is a significant symbol of famous international port city. Its radiation and influence determine whether it can be built into an international port city. The port’s radiation and influence are measured by port container throughput, port cargo throughput, port cargo container route, high-end shipping industry output value etc.
(4) Balanced development and ecological environment. The balanced development of urban and rural areas and ecological environment are the direction of urban development. To build an international port city is inseparable from urban ecological environment construction. The balanced development and ecological environment are measured by the indicators of overall planning of urban and rural development level and per capita public green space area, etc.
(5) Residents’ life and social development. The construction goal of the famous international port city is to improve the living standard of the residents and promote the harmonious development of the society. The living and social development of the residents are measured by the indicators such as per capita disposable income and registered unemployment rate of urban residents, etc.
Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) is used to evaluate the famous international port cities.
(1) Establish evaluation index system
In the process of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation, the first step is to determine the index set of fuzzy evaluation: X = {x1, x2, ⋯ , x m } this set indicates that the evaluated object can be evaluated from m aspects, that is, the evaluated object has m secondary indexes. The sub indicator set of each secondary indicator can be expressed as: x1 = x11, x12, ⋯ , x1r, x2 = x21, x22, ⋯ , x2r, ……, x m = xm1, xm2, ⋯ , x mr , indicates that the evaluated object can be evaluated from the above aspects.
(2) Set up a comment set of evaluation indexes
Comment set refers to a linguistic description of the evaluation results of various levels of indicators. It refers to the set of comments given by the evaluator to each evaluation indicator. Generally, u is used to represent the comment set: U = {U1, U2, ⋯ , U n }. In this study, the evaluation set of evaluation indicators is summarized as follows: very good, good, general, bad and very bad. The specific method is to adopt five levels of attitude, and the corresponding value is 1–10, as shown in the Table 2.
Corresponding table of satisfaction score and characterization
Corresponding table of satisfaction score and characterization
(3) Determine the weight of each indicator
Select AHP to determine the weight of each indicator, and the specific formula involved is as follows [15].
(4) Determine evaluation matrix
After sorting it out, it can be used to determine the score of the evaluation object on each index, p
i
= {pi1, pi2, ⋯ p
in
} (i = 1, 2, ⋯ , n), which can be expressed as the subordinate level of the evaluation object on the ith index[16]. In addition, a single factor fuzzy comprehensive evaluation matrix can be constructed for the line, as follows:
Where r represents the number of elements in the factor set x i , and n represents the number of elements in the indicator comment set.
(5) Comprehensive evaluation
After the above steps, the fuzzy transformation and comprehensive evaluation can be made for the evaluated object [17]. Then, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation model of the development level of the international port city can be obtained as follows:
A = (α1, α2, ⋯ , α m ) , B = (b1, b2, ⋯ , b n ) , P = |p ij | mn , The element in A represents the weight of the indicator, the element in B represents the score of each rating, and the element in P represents the proportion of the number of people in each rating of each indicator. According to this formula, the fuzzy vector B of service level can be obtained.
Comprehensive evaluation
Select the construction of international port city - Ningbo as the sample; the data comes from the actual data published by Ningbo Municipal Government in 2018, so as to evaluate the development level of Ningbo port city. The weight of each index obtained by AHP is shown in Table 3.
Evaluation index weight value of international port cities
Evaluation index weight value of international port cities
According to the single factor fuzzy comprehensive evaluation matrix obtained by the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, and then combined with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation formula for evaluation.
From the evaluation results, in the construction of Ningbo international port city, the port radiation and influence index is 0.264, which indicates that Ningbo Zhoushan port has certain influence in the world and lays the foundation for the construction of international port city. The residents’ life and social development index is 0.21, which indicates that the social development level is high, the residents’ living standard is high. The economic development and technological innovation index is 0.197. It shows that the economic development is good and the scientific and technological innovation has potential. The openness and internationalization of the city is 0.173, and the openness and internationalization level of the city need to be improved. The balanced development and ecological environment are 0.156, indicating that the urban development is not balanced, and the ecological environment needs to be improved.
Suggestion
(1) Improve port energy level, expand port radiation and influence. The government further improved the logistics service system of port and shipping, improved the service function of port, and fostered free trade, international transit business, shipping finance and other functions. Strengthen port alliance, carry out business cooperation with domestic and international ports, and expand the radiation and influence of Port.
(2) Enhance the city’s popularity and speed up the city’s international construction. Through the internationalization of urban functions, economic development, communication platform, service facilities to speed up the construction of urban internationalization.
(3) Create a livable environment and improve the quality of urban functions. Improve urban and rural infrastructure construction, optimize urban and rural
Spatial layout accelerates the construction of ecological civilization city, create a livable and industrial living environment, and comprehensively improve the quality of urban functions.
Conclusions
In order to establish a scientific and objective evaluation model of famous international port city, the fuzzy mathematics method is used. The main conclusions are as follows:
(1) The evaluation index system of urban openness and internationalization, economic development and scientific and technological innovation, port radiation and influence, balanced development and ecological environment, residents’ life and social development are constructed, and empirical analysis is carried out. The empirical results are objective and practical, which are in line with the actual situation. The model is simple, effective and feasible.
(2) The evaluation model effectively solves the influence of various factors on the research problems and the fuzzy problems in the evaluation process. It combines the qualitative evaluation and quantitative calculation organically, so as to improve the accuracy of the evaluation.
Footnotes
Acknowledgments
The work is supported by the Cooperation Research Project between Ningbo and CASS (Grant: NZKT201719) and the Soft Science Foundation of Ningbo City (Grant: 2018A10017).