What is stopping us from Implementing Society 5.0?: A mixed method study

Abstract

With growing concern for society as a whole business organizations have been forced to think about their contribution towards society apart from their own profits. This concept has been conceptualized as Society 5.0 in the more recent times. The organizations need to have a more human-centered approach in order to establish themselves in the market today. This is an emerging topic and therefore limited research has been done in this area in the literature. The aim of the current research is to fill up this research gap. The study tries to highlight the impediments in implementation of society 5.0 in the emerging economies. The research has been carried in two steps. In the first step the themes have been generated through NVIVO software. Subsequently the themes generated are taken as the factors to be prioritized in the cause-and-effect groups through a multi-criteria decision-making approach, namely Fuzzy-DEMATEL. The case study being considered for the Indian situation solicited experts for their involvement in developing the themes and also used their evaluation as input to categorise the components into cause – effect categories.

Keywords

Society 5.0 NVivo Fuzzy-DEMATEL emerging economy technology

1. Introduction

The society 5.0 model places a strong emphasis on the development of a human-centered society that seeks to achieve a balance between social challenges and economic advancement. It puts the human being first and places innovation and technology at the centre of what is best for humanity as a whole. In order to achieve this harmony, society 5.0 has taken steps to create a long-term growth paradigm (Wulansari et al., 2022). A successful re-design of supply chain networks, which are the backbone of any developing economy, will be required to accomplish the sustainable model gearing through society 5.0. Society 5.0 seeks to erase the lines between biological, digital, and physical entities in order to build robust economies (Beniiche et al., 2022). The scope of supply chain management was restricted to ensuring that production and delivery systems were efficient and error-free. The integration of Society 5.0 into supply chains has been pressed by the rise of technologies and global connections to rely on long-term benefits of sustainable practices.

Industry, supply chains, companies, social interactions, and individuals are all being influenced by the introduction of digital technology (Brunswicker et al., 2016). The fourth industrial revolution and the industrial sector’s digitalization cannot be stopped now. In a technologically driven society, sustainable development is difficult to attain, but Society 5.0 wants to lead the world in adopting technology while focusing on sustainable development (Holroyd et al., 2022; Apdillah et al., 2022).

The Society 5.0 concept is centred on achieving goals such as smart cities, constant technological advancement, sustainable growth, equal resource availability, and good health and prosperity for everybody (Srinivasa et al., 2022). The purpose of Society 5.0 is to address societal concerns while still advancing economically and technologically (Aquilani et al., 2020). Society 5.0 will cater to a wide range of people’s demands by providing all necessities. All of Society 5.0’s stated aims will be impossible to attain without competitive, long-term supply networks (Potočan et al., 2020). Organizations all throughout the world are committed to actively implementing the concepts of Society 5.0 (Shiroishi et al., 2018). To overcome problems, generate new business values, and insist on transformation, competent supply chains require a blend of technology and the real world (Zengin et al., 2021).

Many factors influence the implementation of society 5.0 in global economies, according to the research. According to the literature, significant obstacles to the development of Society 5.0 include inadequate information technology infrastructure, cultural differences among interested organisations, a lack of clearly defined policies, a lack of knowledge management systems, and a lack of trust between actors. This move to society 5.0 not only involves supply chain assistance, but also aspires for sustainability in all aspect of their operations (Gladden, 2019). Existing sustainable supply chain methods, such as an efficient code of ethics, sustainable HR, customer relations management, environmental conservation, sustainable supply chains, and quality management, impact the growth of society 5.0 (Pereira, 2020).

Although the literature has underlined the necessity for society 5.0 and its relevance to sustainability, there is a lack of knowledge of the elements influencing its implementation. We’re in the midst of a difficult period marked by rapid technology innovation, societal complexity, and ambiguity. The objective for this research is that implementing society 5.0 in growing economies like India is difficult due to socioeconomic constraints, and the literature has not addressed this issue.

The contributions of the paper are multi-fold and include:

•
Determining the elements influencing society 5.0’s sustainable supply chain.
•
Emphasizing key themes for elements influencing sustainable supply chains in society 5.0.
•
Prioritizing of identified themes to identify global and local priority.

The article leverages qualitative data from interviews done in the Indian manufacturing industry to achieve its goal. The paper is also broken into several sections. The second section discusses the research methodology, which included using NVIVO software to analyse the transcribed interviews and produce themes. NVivo 10.0 was used to analyse the data and discuss the findings for the current study. Fuzzy-DEMATEL was used to prioritise these themes and divide them into cause and effect groups in order to identify the crucial factors that influence the implementation of society 5.0.

The remaining study is divided in following sections: Section 2 elaborates the research methodology; numerical illustration is discussed in Section 3. The conclusion and limitation of the study are provided in Section 4.
2. Research methodology

2.1 Steps for thematic analysis

The first phase of the study semi-structured interviews was undertaken For this qualitative analysis, the team engaged government officials, industry leaders, and academics to conduct interviews in order to better understand the factors influencing the adoption of Society 5.0, with a focus on emerging economies. The researchers chose twenty participants and called them to explain the study’s goal. Emails were dropped explaining the purpose and utility of the study. The interview sessions commenced with explaining the agenda followed by questions as designed in the interview guide, with each participant. The session encouraged us to improve the interview guide further after first interview. The problem was deciphered through the interview sessions The zoom platform was used to conduct the interviews. The transcripts of the interviews were afterwards used to identify themes and sub-themes. When the categories (or themes) are saturated, data collection can be halted, according to Charmaz (2006). You can cease doing interviews after you stop getting fresh insights from talking to experts.

For the survey, participants were contacted via their emails. The procedure of conducting interviews was started after receiving a favourable response from the eight participants. The interview was scheduled for a convenient time. A comfy platform was selected at the same time as recording consent. To identify the key challenges, themes from the transcripts of the interviews were developed. Braun and Clarke (2006) stated that thematic analysis can be used to classify large topics from a data set. The researcher can capture the subject’s essential significance by locating common themes.

The cause-and-effect relationship of these factors/challenges were analysed using Fuzzy DEMATEL to draw meaningful insights for policy makers and businesses.

2.2 Steps to solve fuzzy DEMATEL

Step1: Selection of the team of experts.

A experts group provided opinion on the various factors for evaluation.

Step 2: Design the fuzzy linguistic scale based on the determining factors.

The deciding considerations must be discussed with each expert on the decision-making panel. The qualitative assessment of the difficulties by every expert. Linguistic Term is defined as: “Very high influence (VH)” as (0.75, 1.0,1.0), “High influence (H)” as (0.5, 0.75, 1.0), “Low influence (L)” as (0.25, 0.5, 0.75), “Very low influence (VL)” as (0, 0.25, 0.5) and “No influence (No)” as (0, 0, 0.25).

Step 3: Next, the direct relationship matrix $A=[a_{pq}]$ , where [ $a_{pq}$ ] is identified. The direct impact of factor $p$ on factor $q$ is indicated through this matrix. For $p=q$ , the diagonal elements are kept at zero level. This non-negative matrix is determined for each expert.

Step 4: The linguistic assessments by the DMs were de-fuzzified into crisp value by using CFCS (Converting Fuzzy data into Crisp Scores). Let $Z_{ij}=(a_{ij}^{l},b_{ij}^{l},c_{ij}^{l})$ be the effect of metric $i$ on metric $j$ for $l^{\text{th}}$ DM. $Z_{ij}=(a_{ij}^{l},b_{ij}^{l},c_{ij}^{l})$ represents a triangular fuzzy number (TFN) where $a_{ij}^{l},b_{ij}^{l},c_{ij}^{l}$ are left, middle and right values. The steps of CFCS method are as follows:

Step 4.1: Normalization:

$\displaystyle xa_{ij}^{l}=\frac{({a_{ij}^{l}-\min a_{ij}^{l}})}{\max c_{ij}^{l% }-\min a_{ij}^{l}}$ (1) $\displaystyle xb_{ij}^{l}=\frac{({b_{ij}^{l}-\min a_{ij}^{l}})}{\max c_{ij}^{l% }-\min a_{ij}^{l}}$ (2) $\displaystyle xc_{ij}^{l}=\frac{({c_{ij}^{l}-\min a_{ij}^{l}})}{\max c_{ij}^{l% }-\min a_{ij}^{l}}$ (3)

Step 4.2: Determine the left (lxa) and right (lxc) normalized value:

$\displaystyle\textit{lxa}_{ij}^{l}=\frac{xb_{ij}^{l}}{({1+xb_{ij}^{l}-xa_{ij}^% {l}})}$ (4) $\displaystyle\textit{lxc}_{ij}^{l}=\frac{xc_{ij}^{l}}{({1+xc_{ij}^{l}-xb_{ij}^% {l}})}$ (5)

Step 4.3: Calculate total normalized crisp value:

$\displaystyle x_{ij}^{l}=\frac{[{\textit{lxa}_{ij}^{l}({1-\textit{lxa}_{ij}^{l% }})+\textit{lxc}_{ij}^{l}\textit{lxc}_{ij}^{l}}]}{({1-\textit{lxa}_{ij}^{l}+% \textit{lxc}_{ij}^{l}})}$ (6)

Step 4.4: Calculate crisp value:

$\displaystyle k_{ij}^{l}=\min a_{ij}^{l}+x_{ij}^{l}({\max c_{ij}^{l}-\min a_{% ij}^{l}})$ (7)

Step 4.5: Determine the integrated value:

$\displaystyle k_{ij}=\frac{1}{l}({k_{ij}^{1}+k_{ij}^{2}+\ldots+k_{ij}^{l}})$ (8)

Step 5: Determining the Normalized direct relation matrix. The DRM is normalized as:

$\displaystyle K=[{k_{ij}}]_{\textit{nxn}}=\frac{A}{s}\quad\textit{where}\quad s% =\max\left({\mathop{\max}\limits_{1\leqslant i\leqslant n}\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n% }{k_{ij}},\mathop{\max}\limits_{1\leqslant j\leqslant n}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}{% k_{ij}}}\right)$

Step 6: Calculate the Total relation matrix T.

$\displaystyle T=[{t_{ij}}]_{\textit{nxn}}=\mathop{\lim}\limits_{m\to\infty}({K% +K^{2}+K^{3}\ldots+K^{m}})=K({I-K})^{-1}$

Step 7: Calculate the row sum (U) and column sum (V) of the matrix.

Let $R_{i}$ and $C_{j}$ be $n\times 1$ and $1\times n$ matrices showing the row-sum and column-sum of the T. $R_{i}$ represents the total effect exerted by factor $i$ on other factor while $C_{j}$ represents the total effect received by factor $j$ . Thus, ( $R_{i}+C_{i}$ ) indicates the level of significance of $i^{\text{th}}$ factor in the decision-making process. On the other hand, ( $R_{i}-C_{i}$ ) indicates the resultant effect of $i^{\text{th}}$ factor. To reduce the factors that have negligible effect on others, the DMs may fix a threshold limit. The factors having value greater than threshold limit will be chosen to map in the dataset ( $R_{i}+C_{i},R_{i}-C_{i}$ ) in the form of casual diagram.

3. Numerical illustration and case implementation

This section discusses the themes that were selected, the elements that were chosen, the context of the case, and a more in-depth study of the factors utilising a mixed methodology.

3.1 Study background

The socio-economic system is rapidly evolving due to the technological revolution. Individuals and society will benefit from a wealth of options for growth and creativity as a result of rapid technological advancement. Human-machine interaction, on the other hand, will provide a number of obstacles that must be solved in order to fully profit from the opportunities it provides. As soon as possible, big data, robots, autonomous cars, artificial intelligence, and drone delivery services will all be used for the benefit of humanity, making it imperative that technology is integrated into society. As a result, organisations must understand the important variables that will enable them to adapt to forthcoming societal changes, integrate supply chains, and collaborate in order to achieve sustainable development.

Policymakers, practitioners, and experts from business and academia assisted in conducting the study. These managers work at the middle or top levels of management and are integrating Industry 4.0 into their individual organisations as they advance toward Society 5.0 objectives.

3.2 Case description

The connection between the real and digital worlds is made feasible by the technology’s rapid development, which seriously disrupts the supply chain. The acceptance of Society 5.0 has made it more crucial than ever to comprehend how to maintain sustainability while technology advances. Eight of the 15 experts we contacted by email and snowball sampling who were interested in participating in the interview accepted. Eight agreed-upon experts helped carry out the qualitative study. We can end the interview if we notice that neither the questions nor the answers are novel, as suggested in the literature. In the current investigation, after questioning 8 subjects, saturation was noted. Professionals participating in the implementation of Industry 5.0, goal-setting for Society 5.0, and government officials with more than ten years of experience in high positions made up the decision-makers for the study. These participants’ contributions helped us determine the themes. These topics enumerated and clarified the disruption in HR procedures about the participant’s experience.

3.2.1 Selection of factors affecting sustainable supply chain in view of society 5.0

Semi-structured interviews were conducted to determine the elements influencing a sustainable supply chain from the perspective of society. 5.0. A pre-decided questionnaire was used to conduct the interview. MS Teams or Zoom was used to conduct detailed interviews of respondents. The interviews were captured on tape and then typed out. The following are some examples of interview questions:

1.
Do you think Society 5.0 is important for developing nations?
2.
What are the advantages of Society 5.0 for emerging economies?
3.
Emerging economies are strategizing adoption of Industry 4.0, do you think they can move ahead with agenda of establishing smart cities. How will you evaluate this situation?
4.
Society 5.0 is creating cultural imbalance and digital divide, is it true?
5.
Digitalization will bring better possibilities, but the current workforce is suffering. What are they grey areas?

3.2.2 Shortlisting the themes

The semi-structured interviews’ qualitative data identified the following key themes:

1.
Lack of Unified vision (SE1)
2.
Policy and Regulation (SE2)
3.
Technological Singularity (SE3)
4.
Cybersecurity and Privacy (SE4)
5.
Upskilling and Reskilling (SE5)
6.
Digital Divide (SE6)
7.
Cultural Skepticism (SE7)

Theme 1: Lack of unified vision

Implementation of strategies to move towards Society 5.0 requires involvement of government and non-government organizations, policy makers, regulatory bodies, as well as individuals representing the society. Thus, society 5.0 could be achieved only when all the stakeholders have same priorities of technological advancement. Multiple bodies involved become challenging to arrive to a common objective.

The participants stated that there is a lot of uncertainty in adapting new technologies, different policies by different bodies and discordance in prioritization of technological growth these advancements will bring to supply chains in organisations.

The rapid technological advancement will bring plethora of opportunities of growth and innovation for individuals and society. But to achieve this advancement multiple bodies have to act collectively and move ahead with same priority. The lack of unified actions leads to delay in achieving Society 5.0.

-Respondent 6

Theme 2: Policy and Regulation

“With a well-thought-out strategy and a strong infrastructure, India can achieve Society 5.0. Such planning measures might be included into our five-year plans by Niti Aayog, which would provide subsidies and benefits to specific businesses. The government policies will be catalyst to adoption of society 5.0 advancements.”

-Respondent 1

“Yes, digitization aims to close the gap between humans and machines. As the gap closes, easier work, better results, innovation, and higher efficiency will become achievable. All this is possible only if policies are made with same vision.”

-Respondent 2

“The pace of digital transformation is unstoppable. Different elements of our lives are being transformed by technology. It has an impact on all aspects of society and human life. Supply chain logistics have reaped the benefits of much more enhancement and smooth flow, on the whole digitalization encouraging a more sustainable supply chain network, as a result of more technological advancement.”

-Respondent 7

“The increasing use of artificial intelligence is where future lies. Effective and efficient solutions will be possible with the use of technology. AI will help efficient use of resources. It is imperative for regulatory bodies to understand change and propose policies that support AI adoption for entire society.”

-Respondent 5

“Society 5.0 aims towards more holistic development, which is the need for the hour. Sustainable development is incomplete if we do not focus on the social aspects along with the technological progress. Government support, funding, implementation strategies, trainings, policy compulsions will greatly support the adoption of Society 5.0”

-Respondent 8

Theme 3: Technological Singularity

The attendees talked about how to strike a balance between society and technology. The rapid improvement of technology is projected to result in exponential growth. A technological singularity is a hypothetical point at which technology advancement becomes boundless. The participants emphasized the importance of technological adoption by firms in order to survive in a rapidly changing world.

“The goal of Society 5.0 is to achieve interconnections between people and things, which is a must in today’s world. As a result, it is possible with the correct technology investment.”

-Respondent 3

“The goal of Society 5.0 is to take a holistic approach. Its goal is to strike a balance between society and technology. Its goal is to provide people with advantages that will help them live better lives in any way feasible.”

-Respondent 5

Theme 4: Cybersecurity and Privacy

The attendees came to the conclusion that because cyberspace has grown to be a crucial component of the global infrastructure for information and communications, cybersecurity and data privacy have become top priorities for organisations and governments all over the world. Respondents discussed their opinions about the theme in light of this.

“Technologies that are pervasive, networked, and provide easy Internet access have become profoundly embedded in daily life. As a result, we are becoming increasingly reliant on the internet for social, economic, and political connections.”

-Respondent 1

“The world is facing rapid change with so much digitalization which is definitely an added boon when we talk about the logistics and supply chain as it entails efficiency and smooth operation, and also it will have negative effect. The major concerns are data privacy and security with the changing technological dependence”

-Respondent 4

Society 5.0 aims at integrating all humans to digital technologies and fastening its implementation. An effective integration of society and technology will bring multifold solutions to existing problems and will open bring the risk of data theft, hacking, privacy issues and security threats.

-Respondent 6

Society 5.0 will lead societies and businesses to innovative problem solving and better value creation that would lead society and mankind to sustainable development. Some of the major concerns for developing economies would be data security and privacy issues. Infrastructures need has to be pestered upon to be future ready as a country as well as organizations.

-Respondent 8

“Any technological change brings disruption along with itself. The disruption must be taken care of to achieve sustainability. Society 5.0 aims to bring solution to many current problems. But cybersecurity and risk of data privacy always prevails with technology.”

-Respondent 3

Society 5.0 is deployed to initiate economic development and provide solutions to society’s existing problems at the same time. The technological integration is need of the hour which could be achieved through Society 5.0. it. Come along a lot of issues and risk to data privacy.

-Respondent 7

“Cybersecurity and privacy concerns are becoming a significant impediment to the creation of a trustworthy and dependable global digital society. Cyber-criminals are increasingly targeting cyber-physical systems and the Internet of Things (IoT), as they present new risks due to their limited capabilities, unsupervised nature, and use of potentially untrustworthy components.”

-Respondent 2

Theme 5: Upskilling and Reskilling

The participation mirrored a quandary in the current work market. Humans are being replaced as a result of rapid technological change and the integration of technology into supply chains. This may result in job loss and the failure to achieve Society 5.0’s goal. As a result, businesses should be prepared to upskill their current personnel by providing enough training opportunities.

“This question is little debatable as society 5.0 carries a lot of technological advancement and may be robotic existence in various sectors which can be a threat to manpower. But one can’t deny managing the tech part the intervention of human beings is must, thus yes to an extent employment opportunity will be created but in the operational level and production level majorly.”

-Respondent 3

Society 5.0 aims to build sustainable supply chains, not only focusing on efficient production but to optimally deliver and meet specific needs. At the same time, upliftment upskilling and reskilling of workforce should be a continuous process.

-Respondent 2

Society 5.0 agendas are all aligning with sustainability procurement. It looks forward to overcome discrimination related to suppressive influences and promote equality in mankind

-Respondent 1

“Every coin has two sides, so does Industry 4.0. It brings both challenges and opportunities. Technology cannot replace humans completely. We should be ready to adopt it.”

-Respondent 6

“Analysing the overflow of the information was a difficult task, due to lack of skills among the current workforce. Society 5.0 aims less disruptions to mankind and instead provide solutions to existing social problems. This society aims to uplift living standards and provide quality of life.

-Respondent 8

“Industry 4.0 or the technological upgradation happening around us has plethora of opportunities and negative impacts for humans. The opportunities could only be reaped by those who are prepared for this advancement. This will lead to improvement and generation of jobs. Technology will never be able to completely remove humans, the human skills will always remain integral and can’t be completely removed.”

-Respondent 7

Theme 6: Digital Divide

In this “new” world, digitalization, the virtual, and constantly being online become the norm for a sizable portion of the world’s population, which is consistent with their expectations for the present and the future. However, the digital divide still affects those who are not included in this reality (Santos & Serpa, 2017, 2020). According to Saraceni, this situation “indicates the uneven diffusion of the competencies needed to realise a benefit from the use of digital instruments” (2020).

“Social challenges are a part and parcel of this heavy transformation so can be gradually handled but will take good time in Indian context … Digital divide is a reality that will increase with smart cities.”

-Respondent 3

“ When the computer systems of Society 5.0 analyze raw real-world data, they must do so using a structure that mirrors the real, physical world. The ultimate objective of Society 5.0 is to incorporate real-world models into cyberspace such that they can deliver highly nuanced solutions to real-life problems”

-Respondent 5

“The inequalities in access and use of technologies is rapidly increasing and digital divide is a big threat ahead.”

-Respondent 6

“Use of technology and artificial intelligence will lead to efficient allocation of resources. Different economic classes will have different access to technology. This creating a group of people who would remain deprive of technological advancement. This digital divide is real. The gap would increase with digital advancements.”

-Respondent 7

Theme 7: Cultural Skepticism

“Cultures that viewed external forces as challenges and opportunities were able to change faster and make more progress, such as the ones that appeared in present day Egypt, Iraq and Syria. In contrast, cultures that viewed external challenges as threats to be avoided, such as African cultures in general, became suspicious and conservative and thus less open to change and ill-equipped to make further progress”.

“Industry 4.0 or the technological upgradation happening around us has plethora of opportunities and negative impacts for humans. The opportunities could only be reaped by those who are prepared for this advancement. As different cultures, we should be open to innovation happening around the world and try to adapt them.”

-Respondent 2

“Technological adoptions and cultural beliefs have to shake hand. Societal upgradations would lack if technological advancements will divide the cultures and economies.”

-Respondent 1

The topics have been narrowed down in this section to assist decision-makers in comprehending the essential factors. In the following subsections, we’ll go over how to evaluate these themes, how to utilise a rating scale, and how to do an optimal evaluation.
3.3 Case explanation

The themes derived from NVivo were considered as the major factors for Fuzzy DEMATEL implementation. The same team of experts were approached to provide opinion on the inter-relationship between the challenges. The decision-makers evaluate these using a fuzzy five-point language scale. Table 1 contains initial direct matrix (IDM) was constructed and is provided by one decision maker.

Table 1
Initial direct matrix by one decision maker

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	NO	H	L	H	L	L	VL
SE2	L	NO	VH	H	L	H	H
SE3	H	L	NO	L	H	VL	VH
SE4	VL	H	L	NO	VH	L	VH
SE5	H	L	VL	L	NO	H	L
SE6	VH	H	L	H	NO	NO	H
SE7	L	NO	H	L	VH	H	NO

The data from all the decision makers is compiled to generate the aggregated initial matrix given by Table 2.

Table 2

Aggregated direct matrix by one decision maker

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	0.3340	0.6120	0.6661	0.7706	0.6837	0.6974	0.5724
SE2	0.5183	0.3340	0.7233	0.7233	0.6364	0.8102	0.6433
SE3	0.6730	0.6433	0.4125	0.6593	0.6661	0.6524	0.6349
SE4	0.7706	0.6364	0.5792	0.3340	0.7790	0.5480	0.5099
SE5	0.8643	0.5495	0.6593	0.7530	0.3568	0.5564	0.5099
SE6	0.7774	0.7302	0.6837	0.7218	0.4939	0.3568	0.5480
SE7	0.6280	0.6936	0.7950	0.5480	0.5968	0.7218	0.3340

The normalized direct-relation matrix is calculated following the steps as mentioned research methodology. The NDR matrix is shown in Table 3.

Table 3

Normalized direct matrix

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	0.0732	0.1341	0.1459	0.1688	0.1497	0.1527	0.1254
SE2	0.1135	0.0732	0.1584	0.1584	0.1394	0.1775	0.1409
SE3	0.1474	0.1409	0.0903	0.1444	0.1459	0.1429	0.1391
SE4	0.1688	0.1394	0.1269	0.0732	0.1706	0.1200	0.1117
SE5	0.1893	0.1204	0.1444	0.1649	0.0782	0.1219	0.1117
SE6	0.1703	0.1599	0.1497	0.1581	0.1082	0.0782	0.1200
SE7	0.1376	0.1519	0.1741	0.1200	0.1307	0.1581	0.0732

After calculating the normalized direct matrix, the total relation matrix is calculated as given below in Table 4.

Table 4

Total-relation matrix

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	2.3981	2.2716	2.4287	2.4616	2.3020	2.3529	2.0480
SE2	2.4651	2.2409	2.4681	2.4796	2.3176	2.4018	2.0854
SE3	2.4713	2.2824	2.3819	2.4451	2.3030	2.3500	2.0650
SE4	2.3967	2.1932	2.3244	2.2869	2.2383	2.2400	1.9621
SE5	2.4600	2.2185	2.3840	2.4159	2.1959	2.2842	1.9996
SE6	2.4758	2.2864	2.4237	2.4436	2.2571	2.2767	2.0368
SE7	2.4522	2.2840	2.4510	2.4143	2.2797	2.3555	1.9962

Then, using formula as given in step 6, the final matrix representing Identification of cause and effect segments is calculated and shown in Table 5 below.

Table 5

Identification of cause and effect

	Ri	Ci	Ri $+$ Ci	Ri $-$ Ci	Cause/effect
SE1	16.2629	17.1192	33.3821	$-$ 0.8563	Effect
SE2	16.4585	15.7770	32.2355	0.6815	Cause
SE3	16.2988	16.8619	33.1606	$-$ 0.5631	Effect
SE4	15.6416	16.9469	32.5885	$-$ 1.3053	Effect
SE5	15.9581	15.8936	31.8517	0.0646	Cause
SE6	16.2000	16.2611	32.4611	$-$ 0.0611	Effect
SE7	16.2329	14.1931	30.4261	2.0398	Cause

The influence of one metric over other can be given by identifying threshold level in the total relation matrix which in this case comes out to be as 2.4. (R $+$ C) gives the index of strength of influences exerted or received as shown in Table 5. More positive the value of (R $+$ C), greater is the degree of influence on other attributes. On the other hand, if (R $-$ C) is positive, then attribute A is affecting other attributes acting as a cause, and if (R $-$ C) is negative, then attribute A is being influenced by other attributes, hence acting as the effect. According to the cause degree of each factor in Table 5, the causal distribution of each factor is visually expressed in the coordinate system. The cause-and-effect relationships are represented in Fig. 1.

Figure 1.

Cause – effect relationship.

4. Result and discussion

The cause group includes factors that influence other factors, whereas those who are influenced by others are classified as being in the effect group. But improving one factor does not mean that the whole system can be improved, so it is critical to identify the dependence relationship so that barriers in the cause group can be identified and improved, to improve the effect group factors and, eventually, the entire system The paper outlined that Lack of Unified vision (SE1), Technological Singularity (SE3), Cybersecurity and Privacy (SE4) and Digital Divide (SE6) are the major causes for the implementation of society 5.0.

The Lack of Unified vision (SE1) is an essential component for society 5.0 implementation. The societal development comprises of various transitional phases where the traditional and modern views collide. In light of the recent developments in the cyber and physical world, a holistic perspective combining various opinion and views is the need for any development activity to materialize. The research also assesses the notion of a potential technological singularity (SE3) among the stakeholders in addition to the problems already mentioned. The academic community and other stakeholders disagree on whether or not there should be concern about the coming technological singularity.

Businesses have been actively integrating cyber and physical technologies to optimise operations, boost competitiveness, and eliminate human dependencies from their value chains. This has gone beyond simply modernising internal processes to be digital or creating products that are centred around digital technology. Businesses in industries like manufacturing have advanced plans for automation and cyber-management of their factories due to the greater danger that future operations would be slowed down, disrupted, or stopped altogether by the introduction of new viruses.

This makes Cybersecurity and Privacy (SE4) a cause challenge for society 5.0. When technology is woven into the tapestry of all we do, it is not hard to see the potential dangers. Autonomous vehicles, AI-operated public transport systems, fleets of drones, smart grids, connected medical devices, critical disaster prevention processes–these can all be hacked. Society 5.0 is built on an expansion of this already ubiquitous intricate network of sensors, devices machines and systems–a vast internet of everything. Each of these components broadens the cyber attack surface, but also elevates the stakes in the case of fallout.

The difference in demographics and geographic areas with and without access to contemporary information and communications technology (ICT) is known as the “digital divide” (SE6). Information accessibility, information use, and information receptiveness are at least three of the elements at work in India. Individuals need to understand how to use the information and communication tools that are available to them in a community in addition to being able to access them. Increased socioeconomic advancement within a country is correlated with higher internet penetration. In this way, a nation’s social advancement is somewhat hampered by the digital divide.

5. Conclusion

The rising economies anticipate adopting these adjustments to stay competitive in the face of global technological advancements and constant change. The focus of changes in Society 5.0 is on people, along with sustainability, economic development, and technical innovation. This novel society idea is based on the reality that humanity is about to embark on its fifth social revolution. The research shows that Society 5.0’s methodology promotes the development of sustainable technology without restricting wealth. Nearly every business and sector would be affected by improvements in society 5.0, from manufacturing to supply chains, from financial situations to industries driven by research, from virtual technology to cutting-edge educational practises.

The study contributes to our understanding of the difficulties in implementing Society 5.0 in developing nations. The idea behind Society 5.0 is to strengthen the interaction between people and technology in order to assist the improvement of people’s quality of life through digital innovation and advancement. As a result, in order to achieve the objectives of Society 5.0, humanity is refocusing efforts to progress towards an era of industrial and social improvements. The current paper offers an analytical framework for tackling the problems of successfully implementing Society 5.0. A shift to Society 5.0 is taking place as a result of the quick adoption of digital technology in societal elements like business, supply chains, organisations, social relationships, and individuals. The research in Society 5.0 was inspired by a shortage of literature, although the identification of variables for implementation is not addressed.

The study was divided into two parts. Semi structured interviews with experts from government, industry, and academia were undertaken in the first phase. The NVIVO programme was used to analyse the transcribed interviews and create themes. Fuzzy DEMETAL was used to prioritise these themes and determine the critical aspects that influence society’s implementation. 5.0. Inputs from Indian industry stakeholders were used to validate the study. The paper outlined that Lack of Unified vision (SE1), Technological Singularity (SE3), Cybersecurity and Privacy (SE4) and Digital Divide (SE6) are the major causes for the implementation of society 5.0.

Recognizing the challenges of implementation of Society 5.0 with respect to emerging economies, leading organizations in various sectors, policy makers, Information technology firms, supply chain enthusiasts, sustainability experts etc are proactively undertaking changes which would hopefully pave a smoother path for huma-technology interactions in future. The first phase of the study is based on views from eight experts, which could be a limitation. The research will be evaluated using various approaches in the future, as well as interactions with more decision makers.

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	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	NO	H	L	H	L	L	VL
SE2	L	NO	VH	H	L	H	H
SE3	H	L	NO	L	H	VL	VH
SE4	VL	H	L	NO	VH	L	VH
SE5	H	L	VL	L	NO	H	L
SE6	VH	H	L	H	NO	NO	H
SE7	L	NO	H	L	VH	H	NO

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	NO	H	L	H	L	L	VL
SE2	L	NO	VH	H	L	H	H
SE3	H	L	NO	L	H	VL	VH
SE4	VL	H	L	NO	VH	L	VH
SE5	H	L	VL	L	NO	H	L
SE6	VH	H	L	H	NO	NO	H
SE7	L	NO	H	L	VH	H	NO

What is stopping us from Implementing Society 5.0?: A mixed method study

Abstract

Keywords

1. Introduction

2.1 Steps for thematic analysis

2.2 Steps to solve fuzzy DEMATEL

3.1 Study background

3.2 Case description

3.2.1 Selection of factors affecting sustainable supply chain in view of society 5.0

Theme 1: Lack of unified vision

Theme 2: Policy and Regulation

Theme 3: Technological Singularity

Theme 4: Cybersecurity and Privacy

Theme 5: Upskilling and Reskilling

Theme 6: Digital Divide

Theme 7: Cultural Skepticism

Table 1 Initial direct matrix by one decision maker

5. Conclusion

References

Table 1
Initial direct matrix by one decision maker

	SE1	SE2	SE3	SE4	SE5	SE6	SE7
SE1	NO	H	L	H	L	L	VL
SE2	L	NO	VH	H	L	H	H
SE3	H	L	NO	L	H	VL	VH
SE4	VL	H	L	NO	VH	L	VH
SE5	H	L	VL	L	NO	H	L
SE6	VH	H	L	H	NO	NO	H
SE7	L	NO	H	L	VH	H	NO