Compact Ultra Wide band Modified Circular Robo type Antenna for C

Abstract

This document focuses on the Ultra-Wideband Modified Circular Robo structure Antenna (UWCRSA) with partial ground for the sub-7 GHz band (4.17 GHz to 7 GHz). The overall geometry of the proposed antenna is 12×18×0.8 mm³. The designed structure is obtained by placing a simple modified circular robotic structure patch with dielectric constant (ɛ_r) and dissipation factor (tanδ) of 4.4 and 0.02, respectively, on the FR4 substrate. In this document, we examine the design technique, complexity, overall geometric parameters, substrate used, feed technique and performance analysis of the proposed antenna. The semi-grounded radiating patch design is primarily suitable for cellular vehicle applications and anything below 7 GHz (C – V2X) (IEEE 802.11p standard) and WIFI enhanced 3rd version (IEEE 802.11ac standard). Simulation results for the proposed antenna were generated with a Radio Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) and measurements were obtained with a Rohde and Schwarz ZNB 20 network analyzer. Simulation and measurement results are measured in terms of S11, VSWR, bandwidth, gain, directivity, efficiency and radiation pattern. Antenna results show good agreement and can be used for C – V2X, WIFI Extended 3rd Version and satellite communications.

Keywords

Wideband Sub 7 GHz C – V2X WIFI 3rd version modified circular robo structure antenna

Introduction

Road crashes are becoming one of the biggest public health and injury prevention issues in the world. Road crashes are predicted to result in the death of about a 1.9 million annually. The powerful technology to deliver safety and mobility services is called Cellular Vehicle to Everything (C – V2X) technology (Naik, Choudhury, & Park, 2019) (Chen, Hu, Shi, Zhao, & Li, 2020) (Arena, Pau, & Severino, 2020) (Vasudevan & Nagaraju, 2022) (Nagaraju, Rajeswari, FranklinTelfer, Karunakaran, & TapasBapu, 2019). Traffic safety and operations are the main goal of C – V2X. The Leaders of academia, Industries, and government are working together to avoid traffic collisions. According to the US Department of Transportation, the main requirements for C – V2X are that exchanges between them do not take place in a single network, protocols can interoperate, coexist in the same channel, reverse capability, equipment is omnidirectional, coverage 360 degrees, and the communication works. In the range of 300 meters, the signal is largely insensitive to environmental conditions and is particularly suitable for the characterization of accident scenarios. C-V2X is designed for low latency, no harmful interference, scalable coverage, high reliability, and stable and privacy protection.

FCC proposed 5.850 GHz to 5.925 GHz for C – V2X applications which require 75 MHz for road US safety. This allocation includes critical V2X services such as Basic Safety Message (BSM), Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I), Collective Perception Message (CPM), Maneuver Coordination Message (MCM), snd Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). These requirements are measured by multiple independent sources including SAE and C2C-CC (Wu, Zhou, & Guo, 2018) (Ramya, Vanniya, Robinson, & Batcha, 2022). To meet these requirements, several techniques are deployed i.e., beamforming, multiplexing, and diversity. In recent years, Intelligent Transport systems contain a single radiating element located in shark fin molding on the car rooftop, and on car door windows. In this article, a single radiating patch antenna which can either be located in shark fin molding or on the glass window is proposed. The antenna is designed for ultra-wideband, dual-band or tri-band operation.

In ref (Rongas, Paraskevopoulos, Marantis, & Kanatas, 2020), proposed an EPSAR antenna operating at 5.9 GHz. The overall geometric parameters of the antenna were 37×32×0.78 mm³. The permittivity and dissipation factor of Roger RO 4725JXR is 2.55 and 0.0026 respectively. The simulated EPSAR antenna S11 under passivated operating conditions shows a result of –45 dB at 5.9 GHz. Modal reconfigurability is achieved in all free-space operating conditions. In (Woo, 2022), a C-shaped three-band monopole antenna was designed. It was developed primarily for WiMAX, WLAN, and WAVE applications. FR4 substrate with a thickness of 1 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.4. The overall size of the proposed antenna is 24×28 mm² and the parametric analysis aims to obtain three bands of operating frequencies. In (Trujillo-Flores et al., 2020), a fed scheme antenna, CPW, was developed using indium tin oxide film as the conductive material for the radiating patch and ground plane. The substrate used is glass with a dielectric constant of 5.5 and the overall dimensions of the optimized design are 50×17×1.1 mm³. The measured S11 and peak gain at 5.9 GHz were –16.7 dB and –3.9 dB respectively. In (Rasool, Kama, Abdul Basit, & Abdullah, 2019), a circularly polarized ring slot antenna (CPARRSA) is proposed. The overall dimensions were 50.3×51.5×0.5 mm³ and a Teflon substrate was used to achieve circular polarization. An impedance bandwidth from 5.4 GHz to 7.0 GHz and a peak gain of 7.6 dBi (for S11< – 10 dB) is achieved at a center frequency of 5.8 GHz. In reference (Saraswat & Harish, 2020), circularly polarized double bands are realized in these two bands. A TLY-5 substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm was used. The overall antenna dimensions are 39×46 mm² with a peak gain of 2 dBi.

Reference (Mohanty & Behera, 2021) presents the design of a single planar slot antenna with dimensions of 26×26×1.6 mm³ with a metal reflector and an RF PIN diode. The overall size of the metal reflector is 60×60×1.6 mm³, the substrate used is FR4, and the dielectric constant and dissipation factor are 4.3 and 0.02 respectively. Dual bands were observed at 6.2 GHz and 9.3 GHz. The maximum measured gain of the metal reflector and RF pin diode antenna was 7 dBi. In (Kulkarni, Sim, Poddar, Rohde, & Alharbi, 2022), a circularly polarized broadband antenna was proposed. The substrate used for the antenna design was FR4 with a thickness of 0.8 mm. The overall dimensions were 30×30 mm² and the measured impedance bandwidth and peak gain were 4.8 GHz.

In reference (Banerjee, Das Mazumdar, Chatterjee, & Parui, 2021), Semi-hexagonal HMSIW antenna elements were proposed which operate at 5.9 GHz with a gain of 5.8 dBi. This proposed antenna was designed and fabricated using an Arlon AD270 substrate. The overall size was 60×60 mm². In all the above references, the overall dimensions of the antennas were not miniaturized which was not suitable to fix on a compact device, the design used is complex, and the substrates used are also not low profile. Gains achieved are all low. To overcome all the difficulties, the modified circular robot-type antenna is proposed in this paper. This article is mainly focusing on obtained an Ultra – wide band antenna mainly due to two factors. Firstly, due to exciting properties such as high data rate, low power consumption and low cost. Secondly, to replace multi narrow – band antennas into one UWB antenna. That one UWB antenna replaces two narrow band antenna which are suitable for C-V2X application and WIFI extended 3rd version which falls under Sub –7 GHz.

A literature review was performed in section 1. Section 2 describes the design of the broadband modified circular roboantenna and the development of three different structural features. Section 3 describes the parametric analysis and compares the results with the proposed antenna. Section 4 compares simulated and measured results. Section 5 completes the work proposed to meet the requirements necessary for C V2X and WIFI extensions version 3, as well as satellite communications applications.

Antenna structural analysis

Etching slots and adding stubs to the radiating element without changing the overall size is one of the most effective techniques for broadband antennas (Rahman & Park, 2018) (Al-Yasir et al., 2020) (Ma & Jiang, 2020). First, we design a circular patch antenna associated with the feed line and represent it as the reference antenna shown in Fig. 1(a). The design equations for the reference antenna are given by Equations (1) and (2) (Sahoo, Patnaik, Ravi, Behera, & Mangaraj, 2020) with a design loss tangent of 0.02 on an FR4 substrate with a thickness of 0.8 mm and a dielectric constant of 4.4. FR4 as a substrate allows for improved bandwidth while maintaining important electrical and mechanical stability under dry and wet conditions (Varadhan, Arulselvi, & Ashine Chamatu, 2021).

Figure 1

Geometry of reference antenna (a) top view and (b) simulation result S11

D = \frac{F}{\sqrt{{1 + \frac{2 h}{π ɛ_{r} F} [\ln (\frac{π F}{2 h}) + 1.7726}}}

(1)

F = \frac{8.791 \times 10^{9}}{f_r \sqrt{ɛ_{r}}}

(2)

where ɛ_r is the relative permittivity of the substrate, f_r is the desired resonant frequency, h is the height of the substrate in mm, and D is the diameter of the substrate in centimeters. From the above Equation (1), the diameter obtained for the desired frequency 5.9 GHz is 6.86 mm. For design expedient the diameter of the reference antenna is neared to 7 mm, and resonates at 7.475 GHz with S11 and impedance bandwidth of –20.2 dB and 36.4% (6.4 to 9.25 GHz) shown in Fig. 1(b).

With reference to the reference antenna, structural analysis and parametric optimization has been done with HFSS. Three stages of structural analysis have undergone in this section. In the 1st stage of structural analysis, a two rectangular stub is added with the reference antenna and it is named as Robo – Antenna 1 as shown in Fig. 2(a). Frequency response is observed that there is a slight improvement in the impedance bandwidth of 39.5% from 6.2 to 9.25 GHz. but the S11 seems to be not satisfactory and this design is not suitable for C – V2X application. In Fig. 2(b), a three circular slot resonator is integrated within Robo – Antenna 1 and the ground structure is modified by introducing five different sized rectangular slots which can improve the S parameters performance (Al-Yasir et al., 2020) are shown. In this stage, the operating frequency is tuned from higher frequency (7.2 GHz) to the desired frequency (5.625 GHz) and this structure is named Robo – Antenna 2. Its S11 and percentage of impedance bandwidth are observed as –24.23 dB, and 16.9% from 5.275 GHz to 6.25 GHz. This design antenna does not achieve an ultra-broadband but it is suitable for C – V2X application and WI-FI extended 3rd version.

Figure 2

Three stages of Structural analysis and its reflection coefficients. (a) Robo – Antenna 1 (Structure and S11), (b) Robo – Antenna 2 (Structure and S11), (c) Proposed Antenna (Structure), (d) Proposed Antenna (S11)

To accommodate ultra-wideband applications in order to replace multi narrow – band antennas, Robo – Antenna 2 is designed which contains two rectangular stubs, one embedded in the circular Robo – Patch and the other on top edge of the substrate as shown in Fig. 2(c). By adding stubs on Robo – Antenna 2, impedance bandwidth increases to 53% from 5.725 GHz to 9.525 GHz. This design is suitable for C-V2X (5.9 GHz), extended WiFi-3. Version (5.5 GHz). This UWB antenna can also be used for various wireless transmission functions. This final design is called an ultra-wideband modified circular Robo Structure antenna (UWCRSA) and its frequency response is shown in Fig. 2(c). Table 1 shows the parametric description of the UWCRSA after optimization of W₁, W₂, CP₁, CP₂, and CP₃.

Table 1

Structural parameters of the proposed antenna after optimization

Parameters	Values [mm]
Width of the substrate (W_sub)	12
Length of the substrate (L_sub)	18
Ground width (W_g)	12
Ground length (L_g)	8.38
Starting point of the fed from left corner of the substrate (W₁)	4.375
Width of the stub united with circular patch CP₁ (W₂)	0.75
Width of the Slot at the ground (W₃)	2.25
Stub width (W_s)	0.6
Fed width (W_f)	2.75
Fed length (L₁)	8.38
Stub united with circular patch CP₁ (L₂)	3
Stub united with circular patch center (L₃)	7
Length of the Slot at the ground (L₄)	4.75
Length of the Slot at the ground (L₅)	2.25
Length of the Slot at the ground (L₆)	0.5
Stub length (L_s)	2.2
Width of Circular Patch (CP₁)	0.2
Width of Circular Patch (CP₂)	0.4
Width of Circular Patch (CP₃)	1.2
Gap between circular patch (g₁)	0.3
Gap between circular patch (g₂)	0.2
Gap between circular patch (g₃)	1.075

Simulated results of proposed antenna

An Ultra-Wideband Modified Circular Robo Structure Antenna (UWCRSA) is simulated in HFSS. Figure 3(a) & (b) shows the simulation results (S11 and VSWR) of the proposed antenna. The simulated antenna gain and its radiation efficiency are shown in Fig. 3(c) & (d). The radiation boundary is set to 10 mm from every side of the antenna, so the radiation efficiency exceeds 100% above 11 GHz. Once the radiation boundary is set to 12.5 mm (λ/4) for desired frequency 5.9 GHz, radiation efficiency falls below 100%.

Figure 3

Simulation results of the proposed Antenna, (a) S11, (b) VSWR, (c) Gain, (d) Radiation Efficiency, (e) Current distribution

The surface current distribution was simulated at 5.9 GHz and shown in Fig. 3(e). From the distribution simulation currents, we can see that the amplitude current magnitude increases at the ends of the supply and decreases in the middle of the supply and the bottom of the UWCRSA.

Parametric analysis

Structural parameter W₁ optimization

Different structural parameters (W₁, W₂, CP₁, CP₂, and CP₃) are optimized to improve reflection coefficients and to expand the transition between the radiator and the power line. Figure 4 shows the simulation results of S11 with varied parameter W₁. The feed line is at the center, when structural parameter W₁ is 4.625 mm. In order to check the sensitive of this parameter, the optimization has undergone for three values (4.375, 4.625, and 4.875). Noted that by keeping the W₁ parameter at a value of 4.375 mm, the impedance bandwidth is improved to 49%.

Figure 4

Simulated results of S11 with varied parameter W₁

Structural parameter W₂ optimization

Figure 5 shows the simulation results of the reflection coefficient with varied parameter W₂. The width W₂ is the stub added to the circular patch on both the sides. By increasing W₂ from 0.1 mm to 0.5 mm at the interval of 0.2 mm, it is to be noted that there is a degradation in the radiation characteristic. By keeping the minimum value W₂ as 0.1 mm there is an improvement in the radiation characteristic in terms of reflection coefficient.

Figure 5

Simulated results of S11 with varied parameter W₂

Bandwidth enhancement on circular patch by introducing a ring resonator

Figure 6 shows the structural representation of Circular Robo Structure Antenna (CRSA) and the impact of radiation characteristic in terms of S11 and impedance bandwidth are studied. By introducing a circular ring on CRSA, the enhancement of bandwidth is noted and shown in Fig. 6(d). In Fig. 6(a), a single ring (SR) resonator is embedded on the CRSA and its radiation coefficient and percentage of impedance bandwidth at 7.225 GHz are –36.07 dB and 37%. By adding a double ring (DR) resonator on CRSA shown in Fig. 6(b), impedance bandwidth exceeds to 48% from 37%. By introducing a triple ring (TR) resonator shown in Fig. 6(c), there is an insignificant improvement on the radiation coefficient and the impedance bandwidth.

Figure 6

Impact on Radiation coefficient by introducing ring (a) SR (b) DR (c) TR (d) Simulated results (S11)

Structural parameter CP_1, CP₂, and CP₃ optimization

Bandwidth enhancement is done by introducing a triple ring (TR) resonator on the CRSA and its impact on the radiation characteristics are observed in previous session. The effect of the radiation coefficient is observed by optimizing the three structural parameters CP₁, CP₂ and CP₃.

The outer radius of CP₁ is fixed to 3.5 mm and the optimization is done on the inner radius. The inner radius value is changed from 3.1 mm to 3.3 mm at the interval of 0.1 mm and the simulation results of S11 is shown in Fig. 7(a). The impedance bandwidth is maintained to 48% by keeping the inner radius of CP₁ to maximum value 3.3 mm (width of CP₁ is 0.2 mm).

Figure 7

Simulated results of S11 with varied parameter (a) CP₁ (b) CP₂ (c) CP₃

Inner radius and outer radius of CP₁ is fixed to 3.1 mm and 3.3 mm (Width of CP₁ is 0.2 mm), CP₂ is optimized. The outer radius of CP₂ is fixed to 3 mm and the inner radius is varied from 2.5 mm to 2.9 mm at the interval of 0.2 mm. Simulation results of S11 with varied parameter CP₂ is shown in Fig. 7(b). By observing the simulation results with varied parameter CP₂, there is a slight variation in radiation coefficient and impedance bandwidth. By keeping the inner radius of CP₁ and CP₂ at 3.3 mm and 2.7 mm, circular patch CP₃ optimization is carried out.

The outer radius of CP₃ is fixed to 2.4 mm and the inner radius is optimized at the interval of 0.4 mm from 0.8 mm to 1.6 mm. Figure 7(c) shows the simulation results of S11 with varied parameter CP₃. While reducing the inner radius to 0.8 mm, the impedance bandwidth reduced to 40% from 48%. By increasing the inner radius to 1.6 mm, the impedance bandwidth maintains to 48% but there is degradation in radiation coefficient. For inner radius CP₃ is 1.2 mm both the impedance bandwidth and the radiation coefficient are improvised.

Equivalent circuit model

A circuit model for both reference antenna and UWCRSA is presented in Fig. 8(a) & (b). Impact on S11 is validated by the equivalent circuit model for both reference and UWCRSA and is shown in Fig. 8(c). The Advanced Design System (ADS) software is used to design the circuit model. In Fig. 8(a), the circuit model consists of series inductor and capacitor which represent the feed line and a pair of parallel inductor, capacitor and resistor represents the patch antenna with ground. S11 is varied by varying the values of lumped components. Scattering parameters of referenced antenna (RA) and circuit model S11 of reference antenna are shown in Fig. 8(c). By adding a parallel inductor, capacitor and resister to the reference antenna shown in Fig. 8(b), a UWB achieved. By varying the lumped components values, operating frequency tunned to UWB. The proposed antenna (PA) scattering parameter and circuit model S11 of proposed antenna are shown in Fig. 8(c). Lumped components value for reference antenna and proposed antenna is given in Table (2). It covers the operating frequency bands of 5.75 GHz to 9 GHz.

Table 2

Circuit model components and its value

Inductors	Value (nH)	Capacitor	Value (pF)	Resistor	Value (Ω)
L	0.89	C	1.7	Rin	50
L1	0.5	C1	1.5	R1	55
L2	0.5	C2	1	R2	55
L¹	3	C¹	45	Rin	50
L1¹	91	C1¹	4	R1¹	50
L2¹	1	C2¹	1	R2¹	55
L3¹	2.1	C3¹	1	R3¹	60

Figure 8

Equivalent circuit model (a) Reference antenna (b) Proposed antenna (c) S11 for both reference and proposed antenna

Results and discussion

After optimizing the proposed antenna is fabricated using FR4 substrate and the same is measured. A Rohde & Schwarz ZNB 20 network analyzer is used for measurements in an anechoic chamber. Figure 9(a) shows the proposed antenna measurement setup in an anechoic chamber and Fig. 9(b) shows the top and bottom views of the fabricated antenna. Figure 10(a), (b) & (c) shows simulation and measurement results of the proposed antenna in terms of reflection coefficient, standing wave ratio (VSWR), and Gain. Table 3 shows a frequency band comparison between simulated and measured values for reflectance and VSWR. Figure 11 shows the E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns for far-field radiation at 5.9 GHz and 9 GHz. The simulated and measured radiation patterns for E-plane and H-plane are shown in the same figure. A comparison of the simulated and measured results reveals no apparent distortion in the E and H planes of the 5.9 GHz radiation pattern. However, the E and H plane radiation patterns are slightly distorted at 9 GHz. The E-plane and H-plane radiation patterns are close to the omnidirectional radiation pattern. In both E and H plane radiation pattern, nulls occurred in 180°, 280°, 300°, 330°, and 340° due to SMA connector and feed cable under the DUT antenna. Table 4 shows the summary of previously published articles. The antenna proposed in this article shows the best results among published articles.

Figure 9

(a) Proposed antenna measurement setup in an anechoic chamber, (b) fabricated antenna prototype (1) top view, and (2) bottom view

Figure 10

Simulation and measurement results (a) S11, (b) Standing wave ratio, and (c) Gain

Figure 11

Radiation patterns in the E-plane and H-plane respectively – simulated and measured. (a) E Plane at 5.9 GHz (b) H Plane at 5.9 GHz (c) E Plane at 9 GHz (d) H Plane at 9 GHz

Table 3

Frequency band comparison between simulated and measured values in terms of reflection coefficient and VSWR

Frequency band of reflection	Simulated value below – 10 dB	5.65 GHz to 9.3 GHz
coefficient	Measured value below – 10 dB	5.4 GHz to 9.7 GHz
Frequency band of VSWR	Simulated value less than 2	5.2 GHz to 8.95 GHz
	Measured value less than 2	5.25 GHz to 9.7 GHz

Table 4

Comparison of previously presented wideband antennas

Ref	Type	Size (mm³)	Dielectric constant	Bandwidth (GHz)	FBW (%)	Gain at 5.9 GHz	Efficiency (%)	Application	Band
Rongas, Paraskevopoulos, Marantis, &Kanatas, 2020	Planar array	32×37×0.78	2.55	5.38–8.18 GHz‘	41.3%	5.7 dBi	95%	V2x	Single
Woo, 2022	C shaped monopole	24×28×1	4.4	5.5–6	8.69%	3.7 dBi	–	Vehicle communication	Triple
Trujillo-Flores et al., 2020	Slot dipole	50×17×1.1	5.5	3.54–7.75	74.5%	–2.12 dB	15%	Vehicle communication	Multi
Rasool, Kama, Abdul Basit, &Abdullah, 2019	Annular ring slot	38.5×37.5×0.5	2.65	5.4 –7	25.8%	7.6 dBi	–	Airborne and Airship	Wideband
Saraswat &Harish, 2020	Rectangular slot	39×46×1.6	2.2	5.06–9.02	56%	–	–	5 G and satellite communication	UWB, Dual
Mohanty &Behera, 2021	Uni planar slot	26×26×1.6	4.4	5.46–6.76	21.2%	7.7 dBi	87%	Sun-6 GHz and X-band	Dual
Kulkarni, Sim, Poddar, Rohde, &Alharbi, 2022	Microstrip	30×30×0.8	4.3	4.8–5.99	22%	2.5 dBi	88%	WLAN and V2X	Wideband
Banerjee, Das Mazumdar, Chatterjee, &Parui, 2021	Microstrip	60×60×0.79	3.3	–	–	5.8 dBi	90.14%	V2X	Single
Proposed	Slot	12×18×0.8	4.4	5.4–9.7	57%	4.48 dBi	96%	V2X, sub-7 GHz, satellite communication	UWB

Conclusions

In this article, we have successfully researched an ultra-wideband deformable circular robot structure antenna, which mainly applies to the Sub7 GHz band (4.17 GHz to 7 GHz). The proposed antenna design is printed, and its measured results are obtained from Rohde & Schwarz ZNB20 network analyzer. The simulation results of a modified Robo-shaped circular structure are verified by the measured results in terms of S11, VSWR, Gain and radiation pattern. The simulation results and the measured results seems to have a good agreement and both the results achieve UWB. The proposed antenna is printed on FR4 substrate with a standard thickness of 0.8 mm, sized at 12×18×0.8 mm³. This miniaturized sized antenna is well suitable to mount on any compact wireless communication devices. The proposed antenna exhibits 57% of the input reflection bandwidth covering UWB. The gain of proposed antenna over the operating frequency band (5.4 GHz to 9.7 GHz) is over 2.2 dB and the radiation efficiency is over 96%. The designed antenna is a good aspirant for C-V2X applications, Wi-Fi extended 3rd version, and satellite communication.

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Compact Ultra Wide band Modified Circular Robo type Antenna for C – V2X application

Abstract

Keywords

Introduction

Antenna structural analysis

Simulated results of proposed antenna

Parametric analysis

Structural parameter W1 optimization

Structural parameter W2 optimization

Bandwidth enhancement on circular patch by introducing a ring resonator

Structural parameter CP1, CP2, and CP3 optimization

Equivalent circuit model

Results and discussion

Conclusions

References

Structural parameter W₁ optimization

Structural parameter W₂ optimization

Structural parameter CP_1, CP₂, and CP₃ optimization