Basic methodological problems in the use of monitoring and sampling for purposes of environment statistics

Monitoring and environmental statistical sampling are the most important source for the generation of pollution statistics. The use of these sources poses a great number of methodological problems, including some fundamental obstacles to the preparation of reliable environment statistics. Direct environmental statistical sampling being comparatively expensive, alternative methods will be required in the production of environment statistics. Conceptual and methodological integration will be a key element in alternative production processes, which require statistical offices to become more enterprising in the search for adequate techniques. Examples are available that illustrate such successful techniques.