How effective and safe are current interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke? A Cochrane Review summary with commentary

1 Background

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or reduced, leading to permanent damage of an area of the brain. Stroke is considered one of the world’s leading causes of death and disability. Although sexual dysfunction (SD) post-stroke is not commonly discussed, 50% of stroke survivors experience it to some degree. Post-stroke SD presents a multifactorial etiology, with identified causes including medication, psychological symptoms (e.g., fear, depression), physiological changes, autonomic and neuroendocrine dysfunction. SD may manifest as a decrease in libido and coital frequency, vaginal dryness, erectile dysfunction (ED) or difficulties with ejaculation or orgasm. Many stroke survivors identify SD as critical to their rehabilitation management. Stratton et al. (2020) conducted a systematic review of the interventions for post-stroke SD.

Interventions for sexual dysfunction following stroke

(Stratton H, Sansom J, Brown-Major A, Anderson P, Ng, L, 2020)

2 Objective

The aim of this Cochrane Review was to assess the effectiveness and adverse events of currently available interventions for SD following stroke.

3 What was studied and methods

The population examined in this review was female and male adults aged ≥18 years who have sustained a stroke, as well as their partners. The interventions studied were mechanical devices, pharmacological or complementary medicine interventions, and were compared to placebo. Other non-pharmacological interventions that were studied were compared to usual care. The primary outcomes studied were sexual function and sexual satisfaction, measured in both patients and their partners using validated and non-validated instruments. Secondary outcomes studied in patients and their partners, included quality of life, psychological wellbeing, satisfaction with the intervention, sexual knowledge, and marital/relationship satisfaction. Adverse events were considered. The review authors conducted a literature search to find randomized controlled trials up to November 27, 2019 in 14 databases.

4 Results

The review included three randomized controlled trials with a total of 212 participants.

The review shows that:

•Pharmacological interventions

Lu et al. compared the effectiveness and safety of sertraline (n = 58), to placebo (n = 56), 4 to 6 hours before intercourse (n = 58) to treat secondary premature ejaculation in young males, aged between 23 and 45. Very low quality evidence suggests that sertraline may improve premature ejaculation. Mild adverse effects were recorded in both groups, mostly gastrointestinal.

•Psycho-educational intervention

Ng and colleagues (2020) compared the effectiveness of a structured sexual rehabilitation program including face-to-face counselling (n = 35) versus written patient education material alone (n = 33) in stroke inpatients (mean age 63 years). No clear difference to sexual functioning, anxiety and depression, quality of life, and functional independence was shown (low quality of evidence), suggesting that individualized sexual rehabilitation programs may make little or no difference to sexual functioning as compared to written material alone.

•Physical therapy intervention

Tibaek et al. (2015) compared 12 weeks of pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) by physiotherapists (n = 16) with standard general rehabilitation without any specific treatment (n = 15) for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in 31 male outpatients post-stroke (median age 68). No statistically significant differences for erectile function were found. Due to the low quality of the evidence and high risk of bias in this study, the efficacy of PFMT for LUTS and ED remains uncertain. No adverse effects were reported.

5 Conclusions

The authors concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence to reach any conclusions about the effectiveness, or harm, of any intervention for SD (Stratton et al., 2020). Available data from randomized controlled trials is inadequate to ascertain whether sertraline, pelvic floor muscle training, or individualized sexual rehabilitation has any benefit to stroke survivors experiencing SD, or their partners. The authors highlight that they have identified a lack of evidence, rather than evidence of lack of effect. Well-designed RCTs of longer duration are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of rehabilitation interventions for SD among stroke survivors. However, double-blinding may not be possible for complex interventions.

6 Implications for practice in neurorehabilitation

Many stroke survivors experience sexual dysfunction and have expressed interest in obtaining patient education and counselling services. However, while literature is increasing over the last decade, the issue often remains unaddressed in clinical practice due to attitudinal and organizational barriers. This Cochrane Review showed that high-quality evidence on the effectiveness of specific interventions is still lacking, and urges for well-designed and long-term studies on the rehabilitation management of post-stroke sexual problems, also in women and people with diverse sexual backgrounds. In the meanwhile, we encourage the training of rehabilitation professionals on knowledge and skills to be able to comply with current best practice guidelines: provide education and counseling to stroke survivors and their partners, and refer to a sexual health specialist when needed (Mountain 2020; Low 2022).